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Zeng Q, Liu Z, Niu T, He C, Qu Y, Qian Z. Application of nanotechnology in CAR-T-cell immunotherapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Volpe A, Pillarsetty NVK, Lewis JS, Ponomarev V. Applications of nuclear-based imaging in gene and cell therapy: probe considerations. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:447-458. [PMID: 33718593 PMCID: PMC7907215 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several types of gene- and cell-based therapeutics are now emerging in the cancer immunotherapy, transplantation, and regenerative medicine landscapes. Radionuclear-based imaging can be used as a molecular imaging tool for repetitive and non-invasive visualization as well as in vivo monitoring of therapy success. In this review, we discuss the principles of nuclear-based imaging and provide a comprehensive overview of its application in gene and cell therapy. This review aims to inform investigators in the biomedical field as well as clinicians on the state of the art of nuclear imaging, from probe design to available radiopharmaceuticals and advances of direct (probe-based) and indirect (transgene-based) strategies in both preclinical and clinical settings. Notably, as the nuclear-based imaging toolbox is continuously expanding, it will be increasingly incorporated into the clinical setting where the distribution, targeting, and persistence of a new generation of therapeutics can be imaged and ultimately guide therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Volpe
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naga Vara Kishore Pillarsetty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Masthoff M, Gran S, Zhang X, Wachsmuth L, Bietenbeck M, Helfen A, Heindel W, Sorokin L, Roth J, Eisenblätter M, Wildgruber M, Faber C. Temporal window for detection of inflammatory disease using dynamic cell tracking with time-lapse MRI. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9563. [PMID: 29934611 PMCID: PMC6015069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse MRI was implemented for dynamic non-invasive cell tracking of individual slowly moving intravascular immune cells. Repetitive MRI acquisition enabled dynamic observation of iron oxide nanoparticle (ION) labelled cells. Simulations of MRI contrast indicated that only cells moving slower than 1 µm/s were detectable. Time-lapse MRI of the brain was performed after either IONs or ION-labelled monocytes were injected intravenously into naïve and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) bearing mice at a presymptomatic or symptomatic stage. EAE mice showed a reduced number of slow moving, i.e. patrolling cells before and after onset of symptoms as compared to naïve controls. This observation is consistent with the notion of altered cell dynamics, i.e. higher velocities of immune cells rolling along the endothelium in the inflamed condition. Thus, time-lapse MRI enables for assessing immune cell dynamics non-invasively in deep tissue and may serve as a tool for detection or monitoring of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Masthoff
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sandra Gran
- Institute for Immunology, University of Muenster, Roentgenstraße 21, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Bietenbeck
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anne Helfen
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Walter Heindel
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute for Immunology, University of Muenster, Roentgenstraße 21, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michel Eisenblätter
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
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Morgul MH, Raschzok N, Schwartlander R, Vondran F, Michel R, Stelter L, Pinkernelle J, Jordan A, Teichgraber U, Sauer IM. Tracking of Primary Human Hepatocytes with Clinical MRI: Initial Results with Tat-Peptide Modified Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 31:252-7. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transplantation of primary human hepatocytes is a promising approach in the treatment of specific liver diseases. However, little is known about the fate of the cells following application. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could enable real-time tracking and long-term detection of transplanted hepatocytes. The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles as cellular contrast agents should allow for the non-invasive detection of labelled cells on high-resolution magnetic resonance images. Experiments were performed on primary human hepatocytes to transfer the method of detecting labelled cells via clinical MRI into human hepatocyte transplantation. For labelling, Tat-peptide modified nano-sized superparamagnetic MagForce particles were used. Cells were investigated via a clinical MR scanner at 3.0 Tesla and the particle uptake within single hepatocytes was estimated using microscopic examinations. The labelled primary human hepatocytes were clearly detectable by MRI, proving the feasibility of this new concept. Therefore, this method is a useful tool to investigate the effects of human hepatocyte transplantation and to improve safety aspects of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Morgul
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - N. Raschzok
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - R. Schwartlander
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - F.W. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - R. Michel
- Department of Radiology, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - L. Stelter
- Department of Radiology, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - J. Pinkernelle
- Department of Radiology, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - A. Jordan
- Department of Radiology, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - U. Teichgraber
- Department of Radiology, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
| | - I. M. Sauer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Chiarité - Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE The accurate detection of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer patients is important to direct treatment decisions. Our goal was to develop an intraoperative imaging approach to distinguish normal from metastasized lymph nodes. We aimed at developing and testing gold-silica surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) nanoparticles that demonstrate high uptake within normal lymphatic tissue and negligible uptake in areas of metastatic replacement. PROCEDURES We evaluated the ability of SERRS nanoparticles to delineate lymph node metastases in an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model using PC-3 cells transduced with mCherry fluorescent protein. Tumor-bearing mice (n = 6) and non-tumor-bearing control animals (n = 4) were injected intravenously with 30 fmol/g SERRS nanoparticles. After 16-18 h, the retroperitoneal lymph nodes were scanned in situ and ex vivo with a Raman imaging system and a handheld Raman scanner and data corroborated with fluorescence imaging for mCherry protein expression and histology. RESULTS The SERRS nanoparticles demonstrated avid homing to normal lymph nodes, but not to metastasized lymph nodes. In cases where lymph nodes were partially infiltrated by tumor cells, the SERRS signal correctly identified, with sub-millimeter precision, healthy from metastasized components. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as a first proof-of-principle that SERRS nanoparticles enable high precision and rapid intraoperative discrimination between normal and metastasized lymph nodes.
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Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets encapsulated within immuno-protective microcapsules is a strategy that has the potential to overcome graft rejection without the need for toxic immunosuppressive medication. However, despite promising preclinical studies, clinical trials using encapsulated islets have lacked long-term efficacy, and although generally considered clinically safe, have not been encouraging overall. One of the major factors limiting the long-term function of encapsulated islets is the host's immunological reaction to the transplanted graft which is often manifested as pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO). PFO forms a barrier on the capsule surface that prevents the ingress of oxygen and nutrients leading to islet cell starvation, hypoxia and death. The mechanism of PFO formation is still not elucidated fully and studies using a pig model have tried to understand the host immune response to empty alginate microcapsules. In this review, the varied strategies to overcome or reduce PFO are discussed, including alginate purification, altering microcapsule geometry, modifying alginate chemical composition, co-encapsulation with immunomodulatory cells, administration of pharmacological agents, and alternative transplantation sites. Nanoencapsulation technologies, such as conformal and layer-by-layer coating technologies, as well as nanofiber, thin-film nanoporous devices, and silicone based NanoGland devices are also addressed. Finally, this review outlines recent progress in imaging technologies to track encapsulated cells, as well as promising perspectives concerning the production of insulin-producing cells from stem cells for encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaganapathy Vaithilingam
- Materials Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sumeet Bal
- Materials Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernard E Tuch
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Jasmin, de Souza GT, Louzada RA, Rosado-de-Castro PH, Mendez-Otero R, Campos de Carvalho AC. Tracking stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: perspectives and considerations. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:779-793. [PMID: 28182122 PMCID: PMC5279820 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s126530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used for diagnoses in biomedical applications, due to their unique properties and their apparent safety for humans. In general, SPIONs do not seem to produce cell damage, although their long-term in vivo effects continue to be investigated. The possibility of efficiently labeling cells with these magnetic nanoparticles has stimulated their use to noninvasively track cells by magnetic resonance imaging after transplantation. SPIONs are attracting increasing attention and are one of the preferred methods for cell labeling and tracking in preclinical and clinical studies. For clinical protocol approval of magnetic-labeled cell tracking, it is essential to expand our knowledge of the time course of SPIONs after cell incorporation and transplantation. This review focuses on the recent advances in tracking SPION-labeled stem cells, analyzing the possibilities and limitations of their use, not only focusing on myocardial infarction but also discussing other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin
- NUMPEX-Bio, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ
- Correspondence: Jasmin, Estrada de Xerém, 27, NUMPEX-Bio – UFRJ, Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, 25245-390, Brazil, Tel +55 21 2679 1018, Email
| | - Gustavo Torres de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG
- Laboratory of Genetics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ruy Andrade Louzada
- Institute Gustave-Roussy of Oncology, Paris-Sud University, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Institute Carlos Chagas Filho of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Vaithilingam V, Yim MMW, Foster JL, Stait-Gardner T, Oberholzer J, Tuch BE. Noninvasive Tracking of Encapsulated Insulin Producing Cells Labelled with Magnetic Microspheres by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:6165893. [PMID: 27631014 PMCID: PMC5007365 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6165893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulated islets are usually injected free-floating into the peritoneal cavity, so the position of the grafts remains elusive after transplantation. This study aims to assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive means to track microencapsulated insulin producing cells following transplantation. Encapsulated insulin producing cells (MIN6 and human islets) were labelled with magnetic microspheres (MM), assessed for viability and insulin secretion, and imaged in vitro using a clinical grade 3 T MRI and in vivo using both clinical grade 3 T and research grade 11.7 T MRI. Fluorescent imaging demonstrated the uptake of MM by both MIN6 and human islets with no changes in cell morphology and viability. MM labelling did not affect the glucose responsiveness of encapsulated MIN6 and islets in vitro. In vivo encapsulated MM-labelled MIN6 normalized sugar levels when transplanted into diabetic mice. In vitro MRI demonstrated that single microcapsules as well as clusters of encapsulated MM-labelled cells could be visualised clearly in agarose gel phantoms. In vivo encapsulated MM-labelled MIN6 could be visualised more clearly within the peritoneal cavity as discrete hypointensities using the high power 11.7 T but not the clinical grade 3 T MRI. This study demonstrates a method to noninvasively track encapsulated insulin producing cells by MM labelling and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaganapathy Vaithilingam
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Future Manufacturing Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Mandy M. W. Yim
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jayne L. Foster
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy Stait-Gardner
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bernard E. Tuch
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Future Manufacturing Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Discipline Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Andreou C, Neuschmelting V, Tschaharganeh DF, Huang CH, Oseledchyk A, Iacono P, Karabeber H, Colen RR, Mannelli L, Lowe SW, Kircher MF. Imaging of Liver Tumors Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5015-26. [PMID: 27078225 PMCID: PMC4884645 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Complete surgical resection is the ideal first-line treatment for most liver malignancies. This goal would be facilitated by an intraoperative imaging method that enables more precise visualization of tumor margins and detection of otherwise invisible microscopic lesions. To this end, we synthesized silica-encapsulated surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles (NPs) that act as a molecular imaging agent for liver malignancies. We hypothesized that, after intravenous administration, SERS NPs would avidly home to healthy liver tissue but not to intrahepatic malignancies. We tested these SERS NPs in genetically engineered mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma and histiocytic sarcoma. After intravenous injection, liver tumors in both models were readily identifiable with Raman imaging. In addition, Raman imaging using SERS NPs enabled detection of microscopic lesions in liver and spleen. We compared the performance of SERS NPs to fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green (ICG). We found that SERS NPs delineate tumors more accurately and are less susceptible to photobleaching. Given the known advantages of SERS imaging, namely, high sensitivity and specific spectroscopic detection, these findings hold promise for improved resection of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Volker Neuschmelting
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anton Oseledchyk
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pasquale Iacono
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hazem Karabeber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rivka R. Colen
- Department of Radiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of
Texas, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Lorenzo Mannelli
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moritz F. Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New
York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
10065, USA
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He X, Cai J, Liu B, Zhong Y, Qin Y. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging contrast generated by the ferritin heavy chain genetic reporter under the control of a Tet-On switch. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:207. [PMID: 26517988 PMCID: PMC4628232 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the strong appeal of ferritin as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporter for stem cell research, no attempts have been made to apply this genetic imaging reporter in stem cells in an inducible manner, which is important for minimizing the potential risk related to the constitutive expression of an imaging reporter. The aim of the present study was to develop an inducible genetic MRI reporter system that enables the production of intracellular MRI contrast as needed. METHODS Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) was genetically modified by adding a Tet-On switch. A C3H10T1/2 cell line carrying Tet-FTH1 (C3H10T1/2-FTH1) was established via lentiviral transduction. The dose- and time-dependent expression of FTH1 in C3H10T1/2 cells was assessed by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The induced "ON" and non-induced "OFF" expressions of FTH1 were detected using a 3.0 T MRI scanner. Iron accumulation in cells was analyzed by Prussian blue staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The expression of FTH1 was both dose- and time-dependently induced, and FTH1 expression peaked in response to induction with doxycycline (Dox) at 0.2 μg/ml for 72 h. The induced expression of FTH1 resulted in a significant increase in the transverse relaxation rate of C3H10T1/2-FTH1 cells following iron supplementation. Prussian blue staining and TEM revealed extensive iron accumulation in C3H10T1/2-FTH1 cells in the presence of Dox. CONCLUSIONS Cellular MRI contrast can be produced as needed via the expression of FTH1 under the control of a Tet-On switch. This finding could lay the groundwork for the use of FTH1 to track stem cells in vivo in an inducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya He
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center For Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Jinhua Cai
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center For Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center For Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center For Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center For Child Development and Disorders, 136 Zhongshan 2 Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Zhang E, Kircher MF, Koch M, Eliasson L, Goldberg SN, Renström E. Dynamic magnetic fields remote-control apoptosis via nanoparticle rotation. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3192-201. [PMID: 24597847 PMCID: PMC4004315 DOI: 10.1021/nn406302j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the movement of nanoparticles remotely and with high precision would have far-reaching implications in many areas of nanotechnology. We have designed a unique dynamic magnetic field (DMF) generator that can induce rotational movements of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). We examined whether the rotational nanoparticle movement could be used for remote induction of cell death by injuring lysosomal membrane structures. We further hypothesized that the shear forces created by the generation of oscillatory torques (incomplete rotation) of SPIONs bound to lysosomal membranes would cause membrane permeabilization, lead to extravasation of lysosomal contents into the cytoplasm, and induce apoptosis. To this end, we covalently conjugated SPIONs with antibodies targeting the lysosomal protein marker LAMP1 (LAMP1-SPION). Remote activation of slow rotation of LAMP1-SPIONs significantly improved the efficacy of cellular internalization of the nanoparticles. LAMP1-SPIONs then preferentially accumulated along the membrane in lysosomes in both rat insulinoma tumor cells and human pancreatic beta cells due to binding of LAMP1-SPIONs to endogenous LAMP1. Further activation of torques by the LAMP1-SPIONs bound to lysosomes resulted in rapid decrease in size and number of lysosomes, attributable to tearing of the lysosomal membrane by the shear force of the rotationally activated LAMP1-SPIONs. This remote activation resulted in an increased expression of early and late apoptotic markers and impaired cell growth. Our findings suggest that DMF treatment of lysosome-targeted nanoparticles offers a noninvasive tool to induce apoptosis remotely and could serve as an important platform technology for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Moritz F. Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10038, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Martin Koch
- Stetter Elektronik, Seeheim-Jugenheim, Hessen 64342, Germany
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - S. Nahum Goldberg
- Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Image-guided Therapy and Interventional Oncology, Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
- Address correspondence to ,
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12
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Fayol D, Frasca G, Le Visage C, Gazeau F, Luciani N, Wilhelm C. Use of magnetic forces to promote stem cell aggregation during differentiation, and cartilage tissue modeling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2611-6. [PMID: 23526452 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic forces induce cell condensation necessary for stem cell differentiation into cartilage and elicit the formation of a tissue-like structure: Magnetically driven fusion of aggregates assembled by micromagnets results in the formation of a continuous tissue layer containing abundant cartilage matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fayol
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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13
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Kircher MF, Willmann JK. Molecular body imaging: MR imaging, CT, and US. Part II. Applications. Radiology 2012; 264:349-68. [PMID: 22821695 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is expected to have a major impact on the early diagnosis of diseases and disease monitoring in the next decade. Traditionally, nuclear imaging techniques have been the mainstay of molecular imaging in the clinical arena. However, with continued development of molecularly targeted contrast agents for nonnuclear imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasonography (US), the spectrum of clinical molecular imaging applications is expanding. In the second part of this review series, an overview of applications of molecular MR imaging-, CT-, and US-based imaging strategies that show promise for clinical translation is presented, and key challenges that need to be addressed to successfully translate these promising techniques in the future are discussed. © RSNA, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Kircher MF, Hricak H, Larson SM. Molecular imaging for personalized cancer care. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:182-95. [PMID: 22469618 PMCID: PMC5528375 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is rapidly gaining recognition as a tool with the capacity to improve every facet of cancer care. Molecular imaging in oncology can be defined as in vivo characterization and measurement of the key biomolecules and molecularly based events that are fundamental to the malignant state. This article outlines the basic principles of molecular imaging as applied in oncology with both established and emerging techniques. It provides examples of the advantages that current molecular imaging techniques offer for improving clinical cancer care as well as drug development. It also discusses the importance of molecular imaging for the emerging field of theranostics and offers a vision of how molecular imaging may one day be integrated with other diagnostic techniques to dramatically increase the efficiency and effectiveness of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F. Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Room C-278, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hedvig Hricak
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Room C-278, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven M. Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Room C-278, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Abstract
Cell-based therapies, such as adoptive immunotherapy and stem-cell therapy, have received considerable attention as novel therapeutics in oncological research and clinical practice. The development of effective therapeutic strategies using tumor-targeted cells requires the ability to determine in vivo the location, distribution, and long-term viability of the therapeutic cell populations as well as their biological fate with respect to cell activation and differentiation. In conjunction with various noninvasive imaging modalities, cell-labeling methods, such as exogenous labeling or transfection with a reporter gene, allow visualization of labeled cells in vivo in real time, as well as monitoring and quantifying cell accumulation and function. Such cell-tracking methods also have an important role in basic cancer research, where they serve to elucidate novel biological mechanisms. In this Review, we describe the basic principles of cell-tracking methods, explain various approaches to cell tracking, and highlight recent examples for the application of such methods in animals and humans.
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16
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Rago G, Langer CM, Brackman C, Day JP, Domke KF, Raschzok N, Schmidt C, Sauer IM, Enejder A, Mogl MT, Bonn M. CARS microscopy for the visualization of micrometer-sized iron oxide MRI contrast agents in living cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2470-2483. [PMID: 21991541 PMCID: PMC3184857 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) attract increasing interest as contrast agents for cellular tracking by clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Despite the great potential of MPIOs for in vivo imaging of labeled cells, little is known on the intracellular localization of these particles following uptake due to the lack of techniques with the ability to monitor the particle uptake in vivo at single-cell level. Here, we show that coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy enables non-invasive, label-free imaging of MPIOs in living cells with sub-micron resolution in three dimensions. CARS allows simultaneous visualization of the cell framework and the MPIOs, where the particles can be readily distinguished from other cellular components of comparable dimensions, and localized inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rago
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolin M. Langer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Brackman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 4, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - James P.R. Day
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin F. Domke
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Igor M. Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Enejder
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 4, Göteborg, Sweden
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Martina T. Mogl
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Mischa Bonn
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
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Abstract
The rapid development of techniques that enable synthesis (and manipulation) of matter on the nanometer scale and the development of new nanomaterials will play a large role in disease diagnosis and treatment, specifically in targeted cancer therapy. Targeted nanocarriers are an intriguing means to selectively deliver high concentrations of cytotoxic agents or imaging labels directly to the cancer site. Often, solubility issues and an unfavorable biodistribution can result in a suboptimal response of novel agents even though they are very potent. New nanoparticulate formulations allow simultaneous imaging and therapy ("theranostics"), which can provide a realistic means for the clinical implementation of such otherwise suboptimal formulations. In this review, we did not attempt to provide a complete overview of the rapidly enlarging field of nanotechnology in cancer; rather, we presented properties specific to nanoparticles and examples of their uses, which show their importance for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Kammer NN, Billecke N, Morgul MH, Adonopoulou MK, Mogl M, Huang MD, Florek S, Schmitt KR, Raschzok N, Sauer IM. Labeling of Primary Human Hepatocytes With Micron-Sized Iron Oxide Particles in Suspension Culture Suitable for Large-Scale Preparation. Artif Organs 2011; 35:E91-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Clinical applications in molecular imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:199-207. [PMID: 21127854 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is aimed at the noninvasive in vivo characterization and measurement of processes at a cellular and molecular level with clinical imaging methods. Contrast agents are constructed to target markers that are specific either for certain diseases or for functional states of specialized tissues. Efforts are currently focused mainly on processes involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis. Cell tracking is performed for diagnostic purposes as well as for monitoring of novel cell therapies. Visualization of these processes would provide more precise information about disease expansion as well as treatment response, and could lead to a more individualized therapy for patients. Many attempts have shown promising results in preclinical studies; however, translation into the clinic remains a challenge. This applies especially to paediatrics because of more stringent safety concerns and the low prevalence of individual diseases. The most promising modalities for clinical translation are nuclear medicine methods (positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission CT [SPECT]) due to their high sensitivity, which allows concentrations below biological activity. However, special dose consideration is required for any application of ionizing radiation especially in children. While very little has been published on molecular imaging in a paediatric patient population beyond fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET and metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) tracers, this review will attempt to discuss approaches that we believe have promise for paediatric imaging. These will include agents that already reached clinical trials as well as preclinical developments with high potential for clinical application.
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Schlorf T, Meincke M, Kossel E, Glüer CC, Jansen O, Mentlein R. Biological properties of iron oxide nanoparticles for cellular and molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 12:12-23. [PMID: 21339973 PMCID: PMC3039939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron-oxide particles (SPIO) are used in different ways as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Particles with high nonspecific uptake are required for unspecific labeling of phagocytic cells whereas those that target specific molecules need to have very low unspecific cellular uptake. We compared iron-oxide particles with different core materials (magnetite, maghemite), different coatings (none, dextran, carboxydextran, polystyrene) and different hydrodynamic diameters (20–850 nm) for internalization kinetics, release of internalized particles, toxicity, localization of particles and ability to generate contrast in MRI. Particle uptake was investigated with U118 glioma cells und human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which exhibit different phagocytic properties. In both cell types, the contrast agents Resovist, B102, non-coated Fe3O4 particles and microspheres were better internalized than dextran-coated Nanomag particles. SPIO uptake into the cells increased with particle/iron concentrations. Maximum intracellular accumulation of iron particles was observed between 24 h to 36 h of exposure. Most particles were retained in the cells for at least two weeks, were deeply internalized, and only few remained adsorbed at the cell surface. Internalized particles clustered in the cytosol of the cells. Furthermore, all particles showed a low toxicity. By MRI, monolayers consisting of 5000 Resovist-labeled cells could easily be visualized. Thus, for unspecific cell labeling, Resovist and microspheres show the highest potential, whereas Nanomag particles are promising contrast agents for target-specific labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlorf
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuela Meincke
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Elke Kossel
- Department of Radiology, Division of Medical Physics, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold Heller Straße 9, 24105 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (E.K.); (C.-C.G.)
| | - Claus-Christian Glüer
- Department of Radiology, Division of Medical Physics, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold Heller Straße 9, 24105 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (E.K.); (C.-C.G.)
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstraße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany; E-Mails: (T.S.); (M.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-431-880-2460; Fax: +49-431-880-1557
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Barber WC, Lin Y, Nalcioglu O, Iwanczyk JS, Hartsough NE, Gulsen G. Combined fluorescence and X-Ray tomography for quantitative in vivo detection of fluorophore. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9:45-52. [PMID: 20082529 DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial results from a novel dual modality preclinical imager which combines non-contact fluorescence tomography (FT) and x-ray computed tomography (CT) for preclinical functional and anatomical in vivo imaging are presented. The anatomical data from CT provides a priori information to the FT reconstruction to create overlaid functional and anatomical images with accurate localization and quantification of fluorophore distribution. Phantoms with inclusions containing Indocyanine-Green (ICG), and with heterogeneous backgrounds including iodine in compartments at different concentrations for CT contrast, have been imaged with the dual modality FT/CT system. Anatomical information from attenuation maps and optical morphological information from absorption and scattering maps are used as a priori information in the FT reconstruction. Although ICG inclusions can be located without the a priori information, the recovered ICG concentration shows 75% error. When the a priori information is utilized, the ICG concentration can be recovered with only 15% error. Developing the ability to accurately quantify fluorophore concentration in anatomical regions of interest may provide a powerful tool for in vivo small animal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Barber
- DxRay Inc., 19355 Business Center Dr. Suite 10, Northridge, CA 91324, USA.
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Raschzok N, Morgul MH, Pinkernelle J, Vondran FWR, Billecke N, Kammer NN, Pless G, Adonopoulou MK, Leist C, Stelter L, Teichgraber U, Schwartlander R, Sauer IM. Imaging of primary human hepatocytes performed with micron-sized iron oxide particles and clinical magnetic resonance tomography. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1384-94. [PMID: 18410523 PMCID: PMC3865680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of primary human hepatocytes is a promising approach in certain liver diseases. For the visualization of the hepa-tocytes during and following cell application and the ability of a timely response to potential complications, a non-invasive modality for imaging the transplanted cells has to be established. The aim of this study was to label primary human hepatocytes with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs), enabling the detection of cells by clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Primary human hepatocytes isolated from 13 different donors were used for the labelling experiments. Following the dose-finding studies, hepatocytes were incubated with 30 particles/cell for 4 hrs in an adhesion culture. Particle incorporation was investigated via light, fluorescence and electron microscopy, and labelled cells were fixed and analysed in an agarose suspension by a 3.0 Tesla MR scanner. The hepatocytes were enzymatically resuspended and analysed during a 5-day reculture period for viability, total protein, enzyme leakage (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) and metabolic activity (urea, albumin). A mean uptake of 18 particles/cell could be observed, and the primary human hepatocytes were clearly detectable by MR instrumentation. The particle load was not affected by resuspension and showed no alternations during the culture period. Compared to control groups, labelling and resuspension had no adverse effects on the viability, enzyme leakage and metabolic activity of the human hepatocytes. The feasibility of preparing MPIO-labelled primary human hepatocytes detectable by clinical MR equipment was shown in vitro. MPIO-labelled cells could serve for basic research and quality control in the clinical setting of human hepatocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Campus Virchow, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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