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Aspects of In Vitro Plant Tissue Culture and Breeding of Asparagus: A Review. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro plant tissue culture and biotechnology used to assist and support the development of plant breeding when classical methods of propagation must be accelerated or it was necessary to overcome barriers inaccessible by classical approaches. In asparagus, to improve multiple breeding tasks, a high number of in vitro methods have been used, such as plant regeneration methods through organogenesis, embryogenesis, manipulation of ploidy, protoplast isolation, genetic manipulation (protoplast fusion, genetic transformation), embryo rescue and germplasm preservation (in vitro, in vitro slow growth, cryopreservation). Plant tissue culture methods can overcome multiple problems in asparagus breeding such as, barriers of self and cross-incompatibility between asparagus species through embryo rescue of interspecific hybrids and protoplast fusion or genetic transformation, introgression of new genes, clonal propagation of elite genotypes of asparagus, mass screening, and the generation of haploid and polyploid genotypes, among others, becoming the tool of choice for asparagus breeding programs. Some of these in vitro methods are still under development.
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Zhou J, Wang S, Yu L, Li N, Li S, Zhang Y, Qin R, Gao W, Deng C. Cloning and physical localization of male-biased repetitive DNA sequences in Spinacia oleracea (Amaranthaceae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:101-118. [PMID: 33959234 PMCID: PMC8087614 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15i2.63061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea Linnaeus, 1753) is an ideal material for studying molecular mechanisms of early-stage sex chromosome evolution in dioecious plants. Degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) technique facilitates the retrotransposon-relevant studies by enriching specific repetitive DNA sequences from a micro-dissected single chromosome. We conducted genomic subtractive hybridization to screen sex-biased DNA sequences by using the DOP-PCR amplification products of micro-dissected spinach Y chromosome. The screening yielded 55 male-biased DNA sequences with 30 576 bp in length, of which, 32 DNA sequences (12 049 bp) contained repeat DNA sequences, including LTR/Copia, LTR/Gypsy, simple repeats, and DNA/CMC-EnSpm. Among these repetitive DNA sequences, four DNA sequences that contained a fragment of Ty3-gypsy retrotransposons (SP73, SP75, SP76, and SP77) were selected as fluorescence probes to hybridization on male and female spinach karyotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals of SP73 and SP75 were captured mostly on the centromeres and their surrounding area for each homolog. Hybridization signals primarily appeared near the putative centromeres for each homologous chromosome pair by using SP76 and SP77 probes for FISH, and sporadic signals existed on the long arms. Results can be served as a basis to study the function of repetitive DNA sequences in sex chromosome evolution in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Shaojing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Li’ang Yu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USAUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States of America
| | - Ning Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Shufen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yulan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Ruiyun Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Wujun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Chuanliang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
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Čerenak A, Kolenc Z, Sehur P, Whittock SP, Koutoulis A, Beatson R, Buck E, Javornik B, Škof S, Jakše J. New Male Specific Markers for Hop and Application in Breeding Program. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14223. [PMID: 31578340 PMCID: PMC6775077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male specific DNA sequences were selected from a Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) mapping study to evaluate their suitability for determination of the sex phenotype among young seedlings in a hop (Humulus lupulus L.) breeding program. Ten male specific DArT markers showed complete linkage with male sex phenotype in three crossing families. Following optimization, four were successfully converted into PCR markers and a multiplex PCR approach for their use was developed. Among 197 plants (97 from the world collection; 100 from three segregating families), 94-100% positive correlation with sex phenotypic data was achieved for the single PCR amplification, whereas the multiplex approach showed 100% correlation. To develop a fast and low-cost method, crude sample multiplex PCR was evaluated in 253 progenies from 14 segregating populations without losing accuracy. The study describes, for the first time, the routine application of molecular markers linked to male sex in an intensive Slovenian hop breeding program. The methods described could be employed for screening of sex at the seedling stage in other hop programs worldwide, thereby saving resources for desirable female plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Čerenak
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310, Žalec, Slovenia.
| | - Zala Kolenc
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Petra Sehur
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Simon P Whittock
- Hop Products Australia, 446 Elizabeth Street Hobart, Tasmania & School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- University of Tasmania, School of Natural Sciences, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Ron Beatson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily Buck
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Branka Javornik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Suzana Škof
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Moreno R, Castro P, Vrána J, Kubaláková M, Cápal P, García V, Gil J, Millán T, Doležel J. Integration of Genetic and Cytogenetic Maps and Identification of Sex Chromosome in Garden Asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1068. [PMID: 30108600 PMCID: PMC6079222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A genetic linkage map of dioecious garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L., 2n = 2x = 20) was constructed using F1 population, simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. In total, 1376 SNPs and 27 SSRs were used for genetic mapping. Two resulting parental maps contained 907 and 678 markers spanning 1947 and 1814 cM, for female and male parent, respectively, over ten linkage groups representing ten haploid chromosomes of the species. With the aim to anchor the ten genetic linkage groups to individual chromosomes and develop a tool to facilitate genome analysis and gene cloning, we have optimized a protocol for flow cytometric chromosome analysis and sorting in asparagus. The analysis of DAPI-stained suspensions of intact mitotic chromosomes by flow cytometry resulted in histograms of relative fluorescence intensity (flow karyotypes) comprising eight major peaks. The analysis of chromosome morphology and localization of 5S and 45S rDNA by FISH on flow-sorted chromosomes, revealed that four chromosomes (IV, V, VI, VIII) could be discriminated and sorted. Seventy-two SSR markers were used to characterize chromosome content of individual peaks on the flow karyotype. Out of them, 27 were included in the genetic linkage map and anchored genetic linkage groups to chromosomes. The sex determining locus was located on LG5, which was associated with peak V representing a chromosome with 5S rDNA locus. The results obtained in this study will support asparagus improvement by facilitating targeted marker development and gene isolation using flow-sorted chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Moreno
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Marie Kubaláková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Cápal
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Verónica García
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Gil
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Teresa Millán
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
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The asparagus genome sheds light on the origin and evolution of a young Y chromosome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1279. [PMID: 29093472 PMCID: PMC5665984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes many times across the eukaryote phylogeny. Several models have been proposed to explain this transition, some involving male and female sterility mutations linked in a region of suppressed recombination between X and Y (or Z/W, U/V) chromosomes. Comparative and experimental analysis of a reference genome assembly for a double haploid YY male garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) individual implicates separate but linked genes as responsible for sex determination. Dioecy has evolved recently within Asparagus and sex chromosomes are cytogenetically identical with the Y, harboring a megabase segment that is missing from the X. We show that deletion of this entire region results in a male-to-female conversion, whereas loss of a single suppressor of female development drives male-to-hermaphrodite conversion. A single copy anther-specific gene with a male sterile Arabidopsis knockout phenotype is also in the Y-specific region, supporting a two-gene model for sex chromosome evolution. Several models have been proposed to explain the emergence of sex chromosomes. Here, through comparative genomics and mutant analysis, Harkess et al. show that linked but separate genes on the Y chromosome are responsible for sex determination in Asparagus, supporting a two-gene model for sex chromosome evolution.
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Sarkar S, Banerjee J, Gantait S. Sex-oriented research on dioecious crops of Indian subcontinent: an updated review. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:93. [PMID: 28555429 PMCID: PMC5447520 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of dioecious species are grown across India and some of those plants play a crucial role in the agro-based economy of the country. The diagnosis of sex is very difficult in the dioecious plant prior flowering wherein sex identification at the seedling stage is of great importance to breeders as well as farmers for crop improvement or production purpose. A comprehensive approach of sex determination comprising morphological, biochemical, cytological and molecular attributes is a must required for gender differentiation in dioecious plant species. In the present review, we highlighted the economical, medicinal as well as industrial importance of most of the dioecious species extensively grown in Indian subcontinent. In addition to that, the cytogenetic, genetic as well as molecular information in connection to their sex determination were critically discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutanu Sarkar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
- Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
- Survey, Selection and Mass Production, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Saikat Gantait
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235 India
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A putative MYB35 ortholog is a candidate for the sex-determining genes in Asparagus officinalis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41497. [PMID: 28176806 PMCID: PMC5296871 DOI: 10.1038/srep41497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagus officinalis (garden asparagus) is a dioecious perennial crop. For agricultural production of A. officinalis, male plants have advantages over female plants. The dioecism of A. officinalis is determined by the single dominant masculinizing M locus, which is involved in tapetal cell development in stamens, but thus far no specific M locus genes have been identified. We re-analyzed previously published RNA-Seq data for the A. officinalis transcriptome, cloned some genes, and discovered that a putative ortholog of MYB35, which is indispensable for tapetal cell development in Arabidopsis thaliana, is absent in the genome of female plants in A. officinalis. In a reverse transcription-PCR analysis, this gene (AoMYB35) exhibited strong expression in stamens in male flowers at an early developmental stage. In an in situ hybridization analysis, AoMYB35 mRNA was detected in tapetal cells in young male flowers. GFP-fused AoMYB35 was detected in the nucleus when expressed in onion epidermal cells. These results suggest that AoMYB35 is a male-specific gene encoding a putative transcription factor that acts in tapetal cells at an early stage of flower development in A. officinalis. Together, the results support the idea that AoMYB35 is a candidate for one of the M locus genes in A. officinalis.
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Murase K, Shigenobu S, Fujii S, Ueda K, Murata T, Sakamoto A, Wada Y, Yamaguchi K, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K, Kanno A, Ozaki Y, Takayama S. MYB transcription factor gene involved in sex determination in Asparagus officinalis. Genes Cells 2016; 22:115-123. [PMID: 27869347 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy is a plant mating system in which individuals of a species are either male or female. Although many flowering plants evolved independently from hermaphroditism to dioecy, the molecular mechanism underlying this transition remains largely unknown. Sex determination in the dioecious plant Asparagus officinalis is controlled by X and Y chromosomes; the male and female karyotypes are XY and XX, respectively. Transcriptome analysis of A. officinalis buds showed that a MYB-like gene, Male Specific Expression 1 (MSE1), is specifically expressed in males. MSE1 exhibits tight linkage with the Y chromosome, specific expression in early anther development and loss of function on the X chromosome. Knockout of the MSE1 orthologue in Arabidopsis induces male sterility. Thus, MSE1 acts in sex determination in A. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Murase
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) Core Research Facilities, NIBB, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Sota Fujii
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ueda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takanori Murata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ai Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuko Wada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) Core Research Facilities, NIBB, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- Center for Collaboration among Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Center for Collaboration among Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Kanno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Kasuya, Fukuoka, 811-2307, Japan
| | - Seiji Takayama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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Harkess A, Leebens-Mack J. A Century of Sex Determination in Flowering Plants. J Hered 2016; 108:69-77. [PMID: 27974487 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a diverse array of strategies for sexual reproduction, particularly through the modification of male and female organs at distinct points in development. The immense variation in sexual systems across the land plants provides a unique opportunity to study the genetic, epigenetic, phylogenetic, and ecological underpinnings of sex determination. Here, we reflect on more than a century of research into flowering plant sex determination, placing a particular focus on the foundational genetic and cytogenetic observations, experiments, and hypotheses. Building on the seminal work on the genetics of plant sex, modern comparative genomic analyses now allow us to address longstanding questions about sex determination and the origins of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Harkess
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (Harkess and Leebens-Mack), Alex Harkess is now at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO 63132.
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (Harkess and Leebens-Mack), Alex Harkess is now at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO 63132
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Li SF, Zhang GJ, Yuan JH, Deng CL, Gao WJ. Repetitive sequences and epigenetic modification: inseparable partners play important roles in the evolution of plant sex chromosomes. PLANTA 2016; 243:1083-95. [PMID: 26919983 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the roles of repetitive sequences played in plant sex chromosome evolution, and highlights epigenetic modification as potential mechanism of repetitive sequences involved in sex chromosome evolution. Sex determination in plants is mostly based on sex chromosomes. Classic theory proposes that sex chromosomes evolve from a specific pair of autosomes with emergence of a sex-determining gene(s). Subsequently, the newly formed sex chromosomes stop recombination in a small region around the sex-determining locus, and over time, the non-recombining region expands to almost all parts of the sex chromosomes. Accumulation of repetitive sequences, mostly transposable elements and tandem repeats, is a conspicuous feature of the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome, even in primitive one. Repetitive sequences may play multiple roles in sex chromosome evolution, such as triggering heterochromatization and causing recombination suppression, leading to structural and morphological differentiation of sex chromosomes, and promoting Y chromosome degeneration and X chromosome dosage compensation. In this article, we review the current status of this field, and based on preliminary evidence, we posit that repetitive sequences are involved in sex chromosome evolution probably via epigenetic modification, such as DNA and histone methylation, with small interfering RNAs as the mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chuan-Liang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wu-Jun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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Deng CL, Wang NN, Li SF, Dong TY, Zhao XP, Wang SJ, Gao WJ, Lu LD. Isolation of differentially expressed sex genes in garden asparagus using suppression subtractive hybridization. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:829-38. [PMID: 26038270 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a dioecious species whose male and female flowers are found in separate unisexual individuals. A region called the M-locus, located on a pair of homomorphic sex chromosomes, controls sexual dimorphism in asparagus. To date, no sex determining gene has been isolated from asparagus. To identify more genes involved in flower development in asparagus, subtractive hybridization library of male flowers in asparagus was constructed by suppression subtraction hybridization. A total of 107 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified. BLASTX analysis showed that the library contained several genes that could be related to flower development. The expression patterns of seven selected genes believed to be involved in the development of asparagus male flower were further analyzed by semi-quantitative or real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that AOEST4-5, AOEST12-40, and AOEST13-38 were strongly expressed in the male flower stage, whereas no transcript level of AOEST13-38 was detected in the female flower stage. The expression levels of AOEST13-87, AOEST13-92, AOEST13-40, and AOEST18-87 in the male flower stage were also higher than those in the female flower stage, although these transcripts were also expressed in other tissues. The identified genes can provide a strong starting point for further studies on the underlying molecular differences between the male and female flowers of asparagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-liang Deng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China,
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12
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Harkess A, Mercati F, Shan HY, Sunseri F, Falavigna A, Leebens-Mack J. Sex-biased gene expression in dioecious garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:883-92. [PMID: 25817071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes have evolved independently in phylogenetically diverse flowering plant lineages. The genes governing sex determination in dioecious species remain unknown, but theory predicts that the linkage of genes influencing male and female function will spur the origin and early evolution of sex chromosomes. For example, in an XY system, the origin of an active Y may be spurred by the linkage of female suppressing and male promoting genes. Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) serves as a model for plant sex chromosome evolution, given that it has recently evolved an XX/XY sex chromosome system. In order to elucidate the molecular basis of gender differences and sex determination, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify differentially expressed genes between female (XX), male (XY) and supermale (YY) individuals. We identified 570 differentially expressed genes, and showed that significantly more genes exhibited male-biased than female-biased expression in garden asparagus. In the context of anther development, we identified genes involved in pollen microspore and tapetum development that were specifically expressed in males and supermales. Comparative analysis of genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays and Oryza sativa anther development pathways shows that anther sterility in females probably occurs through interruption of tapetum development before microspore meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Harkess
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Francesco Mercati
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, 89124, Reggio Calabria (RC), Italy
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hong-Yan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincu, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, 89124, Reggio Calabria (RC), Italy
| | - Agostino Falavigna
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Research Unit for Vegetable Crops, Montanaso Lombardo, 26836, Lodi, Italy
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Hou J, Ye N, Zhang D, Chen Y, Fang L, Dai X, Yin T. Different autosomes evolved into sex chromosomes in the sister genera of Salix and Populus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9076. [PMID: 25766834 PMCID: PMC4357872 DOI: 10.1038/srep09076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Willows (Salix) and poplars (Populus) are dioecious plants in Salicaceae family. Sex chromosome in poplar genome was consistently reported to be associated with chromosome XIX. In contrast to poplar, this study revealed that chromosome XV was sex chromosome in willow. Previous studies revealed that both ZZ/ZW and XX/XY sex-determining systems could be present in some species of Populus. In this study, sex of S. suchowensis was found to be determined by the ZW system in which the female was the heterogametic gender. Gene syntenic and collinear comparisons revealed macrosynteny between sex chromosomes and the corresponding autosomes between these two lineages. By contrast, no syntenic segments were found to be shared between poplar's and willow's sex chromosomes. Syntenic analysis also revealed substantial chromosome rearrangements between willow's alternate sex chromatids. Since willow and poplar originate from a common ancestor, we proposed that evolution of autosomes into sex chromosomes in these two lineages occurred after their divergence. Results of this study indicate that sex chromosomes in Salicaceae are still at the early stage of evolutionary divergence. Additionally, this study provided valuable information for better understanding the genetics and evolution of sex chromosome in dioecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ning Ye
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Defang Zhang
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lecheng Fang
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaogang Dai
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Mercati F, Riccardi P, Leebens-Mack J, Abenavoli MR, Falavigna A, Sunseri F. Single nucleotide polymorphism isolated from a novel EST dataset in garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 203-204:115-23. [PMID: 23415335 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) are abundant and evenly distributed co-dominant molecular markers in plant genomes. SSRs are valuable for marker assisted breeding and positional cloning of genes associated traits of interest. Although several high throughput platforms have been developed to identify SNP and SSR markers for analysis of segregant plant populations, breeding in garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) has been limited by a low content of such markers. In this study massively parallel GS-FLX pyro-sequencing technology (454 Life Sciences) has been used to sequence and compare transcriptome from two genotypes: a rust tolerant male (1770) and a susceptible female (G190). A total of 122,963 and 99,368 sequence reads, with an average length of 245.7bp, have been recovered from accessions 1770 and 190 respectively. A computational pipeline has been used to predict and visually inspect putative SNPs and SSR sequences. Analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) slim annotation assignments for all assembled uniscripts indicated that the 24,403 assemblies represent genes from a broad array of functions. Further, over 1800 putative SNPs and 1000 SSRs were detected. One hundred forty-four SNPs together with 60 selected SSRs were validated and used to develop a preliminary genetic map by using a large BC(1) population, derived from 1770 and G190. The abundance of SNPs and SSRs provides a foundation for the development of saturated genetic maps and their utilization in assisted asparagus breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mercati
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, 89124 Reggio Calabria (RC), Italy
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Kubota S, Konno I, Kanno A. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae) explains interspecific crossability between the garden asparagus (A. officinalis) and other Asparagus species. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:345-54. [PMID: 21947345 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The genus Asparagus comprises approximately 200 species, some of which are commercially cultivated, such as the garden asparagus (A. officinalis). Many Asparagus species, including A. officinalis, are dioecious and have been grouped into a subgenus distinct from that of hermaphroditic species. Although many interspecific crossings have been attempted to introduce useful traits into A. officinalis, only some of the dioecious species were found to be cross-compatible with A. officinalis. Here, molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted to determine whether interspecific crossability is proportional to the genetic distance between the crossing pairs and to further clarify the evolutionary history of the Asparagus genus. A clade with all cross-compatible species and no cross-incompatible species was recovered in the phylogenetic tree based on analyses of non-coding cpDNA regions. In addition, a sex-linked marker developed for A. officinalis amplified a male-specific region in all cross-compatible species. The phylogenetic analyses also provided some insights about the evolutionary history of Asparagus; for example, by indicating that the genus had its origin in southern Africa, subsequently spreading throughout the old world through intensive speciation and dispersal. The results also suggest that dioecious species were derived from a single evolutionary transition from hermaphroditism in Asparagus. These findings not only contribute towards the understanding of the evolutionary history of the genus but may also facilitate future interspecific hybridization programs involving Asparagus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosei Kubota
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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16
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[Role of repetitive sequence and heterochromatize in recombination suppression of plant sex chromosomes]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2010; 32:25-30. [PMID: 20085882 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2010.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of recombination is the prerequisite for plant sex chromosome evolution from a pair of autosomes. Recombination suppression around the locus controlling sex determination results in sex chromosome degeneration and differentiation. Important events such as repetitive sequence accumulation, heterochromatize, and DNA methylation have relation to recombination suppression. Accumulation of repetitive DNA sequence, including transposable elements and satellite DNA, leads to primitive sex chromosome differentiated on morphological and molecular structure, and also gives rise to chromosome heterochromatize, and thus recombination between sex chromosomes was suppressed. Here, we re-viewed the advances in this field, meanwhile, the function of DNA methylation in recombination suppression was analyzed.
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Fraser LG, Tsang GK, Datson PM, De Silva HN, Harvey CF, Gill GP, Crowhurst RN, McNeilage MA. A gene-rich linkage map in the dioecious species Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) reveals putative X/Y sex-determining chromosomes. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:102. [PMID: 19284545 PMCID: PMC2661093 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Actinidia (kiwifruit) consists of woody, scrambling vines, native to China, and only recently propagated as a commercial crop. All species described are dioecious, but the genetic mechanism for sex-determination is unknown, as is the genetic basis for many of the cluster of characteristics making up the unique fruit. It is, however, an important crop in the New Zealand economy, and a classical breeding program would benefit greatly by knowledge of the trait alleles carried by both female and male parents. The application of marker assisted selection (MAS) in seedling populations would also aid the accurate and efficient development of novel fruit types for the market. RESULTS Gene-rich female, male and consensus linkage maps of the diploid species A. chinensis have been constructed with 644 microsatellite markers. The maps consist of twenty-nine linkage groups corresponding to the haploid number n = 29. We found that sex-linked sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers and the 'Flower-sex' phenotype consistently mapped to a single linkage group, in a subtelomeric region, in a section of inconsistent marker order. The region also contained markers of expressed genes, some of unknown function. Recombination, assessed by allelic distribution and marker order stability, was, in the remainder of the linkage group, in accordance with other linkage groups. Fully informative markers to other genes in this linkage group identified the comparative linkage group in the female map, where recombination ratios determining marker order were similar to the autosomes. CONCLUSION We have created genetic linkage maps that define the 29 linkage groups of the haploid genome, and have revealed the position and extent of the sex-determining locus in A. chinensis. As all Actinidia species are dioecious, we suggest that the sex-determining loci of other Actinidia species will be similar to that region defined in our maps. As the extent of the non-recombining region is limited, our result supports the suggestion that the subtelomeric region of an autosome is in the early stages of developing the characteristics of a sex chromosome. The maps provide a reference of genetic information in Actinidia for use in genetic analysis and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena G Fraser
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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18
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Maki M. Development of SCAR markers for sex determination in the dioecious shrub Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae). Genome 2009; 52:231-7. [DOI: 10.1139/g08-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two sex-linked fragments were identified by RAPD analyses in the dioecious diploid shrub Aucuba japonica var. ovoidea and were converted into markers of male-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. PCRs using the primers designed in this study correctly discriminated 24 flowering males and 24 flowering females at higher annealing temperatures (SCAR markers OPA10-424 at 55 °C and OPN11-1095 at 65 °C), although at relatively low annealing temperatures, the fragments were amplified in both males and females. These SCAR primers were also tested to see whether they were applicable to sex identification in the conspecific tetraploid Aucuba japonica var. japonica. One set pf SCAR primers could be used for sex identification even in this tetraploid variety, although the other failed. The SCAR markers developed in this study will provide a powerful tool in identifying the sex of immature plants of dioecious A. japonica, which is a commercially valuable shrub due to its conspicuous fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Maki
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan (e-mail: )
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Berset-Brändli L, Jaquiéry J, Broquet T, Ulrich Y, Perrin N. Extreme heterochiasmy and nascent sex chromosomes in European tree frogs. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1577-85. [PMID: 18426748 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated sex-specific recombination rates in Hyla arborea, a species with nascent sex chromosomes and male heterogamety. Twenty microsatellites were clustered into six linkage groups, all showing suppressed or very low recombination in males. Seven markers were sex linked, none of them showing any sign of recombination in males (r=0.00 versus 0.43 on average in females). This opposes classical models of sex chromosome evolution, which envision an initially small differential segment that progressively expands as structural changes accumulate on the Y chromosome. For autosomes, maps were more than 14 times longer in females than in males, which seems the highest ratio documented so far in vertebrates. These results support the pleiotropic model of Haldane and Huxley, according to which recombination is reduced in the heterogametic sex by general modifiers that affect recombination on the whole genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berset-Brändli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Jamilena M, Mariotti B, Manzano S. Plant sex chromosomes: molecular structure and function. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 120:255-64. [PMID: 18504355 DOI: 10.1159/000121075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular and genomic studies carried out in a number of model dioecious plant species, including Asparagus officinalis, Carica papaya, Silene latifolia, Rumex acetosa and Marchantia polymorpha, have shed light on the molecular structure of both homomorphic and heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and also on the gene functions they have maintained since their evolution from a pair of autosomes. The molecular structure of sex chromosomes in species from different plant families represents the evolutionary pathway followed by sex chromosomes during their evolution. The degree of Y chromosome degeneration that accompanies the suppression of recombination between the Xs and Ys differs among species. The primitive Ys of A. officinalis and C. papaya have only diverged from their homomorphic Xs in a short male-specific and non-recombining region (MSY), while the heteromorphic Ys of S. latifolia, R. acetosa and M. polymorpha have diverged from their respective Xs. As in the Y chromosomes of mammals and Drosophila, the accumulation of repetitive DNA, including both transposable elements and satellite DNA, has played an important role in the divergence and size enlargement of plant Ys, and consequently in reducing gene density. Nevertheless, the degeneration process in plants does not appear to have reached the Y-linked genes. Although a low gene density has been found in the sequenced Y chromosome of M. polymorpha, most of its genes are essential and are expressed in the vegetative and reproductive organs in both male and females. Similarly, most of the Y-linked genes that have been isolated and characterized up to now in S. latifolia are housekeeping genes that have X-linked homologues, and are therefore expressed in both males and females. Only one of them seems to be degenerate with respect to its homologous region in the X. Sequence analysis of larger regions in the homomorphic X and Y chromosomes of papaya and asparagus, and also in the heteromorphic sex chromosomes of S. latifolia and R. acetosa, will reveal the degenerative changes that the Y-linked gene functions have experienced during sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jamilena
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Area de Genética, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
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21
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Armstrong S, Filatov D. A cytogenetic view of sex chromosome evolution in plants. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 120:241-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000121073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Gebler P, Wolko Ł, Knaflewski M. Identification of molecular markers for selection of supermale (YY) asparagus plants. J Appl Genet 2007; 48:129-31. [PMID: 17495346 DOI: 10.1007/bf03194670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The research was aimed to elaborate a method for selection of male plants (XY, YY) and female ones (XX) as well as for identification of supermale genotypes (YY) among male phenotypes. The population obtained by self-pollination of andromonoecious plants was analysed. In order to identify the bands differentiating the male from the female genotypes, Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) was carried out. Primers identified by BSA analysis were used for RAPD amplification on the template of the male and female individuals. Among the products obtained by the use of primer OPB-20, some bands were linked with sex. A band of about 700 bp was found in all female plants, and in 4 phenotypically male specimens. In the male plants, the band showed a much lower intensity, compared with the female specimens. It seems that this fragment can be linked to the X chromosome in the investigated specimens. In the female specimens with XX karyotype, template duplication occurs and hence the band intensity is twice as high as in the XY karyotype. Three male plants did not include the OPB-20-700 fragment so they could potentially have the supermale (YY) karyotype. If the obtained marker proved its usefulness for identification of supermale plants, it could become a valuable tool facilitating breeding work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gebler
- Department of Vegetable Crops, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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Telgmann-Rauber A, Jamsari A, Kinney MS, Pires JC, Jung C. Genetic and physical maps around the sex-determining M-locus of the dioecious plant asparagus. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 278:221-34. [PMID: 17609979 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asparagus officinalis L. is a dioecious plant. A region called the M-locus located on a pair of homomorphic sex chromosomes controls the sexual dimorphism in asparagus. The aim of this work was to clone the region determining sex in asparagus from its position in the genome. The structure of the region encompassing M should be investigated and compared to the sex-determining regions in other dioecious model species. To establish an improved basis for physical mapping, a high-resolution genetic map was enriched with AFLP markers closely linked to the target locus by carrying out a bulked segregant analysis. By screening a BAC library with AFLP- and STS-markers followed by chromosome walking, a physical map with eight contigs could be established. However, the gaps between the contigs could not be closed due to a plethora of repetitive elements. Surprisingly, two of the contigs on one side of the M-locus did not overlap although they have been established with two markers, which mapped in a distance as low as 0.25 cM flanking the sex locus. Thus, the clustering of the markers indicates a reduced recombination frequency within the M-region. On the opposite side of the M-locus, a contig was mapped in a distance of 0.38 cM. Four closely linked BAC clones were partially sequenced and 64 putative ORFs were identified. Interestingly, only 25% of the ORFs showed sequence similarity to known proteins and ESTs. In addition, an accumulation of repetitive sequences and a low gene density was revealed in the sex-determining region of asparagus. Molecular cytogenetic and sequence analysis of BACs flanking the M-locus indicate that the BACs contain highly repetitive sequences that localize to centromeric and pericentromeric locations on all asparagus chromosomes, which hindered the localization of the M-locus to the single pair of sex chromosomes. We speculate that dioecious Silene, papaya and Asparagus species may represent three stages in the evolution of XX, XY sex determination systems. Given that asparagus still rarely produces hermaphroditic flowers and has homomorphic sex chromosomes, this species may be an ideal system to further investigates early sex chromosome evolution and the origins of dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Telgmann-Rauber
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
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Ming R, Wang J, Moore PH, Paterson AH. Sex chromosomes in flowering plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:141-50. [PMID: 21642216 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in dioecious and polygamous plants evolved as a mechanism for ensuring outcrossing to increase genetic variation in the offspring. Sex specificity has evolved in 75% of plant families by male sterile or female sterile mutations, but well-defined heteromorphic sex chromosomes are known in only four plant families. A pivotal event in sex chromosome evolution, suppression of recombination at the sex determination locus and its neighboring regions, might be lacking in most dioecious species. However, once recombination is suppressed around the sex determination region, an incipient Y chromosome starts to differentiate by accumulating deleterious mutations, transposable element insertions, chromosomal rearrangements, and selection for male-specific alleles. Some plant species have recently evolved homomorphic sex chromosomes near the inception of this evolutionary process, while a few other species have sufficiently diverged heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Comparative analysis of carefully selected plant species together with some fish species promises new insights into the origins of sex chromosomes and the selective forces driving their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 USA
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Jakse J, Telgmann A, Jung C, Khar A, Melgar S, Cheung F, Town CD, Havey MJ. Comparative sequence and genetic analyses of asparagus BACs reveal no microsynteny with onion or rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 114:31-9. [PMID: 17016688 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Poales (includes the grasses) and Asparagales [includes onion (Allium cepa L.) and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)] are the two most economically important monocot orders. The Poales are a member of the commelinoid monocots, a group of orders sister to the Asparagales. Comparative genomic analyses have revealed a high degree of synteny among the grasses; however, it is not known if this synteny extends to other major monocot groups such as the Asparagales. Although we previously reported no evidence for synteny at the recombinational level between onion and rice, microsynteny may exist across shorter genomic regions in the grasses and Asparagales. We sequenced nine asparagus BACs to reveal physically linked genic-like sequences and determined their most similar positions in the onion and rice genomes. Four of the asparagus BACs were selected using molecular markers tightly linked to the sex-determining M locus on chromosome 5 of asparagus. These BACs possessed only two putative coding regions and had long tracts of degenerated retroviral elements and transposons. Five asparagus BACs were selected after hybridization of three onion cDNAs that mapped to three different onion chromosomes. Genic-like sequences that were physically linked on the cDNA-selected BACs or genetically linked on the M-linked BACs showed significant similarities (e < -20) to expressed sequences on different rice chromosomes, revealing no evidence for microsynteny between asparagus and rice across these regions. Genic-like sequences that were linked in asparagus were used to identify highly similar (e < -20) expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of onion. These onion ESTs mapped to different onion chromosomes and no relationship was observed between physical or genetic linkages in asparagus and genetic linkages in onion. These results further indicate that synteny among grass genomes does not extend to a sister order in the monocots and that asparagus may not be an appropriate smaller genome model for plants in the Asparagales with enormous nuclear genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Jakse
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Khadka DK, Nejidat A, Tal M, Golan-Goldhirsh A. Molecular characterization of a gender-linked DNA marker and a related gene in Mercurialis annua L. PLANTA 2005; 222:1063-70. [PMID: 16049676 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The dioecious Mercurialis annua L. was used as a model plant to study some aspects of the molecular basis of sex determination in plants. We report in this paper the characterization of a previously identified male specific DNA marker, OPB01-1562, from diploid dioecious M. annua. The marker co-segregated with male sex in the progeny of hormonally feminized males. Sequence analysis showed the presence of approximately 0.6 kb retrotransposon-like sequence at its 3' end. Homologous sequences were isolated from diploid female, hexaploid male and monoecious plants. These sequences contained RNaseH and integrase domains of reverse transcriptase and were most similar to pineapple retrotransposon dea1, hence were named M. annua retrotransposon-like sequences (MARL-1 to MARL-5). A 771 bp fragment isolated from a diploid female, named fem771, was homologous to the 5' end of OPB01-1562. Results from DNA blot hybridization suggested OPB01-1562 and fem771 to be from the same locus and MARL-1 from a different one. RNA blot hybridization with OPB01-1562 and MARL-1 detected an approximately 2.8 kb transcript which was expressed strongly in stems and flowers of females but not males. This transcript was named M. annua female expressed (Mafex). Sex linkage of OPB01-1562 and expression of Mafex detected by OPB01-1562 strongly suggested Mafex to be a candidate gene involved in sex determination in M. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Khadka
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel
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Gaafar RM, Hohmann U, Jung C. Bacterial artificial chromosome-derived molecular markers for early bolting in sugar beet. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 110:1027-1037. [PMID: 15714328 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-1921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Early bolting in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is controlled by the dominant gene B. From an incomplete physical map around the B gene, 18 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) were selected for marker development. Three BACs were shotgun-sequenced, and 61 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Together with 104 BAC ends from 54 BACs, a total number of 55,464 nucleotides were sequenced. Of these, 37 BAC ends and 12 ORFs were selected for marker development. Thirty-one percent of the sequences were found to be single copy and 24%, low copy. From these sequences, 15 markers from ten different BACs were developed. Ten polymorphisms were determined by simple agarose gel electrophoresis of either restricted or non-restricted PCR products. Another five markers were determined by tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. In order to select candidate BACs for cloning the gene, genetic linkage between seven markers and the bolting gene was calculated using 1,617 plants from an F2 population segregating for early bolting. The recombination values ranged between 0.0033 and 0.0201. In addition, a set of 41 wild and cultivated Beta accessions differing in their early bolting character was genotyped with seven markers. A common haplotype encompassing two marker loci and the b allele was found in all sugar beet varieties, indicating complete linkage disequilibrium between these loci. This suggests that the bolting gene is located in close vicinity to these markers, and the corresponding BACs can be used for cloning the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gaafar
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Ploidy variation of progenies from intra- and inter-ploidy crosses with regard to trisomic production in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-004-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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