1
|
Hofmann AB, Schmid HM, Jabat M, Brackmann N, Noboa V, Bobes J, Garcia-Portilla MP, Seifritz E, Vetter S, Egger ST. Utility and validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as a transdiagnostic scale. Psychiatry Res 2022; 314:114659. [PMID: 35709637 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was originally conceived to assess psychopathology in several psychiatric disorders, making it an appropriate candidate to be used as a transdiagnostic instrument. We analyzed the utility and validity of the BPRS in a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 600 psychiatric inpatients. As a comparator, we chose the mini-ICF-APP, a scale used to measure functioning and impairment across the diagnostic spectrum. Both scales had good internal consistency. The BPRS and the mini-ICF-APP showed a moderate correlation, with good levels of agreement. We were able to identify general symptoms present across the diagnostic spectrum, influencing severity and a cluster of symptoms specific for each diagnosis. Our results show the utility and validity of the BPRS as a transdiagnostic assessment tool that could easily be introduced in routine clinical work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Hofmann
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna M Schmid
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mounira Jabat
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Brackmann
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Noboa
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland; University San Francisco de Quito, Faculty of Medicine, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Julio Bobes
- University of Oviedo, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Garcia-Portilla
- University of Oviedo, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Erich Seifritz
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Vetter
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan T Egger
- University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Oviedo, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The relationship between psychological characteristics of patients and their utilization of psychiatric inpatient treatment: A cross-sectional study, using machine learning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266352. [PMID: 35363806 PMCID: PMC8975161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High utilizers (HU) are patients with an above-average use of psychiatric inpatient treatment. A precise characterization of this patient group is important when tailoring specific treatment approaches for them. While the current literature reports evidence of sociodemographic, and socio-clinical characteristics of HU, knowledge regarding their psychological characteristics is sparse. This study aimed to investigate the association between patients’ psychological characteristics and their utilization of psychiatric inpatient treatment. Patients from the University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK) Basel diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar affective disorders participated in a survey at the end of their inpatient treatment stay. The survey included assessments of psychological characteristics such as quality of life, self-esteem, self-stigma, subjective experience and meaning of psychoses, insight into the disease, and patients’ utilization of psychiatric inpatient treatment in the last 30 months. The outcome variables were two indicators of utilization of psychiatric inpatient treatment, viz. “utilization pattern” (defined as HU vs. Non-HU [NHU]) and “length of stay” (number of inpatient treatment days in the last 30 months). Statistical analyses included multiple regression models, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) method, and the random forest model. We included 112 inpatients, of which 50 were classified as HU and 62 as NHU. The low performance of all statistical models used after cross-validation suggests that none of the estimated psychological variables showed predictive accuracy and hence clinical relevance regarding these two outcomes. Results indicate no link between psychological characteristics and inpatient treatment utilization in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar affective disorders. Thus, in this study, the examined psychological variables do not seem to play an important role in patients’ use of psychiatric inpatient treatment; this highlights the need for additional research to further examine underlying mechanisms of high utilization of psychiatric inpatient treatment.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mackintosh AJ, Borgwardt S, Studerus E, Riecher-Rössler A, de Bock R, Andreou C. EEG Microstate Differences in Medicated vs. Medication-Naïve First-Episode Psychosis Patients. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:600606. [PMID: 33329154 PMCID: PMC7732503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the role of synchronous brain activity abnormalities in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders and their relevance for treatment; one index of such activity are EEG resting-state microstates. These reflect electric field configurations of the brain that persist over 60-120 ms time periods. A set of quasi-stable microstates classes A, B, C, and D have been repeatedly identified across healthy participants. Changes in microstate parameters coverage, duration and occurrence have been found in medication-naïve as well as medicated patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls. However, to date, only two studies have directly compared antipsychotic medication effects on EEG microstates either pre- vs. post-treatment or between medicated and unmedicated chronic schizophrenia patients. The aim of this study was therefore to directly compare EEG resting-state microstates between medicated and medication-naïve (untreated) first-episode (FEP) psychosis patients (mFEP vs. uFEP). We used 19-channel clinical EEG recordings to compare temporal parameters of four prototypical microstate classes (A-D) within an overall sample of 47 patients (mFEP n = 17; uFEP n = 30). The results demonstrated significant decreases of microstate class A and significant increases of microstate class B in mFEP compared to uFEP. No significant differences between groups were found for microstate classes C and D. Further studies are needed to replicate these results in longitudinal designs that assess antipsychotic medication effects on neural networks at the onset of the disorder and over time during illness progression. As treatment response and compliance in FEP patients are relatively low, such studies could contribute to better understand treatment outcomes and ultimately improve treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amatya J Mackintosh
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK) Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Erich Studerus
- Division of Personality and Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Renate de Bock
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK) Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Andreou
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gebhardt S, Schmidt P, Remschmidt H, Hanke M, Theisen FM, König U. Effects of Prodromal Stage and Untreated Psychosis on Subsequent Psychopathology of Schizophrenia: A Path Analysis. Psychopathology 2019; 52:304-315. [PMID: 31734668 DOI: 10.1159/000504202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine psychopathology present under prolonged antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia and to analyse their relationship to both the duration of the prodromal stage (DPS; time between onset of first unspecific psychological symptoms and first schizophrenic symptoms) and the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP; time between the onset of psychosis and the initiation of antipsychotic treatment). METHODS The psychopathology of 93 patients was assessed cross-sectionally using the Scales for the Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. DPS and DUP were assessed by means of the patient records and the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. A path analysis using maximum likelihood estimation was conducted with the program Analysis of Moment Structures for Windows. RESULTS The resulting path model indicated that DPS was predictive for a more severe negative symptomatology in schizophrenia, whereas DUP was associated with a more severe positive symptomatology in the long-term. Furthermore, DUP showed an inverse correlation with the age of the patients at the onset of both first unspecific psychological symptoms and first schizophrenic symptoms. CONCLUSION A long prodromal stage suggests an increased risk of a long-term progression with negative symptoms in schizophrenia, whereas a delayed start of antipsychotic treatment could lead to an increased manifestation and severity of positive symptoms in the long term. These results underline the need to shorten the duration of the prodrome by an early detection and adequate intervention in patients with increased risk to develop psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gebhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Psychiatric Center Nordbaden Wiesloch, Marburg, Germany,
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Remschmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hanke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Michael Theisen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Herz-Jesu-Hospital Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Udo König
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Metzner S, Jaeger U, Masuhr O, Olschewski U, Gräfe E, Böske AC, Dümpelmann M. Forms of attunement during the initial stages of music therapy for patients with acute psychosis - A multicentre clinical study. NORDIC JOURNAL OF MUSIC THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08098131.2018.1478879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Metzner
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, University Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrike Olschewski
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Gräfe
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Anne Christin Böske
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Park-Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Dümpelmann
- Asklepios Clinic Tiefenbrunn, Rosdorf, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yee A, Ng BS, Hashim HMH, Danaee M, Loh HH. Cultural adaptation and validity of the Malay version of the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS-M) among patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatric clinic. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:384. [PMID: 29197359 PMCID: PMC5712146 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-M) among patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. METHODS Ninety-nine schizophrenia outpatients were administered the Malay version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-M), Malay version of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Malay version of Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and Malay version of World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of BPRS-M produced a seven-factor solution which accounted for 71.4% of the total variance. It exhibited fair internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.75). "Positive symptoms" and "Resistance" factors had association with unemployment and number of antipsychotics, positively correlated with PANSS but negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BREF. "Mood disturbance" factor correlated with lifetime history of suicide attempts, Malay version of CDSS and WHOQOL-BREF (psychological). Both "Negative symptoms" and "Activation" factors were associated with male, lower education, unemployment and positively correlated with Malay version of PANSS but negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BREF. CONCLUSIONS The BPRS-M demonstrated promising psychometric properties in terms of dimensionality, reliability, and validity that generally justifies its use in routine clinical practice in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Yee
- 0000 0001 2308 5949grid.10347.31Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center for Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Seng Ng
- 0000 0001 2308 5949grid.10347.31Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center for Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Helenna Maria Hisham Hashim
- 0000 0001 2308 5949grid.10347.31Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center for Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- 0000 0001 2308 5949grid.10347.31Academic Development Centre (ADec), Faculty of Languages and Linguistics Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Huai Heng Loh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNIMAS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lincoln TM, Dollfus S, Lyne J. Current developments and challenges in the assessment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Res 2017; 186:8-18. [PMID: 26960948 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and valid assessment of negative symptoms is crucial to further develop etiological models and improve treatments. Our understanding of the concept of negative symptoms has undergone significant advances since the introduction of quantitative assessments of negative symptoms in the 1980s. These include the conceptualization of cognitive dysfunction as separate from negative symptoms and the distinction of two main negative symptom factors (avolition and diminished expression). In this review we provide an overview of existing negative symptom scales, focusing on both observer-rated and self-rated measurement of negative symptoms. We also distinguish between measures that assess negative symptoms as part of a broader assessment of schizophrenia symptoms, those specifically developed for negative symptoms and those that assess specific domains of negative symptoms within and beyond the context of psychotic disorders. We critically discuss strengths and limitations of these measures in the light of some existing challenges, i.e. observed and subjective symptom experiences, the challenge of distinguishing between primary and secondary negative symptoms, and the overlap between negative symptoms and related factors (e.g. personality traits and premorbid functioning). This review is aimed to inform the ongoing development of negative symptom scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Lincoln
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sonia Dollfus
- CHU de Caen, Service universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Esquirol, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen F-14000, France; UNICAEN, UFR Médecine, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - John Lyne
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, North Dublin Mental Health Services, Ashlin Centre, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland; Dublin and East Treatment and Early Care Team, Avila House, Blackrock Business Park, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herold CJ, Schmid LA, Lässer MM, Seidl U, Schröder J. Cognitive Performance in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia Across the Lifespan. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Chronic schizophrenia involves neuropsychological deficits that primarily strike executive functions and episodic memory. Our study investigated these deficits throughout the lifespan in patients with chronic schizophrenia and in healthy controls. Important neuropsychological functions were tested in 94 patients and 66 healthy controls, who were assigned to three age groups. Compared with the healthy controls, patients performed significantly poorer on all tests applied. Significant age effects occurred on all tests except the digit span forward, with older subjects scoring well below the younger ones. With respect to cognitive flexibility, age effects were more pronounced in the patients. These findings underline the importance of cognitive deficits in chronic schizophrenia and indicate that diminished cognitive flexibility shows age-associated differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Josefa Herold
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Anna Schmid
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Montgomery Lässer
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seidl
- Center for Mental Health, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Schröder
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The impact of legal coercion on the therapeutic relationship in adult schizophrenia patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124043. [PMID: 25909589 PMCID: PMC4409206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of the therapeutic relationship between psychiatric patients and their attending physicians plays a key role in treatment success. We hypothesize that mandatory treatment is negatively associated with the quality of the therapeutic relationship. In a cross-sectional study design, data on psychopathological symptom load (as captured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) and on the quality of the therapeutic relationship (as measured with the Scale to Assess the Therapeutic Relationship) were collected from 113 adult male psychiatric patients and 35 attending physicians. Patients belonged to one of three groups: self-referred or involuntarily admitted patients from general psychiatry wards or patients from medium secure forensic psychiatric units. On average, self-referred patients rated the quality of the therapeutic relationship significantly more positive than did involuntarily admitted patients in general psychiatry wards. Forensic psychiatric patients, on average, gave an intermediate rating of the quality of the therapeutic relationship. There was no association between patients' ratings and physicians' ratings of the quality of the therapeutic relationship. Patients' ratings of the quality of the therapeutic relationship were inversely related to symptom severity in general and hostility in particular. Ratings of the quality of the therapeutic relationship are not associated with patients' legal status but rather with patients' symptoms of hostility.
Collapse
|
10
|
Subjective well-being, but not subjective mental functioning shows positive associations with neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:824-30. [PMID: 23602393 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of subjective quality of life as measured by the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptic Treatment questionnaire (SWN-K) with neuropsychological functioning; to address interactions with the SWN-K domain mental functioning as a measure of subjective cognitive dysfunction; and to examine the interaction of subjective well-being and psychopathology ratings. METHODS Forty-five patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) were assessed regarding subjective well-being (SWN-K), neuropsychological impairment, and psychopathology (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; BPRS). RESULTS After controlling for multiple comparisons, SWN-K total score showed significant positive correlations with concentration/attention (r=.498), working memory (r=.537), verbal memory (r=.522), and global cognition (r=.459). No correlations of SWN mental functioning and neuropsychological impairment remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Correlations between SWN-K subscales and neuropsychological functioning were generally positive, indicating higher subjective well-being in patients with better neurocognition. In multivariate analyses, global cognition was a significant predictor (p=.011), accounting for 19.7% of SWN total score variance. Adding BPRS total score as predictor (p=.054) explained an additional 6.9% of SWN-K variance. Linear regression analyses with SWN-K mental functioning as dependent variable did not yield statistically significant models. CONCLUSION Subjective well-being and objective neuropsychological functioning show only moderate associations and can be seen as largely independent parameters. In particular, subjective mental functioning cannot serve as a proxy for objective neuropsychological testing.
Collapse
|