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Overbeek KA, Poulsen JL, Lanzillotta M, Vinge-Holmquist O, Macinga P, Demirci AF, Sindhunata DP, Backhus J, Algül H, Buijs J, Levy P, Kiriukova M, Goni E, Hollenbach M, Miksch RC, Kunovsky L, Vujasinovic M, Nikolic S, Dickerson L, Hirth M, Neurath MF, Zumblick M, Vila J, Jalal M, Beyer G, Frost F, Carrara S, Kala Z, Jabandziev P, Sisman G, Akyuz F, Capurso G, Falconi M, Arlt A, Vleggaar FP, Barresi L, Greenhalf B, Czakó L, Hegyi P, Hopper A, Nayar MK, Gress TM, Vitali F, Schneider A, Halloran CM, Trna J, Okhlobystin AV, Dagna L, Cahen DL, Bordin D, Rebours V, Mayerle J, Kahraman A, Rasch S, Culver E, Kleger A, Martínez-Moneo E, Røkke O, Hucl T, Olesen SS, Bruno MJ, Della-Torre E, Beuers U, Löhr JM, Rosendahl J. Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis in Europe: Clinical Profile and Response to Treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 22:994-1004.e10. [PMID: 38184096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is an immune-mediated disease of the pancreas with distinct pathophysiology and manifestations. Our aims were to characterize type 1 AIP in a large pan-European cohort and study the effectiveness of current treatment regimens. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed adults diagnosed since 2005 with type 1 or not-otherwise-specified AIP in 42 European university hospitals. Type 1 AIP was uniformly diagnosed using specific diagnostic criteria. Patients with type 2 AIP and those who had undergone pancreatic surgery were excluded. The primary end point was complete remission, defined as the absence of clinical symptoms and resolution of the index radiologic pancreatic abnormalities attributed to AIP. RESULTS We included 735 individuals with AIP (69% male; median age, 57 years; 85% White). Steroid treatment was started in 634 patients, of whom 9 (1%) were lost to follow-up. The remaining 625 had a 79% (496/625) complete, 18% (111/625) partial, and 97% (607/625) cumulative remission rate, whereas 3% (18/625) did not achieve remission. No treatment was given in 95 patients, who had a 61% complete (58/95), 19% partial (18/95), and 80% cumulative (76/95) spontaneous remission rate. Higher (≥0.4 mg/kg/day) corticosteroid doses were no more effective than lower (<0.4 mg/kg/day) doses (odds ratio, 0.428; 95% confidence interval, 0.054-3.387) and neither was a starting dose duration >2 weeks (odds ratio, 0.908; 95% confidence interval, 0.818-1.009). Elevated IgG4 levels were independently associated with a decreased chance of complete remission (odds ratio, 0.639; 95% confidence interval, 0.427-0.955). Relapse occurred in 30% of patients. Relapses within 6 months of remission induction were independent of the steroid-tapering duration, induction treatment duration, and total cumulative dose. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 1 AIP and elevated IgG4 level may need closer monitoring. For remission induction, a starting dose of 0.4 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks followed by a short taper period seems effective. This study provides no evidence to support more aggressive regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper A Overbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jakob L Poulsen
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marco Lanzillotta
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Olof Vinge-Holmquist
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Loerenskog, Norway; Department of Digestive Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Macinga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Fatih Demirci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marmara University Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Daniko P Sindhunata
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Backhus
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Department of Medicine II, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jorie Buijs
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Levy
- Pancreatology Unit, APHP Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Mariia Kiriukova
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Biliary Diseases, A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elisabetta Goni
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Hollenbach
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medical Department II - Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pulmonology, Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rainer C Miksch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lumir Kunovsky
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vujasinovic
- Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Nikolic
- Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luke Dickerson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hirth
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty at Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine I, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Zumblick
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Vila
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Jalal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Beyer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Frost
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silvia Carrara
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Italy
| | - Zdenek Kala
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jabandziev
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gurhan Sisman
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Akyuz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy & Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department for Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Barresi
- Endoscopy Service, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCSS-ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Bill Greenhalf
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - László Czakó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Peter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrew Hopper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Manu K Nayar
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Department of Medicine I, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty at Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chris M Halloran
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Trna
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Center Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Djuna L Cahen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Bordin
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Biliary Diseases, A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Department of Outpatient Therapy and Family Medicine, Tver State Medical University, Tver, Russia
| | | | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alisan Kahraman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisberg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rasch
- Department of Medicine II, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Emma Culver
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Emma Martínez-Moneo
- Biocruces, Grupo Transplante Hepático, Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Servicio Aparato Digestivo, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ola Røkke
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Loerenskog, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Hucl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Søren S Olesen
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel Della-Torre
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J-Matthias Löhr
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Focal Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Simple Flow Chart for a Challenging Diagnosis. Ultrasound Int Open 2021; 6:E67-E75. [PMID: 33490857 PMCID: PMC7815440 DOI: 10.1055/a-1323-4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis is a chronic fibroinflammatory autoimmune mediated
disease of the pancreas. Clinically, obstructive painless jaundice and upper
abdominal pain are the main symptoms. Focal AIP is characterized by
segmental involvement of pancreatic parenchyma and it is often
radiologically represented by a pancreatic mass. In these cases, the
diagnosis can be very challenging, since it may be easily confused with
pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we suggest a combined approach of imaging
tests as the diagnostic workup. EUS study combined with CEUS and
elastography, if available, increases the accuracy of the method to rule out
cancer. Moreover, the lesion should always be sampled under EUS guidance to
obtain a cyto/histological diagnosis. The diagnostic workup should
also include the use of diagnostic clinical criteria (extrapancreatic
lesions, steroid response) and laboratory findings (CA 19.9 and IgG4
evaluations).
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3
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Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is an entity that has been recognized since 1961. Prior to the discovery of elevated serum IgG4 as a useful biomarker for its diagnosis, Dr. Yoshida in 1995 first described the entity of AIP, which in retrospect closely resembles the current concept of type 1 AIP. Since the discovery of IgG4 as a biomarker (the IgG4-era), a novel concept of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) has been accepted as being comprised of two subtypes of AIP: type 1 defined as the pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-RD, and type 2 characterized by granulocytic epithelial lesions. The characteristic features of type 1 AIP are increased serum IgG4 levels, lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (abundant infiltration of IgG4+ plasmocytes and lymphocytes, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis), extrapancreatic manifestations of IgG4-RD (e.g., sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing sialadenitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis), and steroid responsiveness. These entities can be differentiated from mimickers by a combination of serum IgG4 level, imaging features, and histopathological findings. The current first-line therapy is corticosteroids, or rituximab in high-risk patients with steroid intolerance. Although relapse rates are high, treatment of relapsed disease remains experimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1197, Japan.
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Nagpal SJS, Sharma A, Chari ST. Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:1301. [PMID: 29910463 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the last 2 decades our knowledge of autoimmune pancreatitis has increased exponentially. In this review, we summarize the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of AIP, to better allow general gastroenterologists and primary care providers to consider AIP as a as a rare but important cause of painless obstructive jaundice and recurrent acute pancreatitis. While steroids remain the mainstay of first line therapy, a number of patients with type 1 AIP require immunomodulators or rituximab to maintain remission; recommendations on the management of relapses continue to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayush Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suresh T Chari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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5
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Schneider A, Hirth M, Weiss C, Weidner P, Antoni C, Thomann A, Reindl W, Ebert MP, Pfützer RH. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in alcoholic, non-alcoholic and autoimmune pancreatitis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2018; 56:469-478. [PMID: 29734447 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently reveal features of pancreatic inflammation. However, the prevalence of IBD in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis (AP) and nonalcoholic pancreatitis (NAP) has not yet been determined, and the prevalence of IBD in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AiP) from Germany is unknown. AIMS Thus, we aimed, first, to determine the prevalence of IBD in AP, NAP, and AiP from a tertiary center in Germany and, second, to characterize patients with AiP and IBD. METHODS We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of IBD in patients with different forms of pancreatitis presenting to our clinic. RESULTS Compared to the general population and to a control group with viral hepatitis from our clinic, we observed the most significant increase of IBD in patients with AiP (n = 3/28; p < 0.0001 vs. general population, binomial proportion test; p = 0.0112 vs. hepatitis group, Fisher's exact test), followed by a significant increase in subjects with NAP (n = 11/278; p < 0.0001 vs. general population, binomial proportion test; p = 0.0338 vs. hepatitis group, Fisher's exact test). A review of previous studies on the prevalence of IBD among patients with AiP revealed a combined prevalence of 12 % (n = 43/355). Type 2 AiP is significantly more often associated with IBD than type 1 AiP (n = 28/48, 58 % vs. n = 7/129, 5 %; combined patient cohort, p < 10E - 12; Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS Immune-mediated mechanisms related to IBD may participate in the development of AiP, especially AiP type 2, and may also increase the risk for the development of other forms of pancreatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Hirth
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Weidner
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Antoni
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Thomann
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roland H Pfützer
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Dong Y, D'Onofrio M, Hocke M, Jenssen C, Potthoff A, Atkinson N, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Autoimmune pancreatitis: Imaging features. Endosc Ultrasound 2018; 7:196-203. [PMID: 28836516 PMCID: PMC6032703 DOI: 10.4103/eus.eus_23_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) remains a difficult disease to diagnose before treatment, particularly if presenting as a focal mass lesion. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective study is to analyze imaging features of histologically confirmed AIP to determine the additional diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound (CE-EUS), and elastography to B-mode features. Patients and Methods We report on a retrospective data collection of 60 histologically confirmed cases of AIP in comparison to 16 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDAC). All CE (-E) US examinations were assessed by two independent readers in consensus. The role of CEUS and CE-EUS for pancreatic evaluation was defined according to the 2011 European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines. Results After injection of ultrasound (US) contrast agents, most AIP lesions displayed focal or diffuse isoenhancement (86.6%) in the arterial phase, while most of the PDAC lesions (93.7%) were hypoenhancing (P < 0.01). During the late phase, most AIP lesions were hyper-(65%) or iso-enhancing (35%), while most PDAC lesions were hypoenhancing (93.7%). CE-EUS was performed in a subset of ten patients and showed hyperenhancement in all AIP cases. Most focal AIP lesions (n = 27, 79.4%) were stiffer than the surrounding pancreatic parenchyma. Conclusions In this study, percutaneous and endoscopic contrast enhanced harmonic US techniques consistently revealed diffuse and focal types of AIP to have features consistent with vascularized lesions. Differentiation from the typically hypovascularized pancreatic adenocarcinoma was possible with CE (-E) US evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Mirko D'Onofrio
- Department of Radiology, GB Rossi University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Hocke
- Medical Department, Helios Klinikum Meiningen, Meiningen, Germany
| | - Christian Jenssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Märkisch Oderland, Strausberg, Germany
| | - Andrej Potthoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nathan Atkinson
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andre Ignee
- Medical Department, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, D-97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Christoph F Dietrich
- Medical Department, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, D-97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
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Schneider A, Michaely H, Weiss C, Hirth M, Rückert F, Wilhelm TJ, Schönberg S, Marx A, Singer MV, Löhr JM, Ebert MP, Pfützer RH. Prevalence and Incidence of Autoimmune Pancreatitis in the Population Living in the Southwest of Germany. Digestion 2017; 96:187-198. [PMID: 28957814 DOI: 10.1159/000479316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The prevalence and incidence of autoimmune pancreatitis (AiP) in those living in western countries are largely unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence of AiP among patients with pancreatitis presenting to our tertiary referral center in Mannheim, Germany; and to estimate the incidence of AiP in the Southwest of Germany. METHODS We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis and determined the prevalence of AiP in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) or chronic pancreatitis (CP). Patients (n = 704; alcoholic pancreatitis n = 373, nonalcoholic pancreatitis n = 331) were stratified into the Retrospective-Pancreas-Cohort (RPC, period 1998-2008, n = 534) and the Pancreas-Clinic-Cohort (PCC, periods 2008-2010 and 2013-2014, n = 170, with detailed investigation for features of AiP). Diagnosis of AiP was established by International-Consensus-Diagnostic-Criteria and Unifying-Autoimmune-Pancreatitis-Criteria. RESULTS In the RPC, the prevalence of AiP was 5.9% (n = 13/221) among individuals with nonalcoholic pancreatitis (n = 1/61 with AP, 1.6%; n = 12/160 with CP, 7.5%). In the PCC, the prevalence of AiP was 9.1% (n = 10/110) among patients with nonalcoholic pancreatitis (n = 2/24 with AP, 8.3%; n = 8/86 with CP, 9.3%), and 1.7% (n = 1/60) among subjects with alcoholic pancreatitis. We estimated the incidence of AiP with 0.29 per 100,000 population each year. CONCLUSION The prevalence rate of AiP may account for 9% of patients with nonalcoholic pancreatitis but is almost never observed in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. The incidence of AiP in Germany appears lower than 1 per 100,000 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Schneider A, Michaely H, Rückert F, Weiss C, Ströbel P, Belle S, Hirth M, Wilhelm TJ, Haas SL, Jesenofsky R, Schönberg S, Marx A, Singer MV, Ebert MP, Pfützer RH, Löhr JM. Diagnosing autoimmune pancreatitis with the Unifying-Autoimmune-Pancreatitis-Criteria. Pancreatology 2017; 17:381-394. [PMID: 28365128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We had developed the Unifying-Autoimmune-Pancreatitis-Criteria (U-AIP) to diagnose autoimmune pancreatitis (AiP) within the M-ANNHEIM classification of chronic pancreatitis. In 2011, International-Consensus-Diagnostic-Criteria (ICDC) to diagnose AiP have been published. We had applied the U-AIP long before the ICDC were available. The aims of the study were, first, to describe patients with AiP diagnosed by the U-AIP; second, to compare diagnostic accuracies of the U-AIP and other diagnostic systems; third, to evaluate the clinical applicability of the U-AIP. METHODS From 1998 until 2008, we identified patients with AiP using U-AIP, Japanese-, Korean-, Asian-, Mayo-HISORt-, Revised-Mayo-HISORt- and Italian-criteria. We retrospectively verified the diagnosis by ICDC and Revised-Japanese-2011-criteria, compared diagnostic accuracies of all systems and evaluated all criteria in consecutive patients with pancreatitis (2009 until 2010, Pancreas-Outpatient-Clinic-Cohort, n = 84). We retrospectively validated our diagnostic approach in consecutive patients with a pancreatic lesion requiring surgery (Surgical-Cohort, n = 98). RESULTS Overall, we identified 21 patients with AiP. Unifying-Autoimmune-Pancreatitis-Criteria and ICDC presented the highest diagnostic accuracies (each 98.8%), highest Youden indices (each 0.95238), and highest proportions of diagnosed patients (each n = 20/21, U-AIP/ICDC vs. other diagnostic systems, p < 0.05, McNemar test). In the Pancreas-Outpatient-Clinic-Cohort, seven patients were diagnosed with AiP (n = 6 by U-AIP, n = 1 by Asian-criteria). International-Consensus-Diagnostic-Criteria confirmed the diagnosis in these individuals. Based on partial fulfillment of U-AIP, AiP was initially suspected in 13% (n = 10/77) of remaining patients from the Pancreas-Outpatient-Clinic-Cohort. In the Surgical-cohort, we identified one patient with AiP by U-AIP and ICDC. CONCLUSIONS Unifying-Autoimmune-Pancreatitis-Criteria revealed a satisfactory clinical applicability and offered an additional approach to diagnose AiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Henrik Michaely
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Rückert
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Belle
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hirth
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten J Wilhelm
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan L Haas
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Jesenofsky
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schönberg
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred V Singer
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland H Pfützer
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Matthias Löhr
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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From Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Diagnosis to Treatment: An Overview on Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:3246459. [PMID: 28197205 PMCID: PMC5288542 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3246459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special type of chronic pancreatitis which is autoimmune mediated. The international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) 2011 proposed two types of AIP: type I is associated with histological pattern of lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (LPSP), characterized by serum IgG4 elevation, whereas type 2 is named idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis (IDCP), with granulocytic epithelial lesion (GEL) and immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) negative. The pathogenic mechanism is unclear now; based on genetic factors, disease specific or related antigens, innate and adaptive immunity may be involved. The most common clinical manifestations of AIP are obstructive jaundice and upper abdominal pain. The diagnosis can be made by a combination of parenchymal and ductal imaging, serum IgG4 concentrations, pancreatic histology, extrapancreatic disease, and glucocorticoid responsiveness according to ICDC 2011. Because of the clinical and imaging similarities with pancreatic cancer, general work-up should be done carefully to exclude pancreatic malignant tumor before empirical trial of glucocorticoid treatment. Glucocorticoid is the most common drug for AIP to induce remission, while there still exists controversy on steroid maintenance and treatment for relapse. Further studies should be done to identify more specific serum biomarkers for AIP, the pathogenic mechanisms, and the treatment for relapse.
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López-Serrano A, Crespo J, Pascual I, Salord S, Bolado F, Del-Pozo-García AJ, Ilzarbe L, de-Madaria E, Moreno-Osset E. Diagnosis, treatment and long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis in Spain based on the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria: A multi-centre study. Pancreatology 2016; 16:382-90. [PMID: 26944001 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a form of chronic pancreatitis that has been reported worldwide for the last two decades. The aim of this study is to analyse the clinical profile of patients from Spain with AIP, as well as treatments, relapses and long-term outcomes. METHODS Data from 59 patients with suspected AIP that had been diagnosed in 15 institutions are retrospectively analysed. Subjects are classified according to the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC). Patients with type 1 AIP (AIP1) and type 2 AIP (AIP2) are compared. Kaplan-Meier methodology is used to estimate the overall survival without relapses. RESULTS Fifty-two patients met ICDC, 45 patients were AIP1 (86.5%). Common manifestations included abdominal pain (65.4%) and obstructive jaundice (51.9%). Diffuse enlargement of pancreas was present in 51.0%; other organ involvement was present in 61.5%. Serum IgG4 increased in 76.7% of AIP1 patients vs. 20.0% in AIP2 (p = 0.028). Tissue specimens were obtained in 76.9%. Initial successful treatment with steroids or surgery was achieved in 79.8% and 17.3%, respectively. Maintenance treatment was given in 59.6%. Relapses were present in 40.4% of AIP1, with a median of 483 days. Successful long-term remission was achieved in 86.4%. CONCLUSIONS AIP1 is the most frequent form of AIP in Spain in our dataset. Regularly, ICDC allows AIP diagnosis without the need for surgery. Steroid and chirurgic treatments were effective and safe in most patients with AIP, although maintenance was required many times because of their tendency to relapse. Long-term serious consequences were uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López-Serrano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Crespo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Pascual
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Salord
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico Bolado
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés J Del-Pozo-García
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucas Ilzarbe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique de-Madaria
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Osset
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Hart PA, Zen Y, Chari ST. Recent Advances in Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:39-51. [PMID: 25770706 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a form of chronic pancreatitis that is characterized clinically by frequent presentation with obstructive jaundice, histologically by a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with fibrosis, and therapeutically by a dramatic response to corticosteroid therapy. Two distinct diseases, type 1 and type 2 AIP, share these features. However, these 2 diseases have unique pancreatic histopathologic patterns and differ significantly in their demographic profiles, clinical presentation, and natural history. Recognizing the popular and long-standing association of the term "AIP" with what is now called "type 1 AIP," we suggest using "AIP" solely for type 1 AIP and to acknowledge its own distinct disease status by using "idiopathic duct-centric chronic pancreatitis" (IDCP) for type 2 AIP. AIP is the pancreatic manifestation of immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). The etiopathogenesis of AIP and IgG4-RD is largely unknown. However, the remarkable effectiveness of B-cell depletion therapy with rituximab in patients with AIP and IgG4-RD highlights the crucial role of B cells in its pathogenesis. IDCP is less commonly recognized, and little is known about its pathogenesis. IDCP has no biomarker but is associated with inflammatory bowel disease in ~25% of patients. Recently, the international consensus diagnostic criteria for AIP identified combinations of features that are diagnostic of both diseases. Both AIP and IDCP are corticosteroid responsive; however, relapses are common in AIP and rare in IDCP. Therefore, maintenance therapy with either an immunomodulator (eg, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or mycophenolate mofetil) or rituximab is often necessary for patients with AIP. Long-term survival is excellent for both patients with AIP and patients with IDCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yoh Zen
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Suresh T Chari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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12
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Kanno A, Masamune A, Shimosegawa T. Endoscopic approaches for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. Dig Endosc 2015; 27:250-8. [PMID: 25115499 DOI: 10.1111/den.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is characterized by diffuse pancreatic enlargement and irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct (MPD). Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) associated with AIP frequently appears as a bile duct stricture. Therefore, it is important to differentiate AIP and IgG4-SC from pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma or primary sclerosing cholangitis, respectively. Endoscopy plays a central role in the diagnosis of AIP and IgG4-SC because it provides imaging of the MPD and bile duct strictures as well as the ability to obtain tissue samples for histological evaluations. Diffuse irregular narrowing of MPD on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is rather specific to AIP, but localized narrowing of the MPD is often difficult to differentiate from MPD stenosis caused by pancreatic cancer. A long stricture (>1/3 the length of the MPD) and lack of upstream dilatation from the stricture (<5 mm) might be key features of AIP on ERCP. Some cholangiographic features, such as segmental strictures, stric tures of the lower bile duct, and long strictures with prestenotic dilatation, are more common in IgG4-SC than in cholangiocarcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) reveals diffuse hypoechoic pancreatic enlargement, sometimes with hypoechoic inclusions, in patients with AIP. In addition, EUS-elastography and contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS have been developed with promising results. The usefulness of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration has been increasingly recognized for obtaining adequate tissue samples for the histological diagnosis of AIP. Further improvement of endoscopic procedures and devices will contribute to more accurate diagnosis of AIP and IgG4-SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kanno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Song TJ, Kim MH, Kim MJ, Moon SH, Han JM. Clinical validation of the international consensus diagnostic criteria and algorithms for autoimmune pancreatitis: combined IAP and KPBA meeting 2013 report. Pancreatology 2014; 14:233-7. [PMID: 25062869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been great developments in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) in the last decade. Most significantly, the international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) proposed in 2011 were the first attempt to provide unified diagnostic criteria incorporating most features of the previously existing national criteria. However, the ICDC have not yet been prospectively validated using evidence-based studies since their introduction. An international symposium on the diagnosis of AIP was held in Seoul, South Korea on September 6, 2013, in cooperation with the International Association of Pancreatology and the Korean Pancreatobiliary Association meeting. In contrast to other symposia in the past, which had primarily focused on the diagnostic criteria themselves, expert panels in this symposium discussed how the diagnostic criteria and algorithms had been embraced in clinical settings to diagnose AIP in each country and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of these criteria and algorithms. It was acknowledged that there was a room for improvement in the ICDC and their algorithms and that further modifications might be required in the future. Prospective clinical validation in larger series is needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jun Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Physician Education and Training, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several diagnostic scoring systems for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) have been proposed including the Asian, HISORt (Histology, Imaging, Serology, Other organ involvement and Response to therapy), and International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC), which have been compared by a few studies. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of these criteria in patients diagnosed with AIP between May 1992 and August 2011. METHODS Scoring systems were applied retrospectively using data obtained in the initial evaluation period, before pancreatic resection was performed. RESULTS One hundred fourteen cases with AIP were included. Eighty-two percent met the diagnostic criteria for AIP according to either the Asian, HISORt, or ICDC criteria. Only 33% met the Asian criteria, probably mainly related to a low rate of diagnostic pancreatography. In 18%, all scoring systems failed to confirm the diagnosis, even though these patients were considered to have a firm diagnosis of AIP. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of AIP patients, the 3 major diagnostic scoring systems for AIP proved to be complementary rather than overlapping. Our data indicate that one-fifth of our AIP patients do not meet any of these scoring systems. The ICDC, Asian, and HISORt criteria should be considered as useful clinical tools but not as criterion standard for the diagnosis.
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Abstract
Recent studies suggested the existence of two subtypes of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP): type 1 related with IgG4 as the pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), and type 2 related with a granulocytic epithelial lesion. Apart from type 2 AIP, the characteristic features of type 1 AIP are increased serum IgG4 levels, lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (abundant infiltration of IgG4+ plasmacytes and lymphocytes, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis), extra-pancreatic manifestations of IgG4-RD (e.g. sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing sialadenitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis), and steroid responsiveness. Although the way how to diagnose IgG4-RD has not been established yet, the Comprehensive Diagnostic Criteria (CDC) for IgG4-RD for general use, and several organ specific criteria for AIP have been proposed; the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC) and the revised clinical diagnostic criteria in 2011 by Japan Pancreas Society (JPS-2011) for type1 AIP. In cases of probable or possible IgG4-RD diagnosed by the CDC, organ specific diagnostic criteria should be concurrently used according to an algorithm of diagnosis for IgG4-RD with reference to the specialist.
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Okazaki K, Uchida K, Ikeura T, Takaoka M. Current concept and diagnosis of IgG4-related disease in the hepato-bilio-pancreatic system. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:303-14. [PMID: 23417598 PMCID: PMC3698437 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) has been recognized as a novel clinical entity with multiorgan involvement and unknown origin, associated with abundant infiltration of IgG4-positive cells. The Japanese research committee, supported by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, unified many synonyms for these conditions to the term "IgG4-RD" in 2009. The international symposium on IgG4-RD endorsed the comprehensive nomenclature as IgG4-RD, and proposed the individual nomenclatures for each organ system manifestations in 2011. Although the criteria for diagnosing IgG4-RD have not yet been established, proposals include the international pathological consensus (IPC) and the comprehensive diagnostic criteria (CDC) for IgG4-RD for general use, and several organ-specific criteria for organ-specialized physicians, e.g., the International consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) and the revised clinical diagnostic criteria in 2011 by the Japan Pancreas Society (JPS-2011) for type1 AIP; the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria 2012 for IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC-2012); the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-positive Mikulicz's disease by the Japanese Society for Sjogren's syndrome; and diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related kidney disease by the Japanese Society of Nephrology. In cases of probable or possible IgG4-RD diagnosed by the CDC, organ-specific diagnostic criteria should be concurrently used according to a diagnosis algorithm for IgG4-RD, with referral to a specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1197 Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1197 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ikeura
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1197 Japan
| | - Makoto Takaoka
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1197 Japan
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International consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis: guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology. Pancreas 2011; 40:352-8. [PMID: 21412117 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182142fd2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To achieve the goal of developing international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). METHODS An international panel of experts met during the 14th Congress of the International Association of Pancreatology held in Fukuoka, Japan, from July 11 through 13, 2010. The proposed criteria represent a consensus opinion of the working group. RESULTS Autoimmune pancreatitis was classified into types 1 and 2. The ICDC used 5 cardinal features of AIP, namely, imaging of pancreatic parenchyma and duct, serology, other organ involvement, pancreatic histology, and an optional criterion of response to steroid therapy. Each feature was categorized as level 1 and 2 findings depending on the diagnostic reliability. The diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 AIP can be definitive or probable, and in some cases, the distinction between the subtypes may not be possible (AIP-not otherwise specified). CONCLUSIONS The ICDC for AIP were developed based on the agreement of an international panel of experts in the hope that they will promote worldwide recognition of AIP. The categorization of AIP into types 1 and 2 should be helpful for further clarification of the clinical features, pathogenesis, and natural history of these diseases.
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