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Winzer R, Nguyen DH, Schoppmeier F, Cortesi F, Gagliani N, Tolosa E. Purinergic enzymes on extracellular vesicles: immune modulation on the go. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362996. [PMID: 38426088 PMCID: PMC10902224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An increase in the extracellular concentration of ATP as a consequence of cellular stress or cell death results in the activation of immune cells. To prevent inflammation, extracellular ATP is rapidly metabolized to adenosine, which deploys an anti-inflammatory signaling cascade upon binding to P1 receptors on immune cells. The ectonucleotidases necessary for the degradation of ATP and generation of adenosine are present on the cell membrane of many immune cells, and their expression is tightly regulated under conditions of inflammation. The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry purinergic enzyme activity has brought forward the concept of EVs as a new player in immune regulation. Adenosine-generating EVs derived from cancer cells suppress the anti-tumor response, while EVs derived from immune or mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the restoration of homeostasis after infection. Here we will review the existing knowledge on EVs containing purinergic enzymes and molecules, and discuss the relevance of these EVs in immune modulation and their potential for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Winzer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Du Hanh Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Schoppmeier
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Filippo Cortesi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Benson MD, Eisman AS, Tahir UA, Katz DH, Deng S, Ngo D, Robbins JM, Hofmann A, Shi X, Zheng S, Keyes M, Yu Z, Gao Y, Farrell L, Shen D, Chen ZZ, Cruz DE, Sims M, Correa A, Tracy RP, Durda P, Taylor KD, Liu Y, Johnson WC, Guo X, Yao J, Chen YDI, Manichaikul AW, Jain D, Yang Q, Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Wang TJ, Wilson JG, Clish CB, Sarkar IN, Natarajan P, Gerszten RE. Protein-metabolite association studies identify novel proteomic determinants of metabolite levels in human plasma. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1646-1660.e3. [PMID: 37582364 PMCID: PMC11118091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Although many novel gene-metabolite and gene-protein associations have been identified using high-throughput biochemical profiling, systematic studies that leverage human genetics to illuminate causal relationships between circulating proteins and metabolites are lacking. Here, we performed protein-metabolite association studies in 3,626 plasma samples from three human cohorts. We detected 171,800 significant protein-metabolite pairwise correlations between 1,265 proteins and 365 metabolites, including established relationships in metabolic and signaling pathways such as the protein thyroxine-binding globulin and the metabolite thyroxine, as well as thousands of new findings. In Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, we identified putative causal protein-to-metabolite associations. We experimentally validated top MR associations in proof-of-concept plasma metabolomics studies in three murine knockout strains of key protein regulators. These analyses identified previously unrecognized associations between bioactive proteins and metabolites in human plasma. We provide publicly available data to be leveraged for studies in human metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Benson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron S Eisman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Usman A Tahir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel H Katz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuliang Deng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debby Ngo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alissa Hofmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuning Zheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Keyes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Yu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Laurie Farrell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dongxiao Shen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zsu-Zsu Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Cruz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Peter Durda
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ani W Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomic Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Indra Neil Sarkar
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Fu X, Feng S, Qin H, Yan L, Zheng C, Yao K. Microglia: The breakthrough to treat neovascularization and repair blood-retinal barrier in retinopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1100254. [PMID: 36756614 PMCID: PMC9899825 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident retinal macrophages that monitor neuronal activity in real-time and facilitate angiogenesis during retinal development. In certain retinal diseases, the activated microglia promote retinal angiogenesis in hypoxia stress through neurovascular coupling and guide neovascularization to avascular areas (e.g., the outer nuclear layer and macula lutea). Furthermore, continuously activated microglia secrete inflammatory factors and expedite the loss of the blood-retinal barrier which causes irreversible damage to the secondary death of neurons. In this review, we support microglia can be a potential cellular therapeutic target in retinopathy. We briefly describe the relevance of microglia to the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier. Then we discuss the signaling pathway related to how microglia move to their destinations and regulate vascular regeneration. We summarize the properties of microglia in different retinal disease models and propose that reducing the number of pro-inflammatory microglial death and conversing microglial phenotypes from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory are feasible for treating retinal neovascularization and the damaged blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Finally, we suppose that the unique properties of microglia may aid in the vascularization of retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Fu
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Feng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyan Zheng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kai Yao,
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4
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Yegutkin GG, Boison D. ATP and Adenosine Metabolism in Cancer: Exploitation for Therapeutic Gain. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:797-822. [PMID: 35738682 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an evolutionary ancient metabolic regulator linking energy state to physiologic processes, including immunomodulation and cell proliferation. Tumors create an adenosine-rich immunosuppressive microenvironment through the increased release of ATP from dying and stressed cells and its ectoenzymatic conversion into adenosine. Therefore, the adenosine pathway becomes an important therapeutic target to improve the effectiveness of immune therapies. Prior research has focused largely on the two major ectonucleotidases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1/cluster of differentiation (CD)39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, which catalyze the breakdown of extracellular ATP into adenosine, and on the subsequent activation of different subtypes of adenosine receptors with mixed findings of antitumor and protumor effects. New findings, needed for more effective therapeutic approaches, require consideration of redundant pathways controlling intratumoral adenosine levels, including the alternative NAD-inactivating pathway through the CD38-ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (ENPP)1-CD73 axis, the counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathway, and cellular adenosine uptake and its phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. This review provides a holistic view of extracellular and intracellular adenosine metabolism as an integrated complex network and summarizes recent data on the underlying mechanisms through which adenosine and its precursors ATP and ADP control cancer immunosurveillance, tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, cancer-associated thrombosis, blood flow, and tumor perfusion. Special attention is given to differences and commonalities in the purinome of different cancers, heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, subcellular compartmentalization of the adenosine system, and novel roles of purine-converting enzymes as targets for cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The discovery of the role of adenosine as immune checkpoint regulator in cancer has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting extracellular adenosine metabolism and signaling in multiple clinical trials and preclinical models. Here we identify major gaps in knowledge that need to be filled to improve the therapeutic gain from agents targeting key components of the adenosine metabolic network and, on this basis, provide a holistic view of the cancer purinome as a complex and integrated network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.); and Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.)
| | - Detlev Boison
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.); and Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.)
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5
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Mahaling B, Low SWY, Beck M, Kumar D, Ahmed S, Connor TB, Ahmad B, Chaurasia SS. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Retinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052591. [PMID: 35269741 PMCID: PMC8910759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules released from the extracellular and intracellular space of damaged tissue or dead cells. Recent evidence indicates that DAMPs are associated with the sterile inflammation caused by aging, increased ocular pressure, high glucose, oxidative stress, ischemia, mechanical trauma, stress, or environmental conditions, in retinal diseases. DAMPs activate the innate immune system, suggesting their role to be protective, but may promote pathological inflammation and angiogenesis in response to the chronic insult or injury. DAMPs are recognized by specialized innate immune receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-like receptor family (NLRs), and purine receptor 7 (P2X7), in systemic diseases. However, studies describing the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders are meager. Here, we extensively reviewed the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders, including endophthalmitis, uveitis, glaucoma, ocular cancer, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and inherited retinal disorders. Finally, we discussed DAMPs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and therapeutic agents for retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binapani Mahaling
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Shermaine W. Y. Low
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Molly Beck
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Simrah Ahmed
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Thomas B. Connor
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-955-2050
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6
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Losenkova K, Takeda A, Ragauskas S, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Vähätupa M, Kaja S, Paul ML, Schmies CC, Rolshoven G, Müller CE, Sandholm J, Jalkanen S, Kalesnykas G, Yegutkin GG. CD73 controls ocular adenosine levels and protects retina from light-induced phototoxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:152. [PMID: 35212809 PMCID: PMC8881442 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ATP and adenosine have emerged as important signaling molecules involved in vascular remodeling, retinal functioning and neurovascular coupling in the mammalian eye. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of purinergic signaling in the eye. Here, we used three-dimensional multiplexed imaging, in situ enzyme histochemistry, flow cytometric analysis, and single cell transcriptomics to characterize the whole pattern of purine metabolism in mouse and human eyes. This study identified ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39), NTPDase2, and ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 as major ocular ecto-nucleotidases, which are selectively expressed in the photoreceptor layer (CD73), optic nerve head, retinal vasculature and microglia (CD39), as well as in neuronal processes and cornea (CD39, NTPDase2). Specifically, microglial cells can create a spatially arranged network in the retinal parenchyma by extending and retracting their branched CD39high/CD73low processes and forming local “purinergic junctions” with CD39low/CD73− neuronal cell bodies and CD39high/CD73− retinal blood vessels. The relevance of the CD73–adenosine pathway was confirmed by flash electroretinography showing that pharmacological inhibition of adenosine production by injection of highly selective CD73 inhibitor PSB-12489 in the vitreous cavity of dark-adapted mouse eyes rendered the animals hypersensitive to prolonged bright light, manifested as decreased a-wave and b-wave amplitudes. The impaired electrical responses of retinal cells in PSB-12489-treated mice were not accompanied by decrease in total thickness of the retina or death of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Our study thus defines ocular adenosine metabolism as a complex and spatially integrated network and further characterizes the critical role of CD73 in maintaining the functional activity of retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Losenkova
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Akira Takeda
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Simon Kaja
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Marius L Paul
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Constanze C Schmies
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Rolshoven
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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7
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Ebrahimi M, Balibegloo M, Rezaei N. Monoclonal antibodies in diabetic retinopathy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:163-178. [PMID: 35105268 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2037420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy (DR), as one of the main complications of diabetes, is among the leading causes of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. AREAS COVERED Current clinical therapies include photocoagulation, vitrectomy, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies. Bevacizumab and ranibizumab are two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibiting angiogenesis. Intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab can decrease the rate of blindness and retinal thickness, and improve visual acuity whether as monotherapy or combined with other treatments. They can increase the efficacy of other treatments and decrease their adverse events. Although administered intravitreally, they also might enter the circulation and cause systemic effects. This study is aimed to review our current knowledge about mAbs, bevacizumab and ranibizumab, in DR including superiorities, challenges, and limitations. Meanwhile, we tried to shed light on new ideas to overcome these limitations. Our latest search was done in April 2021 mainly through PubMed and Google Scholar. Relevant clinical studies were imported. EXPERT OPINION Future direction includes detection of more therapeutic targets considering other components of DR pathophysiology and shared pathogenesis of DR and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the treat-and-extend regimen, and new ways of drug delivery and other routes of ocular drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA),Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Balibegloo
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA),Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA),Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Hou R, Zhou L, Fu Y, Wang T, Li Z, Zhou L, Zhang G, Tian X. Chemical characterization of two fractions from Sanghuangporus sanghuang and evaluation of antidiabetic activity. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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9
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Wujak M, Kozakiewicz A, Ciarkowska A, Loch JI, Barwiolek M, Sokolowska Z, Budny M, Wojtczak A. Assessing the Interactions of Statins with Human Adenylate Kinase Isoenzyme 1: Fluorescence and Enzyme Kinetic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115541. [PMID: 34073952 PMCID: PMC8197361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most effective cholesterol-lowering drugs. They also exert many pleiotropic effects, including anti-cancer and cardio- and neuro-protective. Numerous nano-sized drug delivery systems were developed to enhance the therapeutic potential of statins. Studies on possible interactions between statins and human proteins could provide a deeper insight into the pleiotropic and adverse effects of these drugs. Adenylate kinase (AK) was found to regulate HDL endocytosis, cellular metabolism, cardiovascular function and neurodegeneration. In this work, we investigated interactions between human adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (hAK1) and atorvastatin (AVS), fluvastatin (FVS), pravastatin (PVS), rosuvastatin (RVS) and simvastatin (SVS) with fluorescence spectroscopy. The tested statins quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of hAK1 by creating stable hAK1-statin complexes with the binding constants of the order of 104 M−1. The enzyme kinetic studies revealed that statins inhibited hAK1 with significantly different efficiencies, in a noncompetitive manner. Simvastatin inhibited hAK1 with the highest yield comparable to that reported for diadenosine pentaphosphate, the only known hAK1 inhibitor. The determined AK sensitivity to statins differed markedly between short and long type AKs, suggesting an essential role of the LID domain in the AK inhibition. Our studies might open new horizons for the development of new modulators of short type AKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wujak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-611-4511
| | - Anna Ciarkowska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Joanna I. Loch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Barwiolek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Sokolowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Marcin Budny
- Synthex Technologies Sp. z o.o., Gagarina 7/134B, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
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10
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Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P. In Search of a Role for Extracellular Purine Enzymes in Bone Function. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050679. [PMID: 33946568 PMCID: PMC8147220 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the major tissues that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life, thus ensuring both organic body growth during development and protection of internal organs as well as repair of trauma during adulthood. Many endogenous substances contribute to bone homeostasis, including purines. Their role has increasingly emerged in recent decades as compounds which, by interacting with specific receptors, can help determine adequate responses of bone cells to physiological or pathological stimuli. Equally, it is recognized that the activity of purines is closely dependent on their interconversion or metabolic degradation ensured by a series of enzymes present at extracellular level as predominantly bound to the cell membrane or, also, as soluble isoforms. While the effects of purines mediated by their receptor interactions have sufficiently, even though not entirely, been characterized in many tissues including bone, those promoted by the extracellular enzymes providing for purine metabolism have not been. In this review, we will try to circumstantiate the presence and the role of these enzymes in bone to define their close relationship with purine activities in maintaining bone homeostasis in normal or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- StemTeCh Group, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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11
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Dong L, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang Q, Hong Y, Li X, Liu J. RNA sequencing reveals BMP4 as a basis for the dual-target treatment of diabetic retinopathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:225-240. [PMID: 33188599 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR), currently considered as a neurovascular disease, has become the major cause of blindness. More and more scholars believe that DR is no longer just a kind of microvascular disease, but accompanied by retinal neurodegenerative changes. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs is a classic treatment for DR; however, anti-VEGF drugs can exacerbate fibrosis and eventually lead to retinal detachment. The aim of this study was to explore the pathogenesis of DR and identified new treatments that can provide dual-target intervention for angiogenesis and fibrosis. METHODS We explored changes in gene expression in high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cells using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. We identified bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and SMAD family member 9 (SMAD9) among 449 differentially expressed genes from RNA-seq data and confirmed the expression of these two genes in the blood of diabetes patients by RT-PCR and in streptozotocin-induced rat retinas by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot. Moreover, considering that DR is a multifactorial and multicellular disease, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), CoCl2, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and hypoxia to induce three human retinal cell types (Müller, retinal pigment epithelium, and human retinal capillary endothelial cells) to simulate the pathogenesis of DR, and MTT experiment, scratch experiment, Transwell experiment, and lumen formation experiment were used to test whether the model was successfully established. Then, we verified the overexpression of these two genes in the cell models by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot. We further tested the effects of BMP4 on retinal cells. We use BMP4 to stimulate retinal cells and observe the effect of BMP4 on retinal cells by MTT experiment, scratch experiment, and RT-PCR. RESULTS The results demonstrated that BMP4 and SMAD9 were highly expressed in both in vivo and in vitro models, while BMP4 could significantly upregulate the expression of SMAD9 and promote the expression of VEGF and fibrosis factors. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to analyze the mechanism by which high glucose levels affect retinal vascular endothelial cells through RNA transcriptome sequencing and indicates that BMP4 may be a potential target for the dual-target treatment (anti-VEGF and anti-fibrosis) of DR. KEY MESSAGES • High-glucose effect on vascular endothelial cell was analyzed by RNA-seq. • KEGG analysis revealed enrichment of TGF-beta signaling pathway. • SMAD9 and BMP4 expression was upregulated in all samples. • Dual-target therapy of PDR by antagonizing BMP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juping Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, 251 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Yegutkin GG. Adenosine metabolism in the vascular system. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114373. [PMID: 33340515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of extracellular purinergic signaling was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock in the early 1970s. Since then, extracellular ATP and its metabolites ADP and adenosine have attracted an enormous amount of attention in terms of their involvement in a wide range of immunomodulatory, thromboregulatory, angiogenic, vasoactive and other pathophysiological activities in different organs and tissues, including the vascular system. In addition to significant progress in understanding the properties of nucleotide- and adenosine-selective receptors, recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity of regulatory mechanisms governing the duration and magnitude of the purinergic signaling cascade. This knowledge has led to the development of new paradigms in understanding the entire purinome by taking into account the multitude of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in biological effects of ATP and adenosine and compartmentalization of the adenosine system. Along with the "canonical route" of ATP breakdown to adenosine via sequential ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities, it has now become clear that purine metabolism is the result of concerted effort between ATP release, its metabolism through redundant nucleotide-inactivating and counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathways, as well as cellular nucleoside uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine to ATP through complex phosphotransfer reactions. In this review I provide an overview of key enzymes involved in adenosine metabolic network, with special emphasis on the emerging roles of purine-converting ectoenzymes as novel targets for cancer and vascular therapies.
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13
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Extracellular ATP: A Feasible Target for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112496. [PMID: 33212982 PMCID: PMC7698494 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression depending on its concentration and on the specific ecto-nucleotidases and receptors expressed by immune and cancer cells. ATP can be released from cells via both specific and nonspecific pathways. A non-regulated release occurs from dying and damaged cells, whereas active release involves exocytotic granules, plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and membrane channels (connexin hemichannels, pannexin 1 (PANX1), calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) and maxi-anion channels (MACs)). Extracellular ATP acts at P2 purinergic receptors, among which P2X7R is a key mediator of the final ATP-dependent biological effects. Over the years, P2 receptor- or ecto-nucleotidase-targeting for cancer therapy has been proposed and actively investigated, while comparatively fewer studies have explored the suitability of TME ATP as a target. In this review, we briefly summarize the available evidence suggesting that TME ATP has a central role in determining tumor fate and is, therefore, a suitable target for cancer therapy.
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14
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Schmies CC, Rolshoven G, Idris RM, Losenkova K, Renn C, Schäkel L, Al-Hroub H, Wang Y, Garofano F, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Zimmermann H, Yegutkin GG, Müller CE. Fluorescent Probes for Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2253-2260. [PMID: 33214837 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive adenosine. It is expressed on vascular endothelial, epithelial, and also numerous cancer cells where it strongly contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In the present study we designed and synthesized fluorescent-labeled CD73 inhibitors with low nanomolar affinity and high selectivity based on N 6 -benzyl-α,β-methylene-ADP (PSB-12379) as a lead structure. Fluorescein was attached to the benzyl residue via different linkers resulting in PSB-19416 (14b, K i 12.6 nM) and PSB-18332 (14a, K i 2.98 nM) as fluorescent high-affinity probes for CD73. These compounds are anticipated to become useful tools for biological studies, drug screening, and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze C. Schmies
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Rolshoven
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Riham M. Idris
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christian Renn
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Schäkel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Haneen Al-Hroub
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Francesca Garofano
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Ingo G. H. Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Zimmermann H. History of ectonucleotidases and their role in purinergic signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114322. [PMID: 33161020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are key for purinergic signaling. They control the duration of activity of purinergic receptor agonists. At the same time, they produce hydrolysis products as additional ligands of purinergic receptors. Due to the considerable diversity of enzymes, purinergic receptor ligands and purinergic receptors, deciphering the impact of extracellular purinergic receptor control has become a challenge. The first group of enzymes described were the alkaline phosphatases - at the time not as nucleotide-metabolizing but as nonspecific phosphatases. Enzymes now referred to as nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase were the first and only nucleotide-specific ectonucleotidases identified. And they were the first group of enzymes related to purinergic signaling. Additional research brought to light a surprising number of ectoenzymes with broad substrate specificity, which can also hydrolyze nucleotides. This short overview traces the development of the field and briefly highlights important results and benefits for therapies of human diseases achieved within nearly a century of investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Goethe University, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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16
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Boison D, Yegutkin GG. Adenosine Metabolism: Emerging Concepts for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:582-596. [PMID: 31821783 PMCID: PMC7224341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key metabolic and immune-checkpoint regulator implicated in the tumor escape from the host immune system. Major gaps in knowledge that impede the development of effective adenosine-based therapeutics include: (1) lack of consideration of redundant pathways controlling ATP and adenosine levels; (2) lack of distinction between receptor-dependent and -independent effects of adenosine, and (3) focus on extracellular adenosine without consideration of intracellular metabolism and compartmentalization. In light of current clinical trials, we provide an overview of adenosine metabolism and point out the need for a more careful evaluation of the entire purinome in emerging cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson & New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, 20520, Finland.
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17
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Schneider E, Rissiek A, Winzer R, Puig B, Rissiek B, Haag F, Mittrücker HW, Magnus T, Tolosa E. Generation and Function of Non-cell-bound CD73 in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1729. [PMID: 31404305 PMCID: PMC6676417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenine nucleotides participate in cell-to-cell communication and modulate the immune response. The concerted action of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 plays a major role in the local production of anti-inflammatory adenosine, but both ectonucleotidases are rarely co-expressed by human T cells. The expression of CD39 on T cells increases upon T cell activation and is high at sites of inflammation. CD73, in contrast, disappears from the cellular membrane after activation. The possibility that CD73 could act in trans would resolve the conundrum of both enzymes being co-expressed for the degradation of ATP and the generation of adenosine. An enzymatically active soluble form of CD73 has been reported, and AMPase activity has been detected in body fluids of patients with inflammation and cancer. It is not yet clear how CD73, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, is released from the cell membrane, but plausible mechanisms include cleavage by metalloproteinases and shedding mediated by cell-associated phospholipases. Importantly, like many other GPI-anchored proteins, CD73 at the cell membrane is preferentially localized in detergent-resistant domains or lipid rafts, which often contribute to extracellular vesicles (EVs). Indeed, CD73-containing vesicles of different size and origin and with immunomodulatory function have been found in the tumor microenvironment. The occurrence of CD73 as non-cell-bound molecule widens the range of action of this enzyme at sites of inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the generation of non-cell-bound CD73 and its physiological role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enja Schneider
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rissiek
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Riekje Winzer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Wang X, Gericke A, Ackermann M, Wang S, Neufurth M, Schröder HC, Pfeiffer N, Müller WEG. Polyphosphate, the physiological metabolic fuel for corneal cells: a potential biomaterial for ocular surface repair. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5506-5515. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate, a natural inorganic polymer that acts as a reservoir for metabolic fuel (ATP), increases the proliferation and migration potency of epithelial cells, covering the avascular cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55099 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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