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Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, an electrosensory neurosentient bioresponsive cell instructive glycosaminoglycan. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae014. [PMID: 38376199 PMCID: PMC10987296 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of keratan sulfate (KS) as a proton detection glycosaminoglycan in neurosensory processes in the central and peripheral nervous systems is reviewed. The functional properties of the KS-proteoglycans aggrecan, phosphacan, podocalyxcin as components of perineuronal nets in neurosensory processes in neuronal plasticity, cognitive learning and memory are also discussed. KS-glycoconjugate neurosensory gels used in electrolocation in elasmobranch fish species and KS substituted mucin like conjugates in some tissue contexts in mammals need to be considered in sensory signalling. Parallels are drawn between KS's roles in elasmobranch fish neurosensory processes and its roles in mammalian electro mechanical transduction of acoustic liquid displacement signals in the cochlea by the tectorial membrane and stereocilia of sensory inner and outer hair cells into neural signals for sound interpretation. The sophisticated structural and functional proteins which maintain the unique high precision physical properties of stereocilia in the detection, transmittance and interpretation of acoustic signals in the hearing process are important. The maintenance of the material properties of stereocilia are essential in sound transmission processes. Specific, emerging roles for low sulfation KS in sensory bioregulation are contrasted with the properties of high charge density KS isoforms. Some speculations are made on how the molecular and electrical properties of KS may be of potential application in futuristic nanoelectronic, memristor technology in advanced ultrafast computing devices with low energy requirements in nanomachines, nanobots or molecular switches which could be potentially useful in artificial synapse development. Application of KS in such innovative areas in bioregulation are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Li J, Liu C, Müller U, Zhao B. RIPOR2-mediated autophagy dysfunction is critical for aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2204-2220.e6. [PMID: 36113482 PMCID: PMC9529990 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are potent antibiotics that are capable of treating a wide variety of life-threatening infections; however, they are ototoxic and cause irreversible damage to cochlear hair cells. Despite substantial progress, little is known about the molecular pathways critical for hair cell function and survival that are affected by AG exposure. We demonstrate here that gentamicin, a representative AG antibiotic, binds to and within minutes triggers translocation of RIPOR2 in murine hair cells from stereocilia to the pericuticular area. Then, by interacting with a central autophagy component, GABARAP, RIPOR2 affects autophagy activation. Reducing the expression of RIPOR2 or GABARAP completely prevents AG-induced hair cell death and subsequent hearing loss in mice. Additionally, abolishing the expression of PINK1 or Parkin, two key mitochondrial autophagy proteins, prevents hair cell death and subsequent hearing loss caused by AG. In summary, our study demonstrates that RIPOR2-mediated autophagic dysfunction is essential for AG-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ulrich Müller
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Lv Z, Ding Y, Cao W, Wang S, Gao K. Role of RHO family interacting cell polarization regulators (RIPORs) in health and disease: Recent advances and prospects. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:800-808. [PMID: 35002526 PMCID: PMC8741841 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The RHO GTPase family has been suggested to play critical roles in cell growth, migration, and polarization. Regulators and effectors of RHO GTPases have been extensively explored in recent years. However, little attention has been given to RHO family interacting cell polarization regulators (RIPORs), a recently discovered protein family of RHO regulators. RIPOR proteins, namely, RIPOR1-3, bind directly to RHO proteins (A, B and C) via a RHO-binding motif and exert suppressive effects on RHO activity, thereby negatively influencing RHO-regulated cellular functions. In addition, RIPORs are phosphorylated by upstream protein kinases under chemokine stimulation, and this phosphorylation affects not only their subcellular localization but also their interaction with RHO proteins, altering the activation of RHO downstream targets and ultimately impacting cell polarity and migration. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on the function of RIPOR proteins in regulating RHO-dependent directional movement in immune responses and other pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeheng Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuyun Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Warnecke A, Harre J, Shew M, Mellott AJ, Majewski I, Durisin M, Staecker H. Successful Treatment of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: An RNAseq Analysis of Protective/Repair Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:656930. [PMID: 34887728 PMCID: PMC8650824 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.656930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an adult derived stem cell-like population that has been shown to mediate repair in a wide range of degenerative disorders. The protective effects of MSCs are mainly mediated by the release of growth factors and cytokines thereby modulating the diseased environment and the immune system. Within the inner ear, MSCs have been shown protective against tissue damage induced by sound and a variety of ototoxins. To better understand the mechanism of action of MSCs in the inner ear, mice were exposed to narrow band noise. After exposure, MSCs derived from human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly were injected into the perilymph. Controls consisted of mice exposed to sound trauma only. Forty-eight hours post-cell delivery, total RNA was extracted from the cochlea and RNAseq performed to evaluate the gene expression induced by the cell therapy. Changes in gene expression were grouped together based on gene ontology classification. A separate cohort of animals was treated in a similar fashion and allowed to survive for 2 weeks post-cell therapy and hearing outcomes determined. Treatment with MSCs after severe sound trauma induced a moderate hearing protective effect. MSC treatment resulted in an up-regulation of genes related to immune modulation, hypoxia response, mitochondrial function and regulation of apoptosis. There was a down-regulation of genes related to synaptic remodeling, calcium homeostasis and the extracellular matrix. Application of MSCs may provide a novel approach to treating sound trauma induced hearing loss and may aid in the identification of novel strategies to protect hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Warnecke
- Clinic for Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Harre
- Clinic for Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Shew
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Igor Majewski
- Clinic for Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Durisin
- Clinic for Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Abstract
Ras homology (RHO) GTPases are signalling proteins that have crucial roles in triggering multiple immune functions. Through their interactions with a broad range of effectors and kinases, they regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, cell polarity and the trafficking and proliferation of immune cells. The activity and localization of RHO GTPases are highly controlled by classical families of regulators that share consensus motifs. In this Review, we describe the recent discovery of atypical modulators and partners of RHO GTPases, which bring an additional layer of regulation and plasticity to the control of RHO GTPase activities in the immune system. Furthermore, the development of large-scale genetic screening has now enabled researchers to identify dysregulation of RHO GTPase signalling pathways as a cause of many immune system-related diseases. We discuss the mutations that have been identified in RHO GTPases and their signalling circuits in patients with rare diseases. The discoveries of new RHO GTPase partners and genetic mutations in RHO GTPase signalling hubs have uncovered unsuspected layers of crosstalk with other signalling pathways and may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for patients affected by complex immune or broader syndromes.
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de Bruijn SE, Smits JJ, Liu C, Lanting CP, Beynon AJ, Blankevoort J, Oostrik J, Koole W, de Vrieze E, Cremers CWRJ, Cremers FPM, Roosing S, Yntema HG, Kunst HPM, Zhao B, Pennings RJE, Kremer H. A RIPOR2 in-frame deletion is a frequent and highly penetrant cause of adult-onset hearing loss. J Med Genet 2020; 58:jmedgenet-2020-106863. [PMID: 32631815 PMCID: PMC8120656 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-106863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent disabilities worldwide, and has a significant impact on quality of life. The adult-onset type of the condition is highly heritable but the genetic causes are largely unknown, which is in contrast to childhood-onset hearing loss. METHODS Family and cohort studies included exome sequencing and characterisation of the hearing phenotype. Ex vivo protein expression addressed the functional effect of a DNA variant. RESULTS An in-frame deletion of 12 nucleotides in RIPOR2 was identified as a highly penetrant cause of adult-onset progressive hearing loss that segregated as an autosomal dominant trait in 12 families from the Netherlands. Hearing loss associated with the deletion in 63 subjects displayed variable audiometric characteristics and an average (SD) age of onset of 30.6 (14.9) years (range 0-70 years). A functional effect of the RIPOR2 variant was demonstrated by aberrant localisation of the mutant RIPOR2 in the stereocilia of cochlear hair cells and failure to rescue morphological defects in RIPOR2-deficient hair cells, in contrast to the wild-type protein. Strikingly, the RIPOR2 variant is present in 18 of 22 952 individuals not selected for hearing loss in the Southeast Netherlands. CONCLUSION Collectively, the presented data demonstrate that an inherited form of adult-onset hearing loss is relatively common, with potentially thousands of individuals at risk in the Netherlands and beyond, which makes it an attractive target for developing a (genetic) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E de Bruijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Smits
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Cornelis P Lanting
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy J Beynon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Oostrik
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Koole
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vrieze
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cor W R J Cremers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helger G Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus P M Kunst
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ronald J E Pennings
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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