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Jimenez AG. Plasma Concentration of Advanced Glycation End-Products From Wild Canids and Domestic Dogs Does Not Change With Age or Across Body Masses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637132. [PMID: 33575284 PMCID: PMC7870499 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs provide a physiological paradox: In domestic dogs, small breeds live longer lives than large breed dogs. Comparatively, a wild canid can be a similar size than many large breed dogs and outlive their domestic cousin. We have previously shown that oxidative stress patterns between domestic and wild canids differ, so that wild canids invest in a robust antioxidant system across their lives; whereas domestic dogs tend to accumulate lipid damage with age. There is a close association between oxidative stress and the production of a carbohydrate based-damage, Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs). AGEs can bind to their receptor (RAGE), which can lead to increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and decreases in antioxidant capacity. Here, I used plasma from wild and domestic canids to address whether blood plasma AGE-BSA concentration associated with body mass and age in domestic dogs; And whether AGE-BSA concentration patterns in blood plasma from wild canids are similar to those found in domestic dogs. I found no correlation between circulating AGE-BSA concentration and body size or age in either domestic dogs and wild canids. These data suggest that AGEs formation may be a conserved trait across the evolution of domesticated dogs from wild ancestors, in opposition to oxidative stress patterns between these two groups. And, that, in domestic dogs, lipid metabolism, rather than carbohydrate metabolism, may be upregulated to yield the previously found differences in circulating lipid damage across lifespan and body sizes.
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S100 proteins in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 502:293-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhao D, Sheng B, Wu Y, Li H, Xu D, Nian Y, Mao S, Li C, Xu X, Zhou G. Comparison of Free and Bound Advanced Glycation End Products in Food: A Review on the Possible Influence on Human Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14007-14018. [PMID: 31789029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Debate on the hazards of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in food has continued for many years as a result of their uncertain bioavailability and ability to bind to their receptors (RAGEs) in vivo. There are increasing evidence that free and bound AGEs have many differences in gastrointestinal digestion, intestinal absorption, binding with RAGEs, in vivo circulation, and renal clearance. Therefore, this paper compares these aspects between free and bound AGEs by summarizing the available knowledge. On the basis of the current knowledge, we conclude that it is time to differentiate free AGEs from bound AGEs in food in future studies, because they vary in many aspects that are closely related to their influence on human health. Several perspectives were proposed at the end of this review for further exploring the difference between free and bound AGEs in food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bulei Sheng
- Department of Food Science , Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20 , 8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road , Tianhe District, Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Dan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road , Tianhe District, Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
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Lee JH, Kim D, Oh YS, Jun HS. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112850. [PMID: 31212704 PMCID: PMC6600156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid present in most tissues and body fluids. LPA acts through specific LPA receptors (LPAR1 to LPAR6) coupled with G protein. LPA binds to receptors and activates multiple cellular signaling pathways, subsequently exerting various biological functions, such as cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. LPA also induces cell damage through complex overlapping pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, and fibrosis. Several reports indicate that the LPA–LPAR axis plays an important role in various diseases, including kidney disease, lung fibrosis, and cancer. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common diabetic complications and the main risk factor for chronic kidney diseases, which mostly progress to end-stage renal disease. There is also growing evidence indicating that the LPA–LPAR axis also plays an important role in inducing pathological alterations of cell structure and function in the kidneys. In this review, we will discuss key mediators or signaling pathways activated by LPA and summarize recent research findings associated with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Han Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Donghee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Yoon Sin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea.
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Incheon 21565, Korea.
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Chaudhuri J, Bains Y, Guha S, Kahn A, Hall D, Bose N, Gugliucci A, Kapahi P. The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Aging and Metabolic Diseases: Bridging Association and Causality. Cell Metab 2018; 28:337-352. [PMID: 30184484 PMCID: PMC6355252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on nucleotides, lipids, and peptides/proteins are an inevitable component of the aging process in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. To date, a substantial body of evidence shows that AGEs and their functionally compromised adducts are linked to and perhaps responsible for changes seen during aging and for the development of many age-related morbidities. However, much remains to be learned about the biology of AGE formation, causal nature of these associations, and whether new interventions might be developed that will prevent or reduce the negative impact of AGEs-related damage. To facilitate achieving these latter ends, we show how invertebrate models, notably Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, can be used to explore AGE-related pathways in depth and to identify and assess drugs that will mitigate against the detrimental effects of AGE-adduct development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotiska Chaudhuri
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
| | - Yasmin Bains
- Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glycation Oxidation and Research laboratory, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA
| | - Sanjib Guha
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Arnold Kahn
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; University of California, Department of Urology, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Hall
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Neelanjan Bose
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; University of California, Department of Urology, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glycation Oxidation and Research laboratory, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; University of California, Department of Urology, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Farokhzadian J, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Bagheri V. S100A12-CD36 axis: A novel player in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis? Cytokine 2017; 122:154104. [PMID: 28756107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
S100A12 is a member of the S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins and have a variety of intracellular and extracellular activities. It exerts its proinflammatory effects by binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor that acts as a fatty acid transporter. Both S100A12 and CD36 are implicated in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. It has recently been demonstrated that S100A12 binds with high affinity to CD36. On the other hand, RAGE and TLR4 play a key role in the regulation of CD36 expression. These observations point to the fact that S100A12 is an interesting molecular target for the development of therapeutics. This Cytokine stimulus will focus on the possible mechanisms of S100A12-CD36 axis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Farokhzadian
- Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Parvin Mangolian Shahrbabaki
- Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Bagheri
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product Ameliorates Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Induced Renal Injury, Inflammation, and Apoptosis via P38/JNK Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1015390. [PMID: 27688824 PMCID: PMC5027322 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1015390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) associated chronic kidney disease is mainly caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) triggered tissue damage. Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) and its ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are expressed on renal cells and mediate inflammatory responses in OSA-related diseases. To determine their roles in CIH-induced renal injury, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), the RAGE neutralizing antibody, was intravenously administered in a CIH model. We also evaluated the effect of sRAGE on inflammation and apoptosis. Rats were divided into four groups: (1) normal air (NA), (2) CIH, (3) CIH+sRAGE, and (4) NA+sRAGE. Our results showed that CIH accelerated renal histological injury and upregulated RAGE-HMGB1 levels involving inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6), apoptotic (Bcl-2/Bax), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (phosphorylation of P38, ERK, and JNK) signal transduction pathways, which were abolished by sRAGE but p-ERK. Furthermore, sRAGE ameliorated renal dysfunction by attenuating tubular endothelial apoptosis determined by immunofluorescence staining of CD31 and TUNEL. These findings suggested that RAGE-HMGB1 activated chronic inflammatory transduction cascades that contributed to the pathogenesis of the CIH-induced renal injury. Inhibition of RAGE ligand interaction by sRAGE provided a therapeutic potential for CIH-induced renal injury, inflammation, and apoptosis through P38 and JNK pathways.
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Oesterle A, Bowman MAH. S100A12 and the S100/Calgranulins: Emerging Biomarkers for Atherosclerosis and Possibly Therapeutic Targets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2496-507. [PMID: 26515415 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.302072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is mediated by local and systematic inflammation. The multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been studied in animals and humans and is an important mediator of inflammation and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on S100/calgranulin proteins (S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12) and their receptor RAGE in mediating vascular inflammation. Mice lack the gene for S100A12, which in humans is located on chromosome 3 between S100A8 and S100A9. Transgenic mice with smooth muscle cell-targeted expression of S100A12 demonstrate increased coronary and aortic calcification, as well as increased plaque vulnerability. Serum S100A12 has recently been shown to predict future cardiovascular events in a longitudinal population study, underscoring a role for S100A12 as a potential biomarker for coronary artery disease. Genetic ablation of S100A9 or RAGE in atherosclerosis-susceptible apolipoprotein E null mice results in reduced atherosclerosis. Importantly, S100A12 and the RAGE axis can be modified pharmacologically. For example, soluble RAGE reduces murine atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Additionally, a class of compounds currently in phase III clinical trials for multiple sclerosis and rheumatologic conditions, the quinoline-3-carboxamides, reduce atherosclerotic plaque burden and complexity in transgenic S100A12 apolipoprotein E null mice, but have not been tested with regards to human atherosclerosis. The RAGE axis is an important mediator for inflammation-induced atherosclerosis, and S100A12 has emerged as biomarker for human atherosclerosis. Decreasing inflammation by inhibiting S100/calgranulin-mediated activation of RAGE attenuates murine atherosclerosis, and future studies in patients with coronary artery disease are warranted to confirm S100/RAGE as therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oesterle
- From the Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL
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Gugliucci A, Menini T. The axis AGE-RAGE-soluble RAGE and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:191-208. [PMID: 25039001 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to be associated with high oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. In this chapter our focus will be on the role of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and their receptor, RAGE in CKD progression and their role on cardiovascular complications. We provide a succinct, yet comprehensive summary of the current knowledge, the challenges and the future therapeutic avenues that are stemming out from novel recent findings. We first briefly review glycation and AGE formation and the role of the kidney in their metabolism. Next, we focus on the RAGE, its signaling and role in oxidative stress. We address the possible role of soluble RAGEs as decoys and the controversy regarding this issue. We then provide the latest information on the specific role of both AGE and RAGE in inflammation and perpetuation of kidney damage in diabetes and in CKD without diabetes, which is the main purpose of the review. Finally, we offer an update on new avenues to target the AGE-RAGE axis in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University-California, 1310 Club Drive, 94592, Vallejo, CA, USA,
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Tae HJ, Petrashevskaya N, Ahmet I, Park S, Talan MI, Lakatta EG, Lin L. Vessel ultrasound sonographic assessment of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products efficacy in a rat balloon injury model. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2014; 76:110-5. [PMID: 25408789 PMCID: PMC4229510 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of differentially modified soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in vivo using vessel ultrasound sonography and to compare the sonography data with those from postmortem histomorphologic analyses to have a practical reference for future clinical applications. Methods Vessel ultrasound sonography was performed in a sRAGE-treated rat carotid artery balloon injury model at different time points after the surgery, and therapeutic efficacy of different doses of sRAGE produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells and with different N-glycoform modifications were assessed. Results Vessel ultrasound sonography found that sRAGE produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells with complex N-glycoform modifications is highly effective, and is consistent with our recent findings in the same model assessed with histology. We also found that sonography is less sensitive than histology when a higher dose of sRAGE is administered. Conclusions Sonograph results are consistent with those obtained from histology; that is, sRAGE produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells has significantly higher efficacy than insect cell-originated sRAGE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Tae
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland ; Current affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Natalia Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ismayil Ahmet
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mark I Talan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gao S, Andreeva K, Cooper NGF. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina is linked to necroptosis via the ERK1/2-RIP3 pathway. Mol Vis 2014; 20:1374-87. [PMID: 25352744 PMCID: PMC4172004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is involved in the pathology of many retinal disorders since it contributes to the death of retinal neurons and the subsequent decline in vision. We determined the molecular patterns of some of the principal molecules involved in necroptosis and investigated whether IR retinal injury is associated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2- receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (ERK1/2-RIP3) pathway. METHODS The cellular and subcellular localization of molecules involved in the cell death pathway, including RAGE, ERK1/2, FLIP, and RIP3, was determined with immunohistochemistry of cryosections of IR-injured retina from 2-month-old Long Evans rats. The total and phosphorylated protein levels were analyzed with quantitative western blots. ERK1/2 activity was inhibited by intravitreal injection of U0126, a highly selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2). RESULTS The IR-injured rat retinas expressed two RAGE isoforms with different intracellular localizations at early time points after injury. At that time point, frame inhibition of ERK activation decreased RIP3 accumulation and cell death. FLIP was detected in the IR-injured rat retinas at early time points after ischemia reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS We report that the necroptotic cell death mechanism is executed by an ERK1/2-RIP3 pathway in the retinal ganglion cells in early stages after IR injury. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity increased retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival indicating that targeting of this pathway within the initial 12 h after IR injury can be used to inhibit the necroptosis pathway. We also provide evidence that a novel RAGE isoform is expressed in the early stages in rat retinal RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Kalina Andreeva
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Nigel G. F. Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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Lanzer P, Boehm M, Sorribas V, Thiriet M, Janzen J, Zeller T, St Hilaire C, Shanahan C. Medial vascular calcification revisited: review and perspectives. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:1515-25. [PMID: 24740885 PMCID: PMC4072893 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or intima (VCi) of the arterial wall. Both patterns of VC often coincide and occur in patients with type II diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other less frequent disorders; VCs are also typical in senile degeneration. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge about the pathology, molecular biology, and nosology of VCm, expand on potential mechanisms responsible for poor prognosis, and expose some of the directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lanzer
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Health Care Center Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld-Wolfen gGmbH, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 2, D-06749 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Sorribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marc Thiriet
- National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Zeller
- University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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