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Lymphocyte Transformation Test Based on Lymphocyte Changes Observed by a Hematology Analyzer before and after Phytohemagglutinin Stimulation. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:5967429. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5967429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The lymphocyte transformation test is a classical test for the detection of cellular immune function and is based on subjective judgment. In this study, we have established an objective novel lymphocyte transformation test using the hematology analyzer to observe lymphocyte transformation. Methods. Whole blood cells were cultured using a whole blood method with a lymphocyte culture medium; phytohemagglutinin was used to stimulate the experimental samples, and control was set up at the same time. After the whole blood cells were cultured, the number of lymphocytes in the two groups was observed using a hematology analyzer, and the conversion rate was calculated. The new method was used to observe differences in lymphocyte conversion in the peripheral blood of patients with hematopathy and healthy persons. Results. There were significant differences between the stimulated peripheral blood group and the blank group. The transformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with hematopathy was significantly lower than that in healthy persons; the difference was statistically significant (
). Conclusion. Lymphocyte transformation can be observed using a hematology analyzer. The lymphocyte transformation test that is based on the determination of lymphocyte count by a hematology analyzer has important clinical value.
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2
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Sachs B, Fatangare A, Sickmann A, Glässner A. Lymphocyte transformation test: History and current approaches. J Immunol Methods 2021; 493:113036. [PMID: 33745950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions encompass a variety of different clinical phenotypes ranging from harmless rashes to fatal reactions. They can be classified into allergic (i.e. drug allergy) and non-allergic reactions (i.e. non-allergic hypersensitivity). Drug allergies in turn can either be antibody (e.g. IgE) or T cell-mediated. One of the diagnostic tools for the in vitro detection of drug allergy is the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) which is based on the activation and expansion of the drug-specific memory T cells following co-incubation of the patient's peripheral mononuclear cells (PMBC) with the suspected drug in vitro. The read-out parameter in the classical LTT is T cell proliferation which can be measured as counts per minute following the addition of radiolabeled thymidine to the cell culture. However, in the course of time different modifications of the classical LTT with regard to the read-out parameters and methods have been proposed. Likewise, variations of the LTT platform itself have been described in the literature. This review article describes the development of the classical LTT and its use in the context of drug allergy detection and summarizes the modifications which have been published over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhardt Sachs
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany; Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, Germany.
| | - Amol Fatangare
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinisches Proteom-Center (MPC), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB243FX, UK
| | - Andreas Glässner
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
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3
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Thomas P, Summer B, Thyssen JP. Hypersensitivity Reactions to Orthopedic Implants. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Kapp F, Summer B, Thomas P. Usefulness of lymphocyte transformation test and in vitro cytokine release in differentiating between independent and cross-reacting nickel/palladium allergy. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:483-492. [PMID: 32720755 PMCID: PMC7654426 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Often concomitant patch test (PT) reactivity to palladium (Pd) and nickel (Ni) is found. OBJECTIVES To determine whether lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) could be useful in discrimination between cross-reacting or distinct PT results, and to compare the results with in vitro cytokine production upon Pd or Ni stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population consisted of two groups: 13 individuals with Pd PT reactions (10 with concomitant Ni PT reaction, 3 individuals with only Pd PT reactivity) and 10 Ni/Pd PT negative individuals. LTT and assessment of cytokine release (interferon-gamma, interleukin-5 [IL-5], IL-8, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor alpha) by cytometric bead assay were performed. RESULTS All 10 patients with positive PT to Ni and Pd showed positive LTT to Ni (P < .05) as compared with the 10 Pd/Ni PT negative patients-but had no significant LTT reaction to Pd. In all, 9 out of 10 Pd/Ni PT negative patients were also LTT negative to Ni and 10 out of 10 to Pd. In the 3 only Pd PT reactors 2 out of 3 remained LTT negative to Ni and 0 out of 3 to Pd. As a major finding, cytokine production gave clearly enhanced IL-5 response to Ni in Ni PT positive individuals (P < .05), whereas Pd PT reactivity was not linked with such enhanced IL-5 production in vitro to Pd. CONCLUSIONS Pd and Ni sensitization are mostly found concomitantly, and cross-reactivity is questioned. By different LTT reactions and particularly IL-5 production in vitro, predominant Ni sensitization becomes more evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kapp
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Summer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Thomas
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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5
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Manousek J, Felsoci M, Miklik R, Parenica J, Krejci J, Bjørklund G, Klanova J, Mlejnek D, Miklikova M, Lokaj P, Chirumbolo S, Spinar J. Delayed-type Hypersensitivity to Metals in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 20:571-580. [PMID: 32557318 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The causes of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy are classified as genetic or nongenetic, but environmental factors such as metal pollutants may interact with genetic susceptibility. The presence of metal particles has been detected in the myocardium, including in those patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. It is also known that hypersensitivity reactions can induce inflammation in tissue. The present study aimed to verify if metal-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity is present in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. The patient group consisted of 30 patients with newly diagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy; the control group comprised 41 healthy subjects. All patients and control subjects provided blood samples for lymphocyte transformation testing (MELISA®) to assess possible hypersensitivity to seven common metals. Specific exposure to metals was based on interview data. Results showed that exposure to cadmium and lead (p = 0.0002), aluminum (p = 0.0006), nickel (p = 0.0012), and chromium (p = 0.0065) was more often reported by patients than controls. The patients also had significantly more frequent hypersensitivity reactions to mercury (26.7% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.014624), nickel (40% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.02341), and silver (20% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.025468) than the control group. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had greater exposure to certain metals compared with healthy controls. Hypersensitivity to metals was more frequent in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting a possible association that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Manousek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Felsoci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Miklik
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Parenica
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejci
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Jana Klanova
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Mlejnek
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Miklikova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lokaj
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Jindrich Spinar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Thomas P, Summer B, Thyssen JP. Orthopedic Implants. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_80-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Thomas P, Summer B, Thyssen JP. Hypersensitivity Reactions to Orthopedic Implants. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_80-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Poziomkowska-Gęsicka I, Summer B, Sokołowska M, Thomas P, Kurek M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by hypersensitivity to gold - description of a clinical case. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:363-365. [PMID: 29611263 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Burkhard Summer
- Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Thomas
- Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michał Kurek
- Department of Clinical Allergology, PMU, Szczecin 70-111, Poland
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Thomsen M, Krenn V, Thomas P. [Adverse reactions to metal orthopedic implants after knee arthroplasty]. Hautarzt 2017; 67:347-51. [PMID: 27116434 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-016-3793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Based on several clinical examples, the range of adverse or hypersensitive reactions to metal implants especially after total knee replacement are presented. In general, we found the patients to generally be women who present with pain, swelling, and local or generalized eczema. Some also present with early aseptic loosening mainly in the first 4 years after implantation. For these patients, a detailed allergy-specific history should be taken and a patch test should be performed; if necessary, blood ion levels should be evaluated to exclude cobaltism. Before revision surgery and exchange of the implant we always perform arthroscopic inspection to obtain biopsies for microbiology and histopathology. Using the Consensus Classification a good evaluation for planning revision with the different implant options is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomsen
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum Mittelbaden Baden-Baden, Balger Str. 50, 76532, Baden-Baden, Deutschland.
| | - V Krenn
- Zentrum für Histologie, Zytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Max-Planck-Str. 5, 54296, Trier, Deutschland
| | - P Thomas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337, München, Deutschland
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Ständer S, Oppel E, Thomas P, Summer B. Evaluation of lymphocyte transformation tests as compared with patch tests in nickel allergy diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 76:228-234. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ständer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80337 Munich Germany
| | - Eva Oppel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80337 Munich Germany
| | - Peter Thomas
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80337 Munich Germany
| | - Burkhard Summer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80337 Munich Germany
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