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Siekierzynska A, Piasecka‐Kwiatkowska D, Myszka A, Burzynska M, Sozanska B, Sozanski T. Apple allergy: Causes and factors influencing fruits allergenic properties-Review. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12032. [PMID: 34123364 PMCID: PMC8171779 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple tree fruits (Malus × domestica Borkh.) are a rich source of nutrients and nutraceuticals and are recommended as a part of the healthy, staple diet. However, apples could be also the cause of allergies including severe reactions. Allergies to fruits like apples are predominantly associated with pollinosis. In North and Central Europe, sensitisation to apples is caused mainly by cross-reactive birch pollen aeroallergen, whereas in the Mediterranean area of Europe, apple allergy is mostly associated with allergies to peach. The allergenicity of apples differ across cultivars but only a few varieties were studied. Some factors changing apples allergenicity were identified, including unmodifiable and potentially modifiable factors for example cultivation method, ripening stage and storage conditions. AIM This review presents current knowledge about the molecular basis of apple allergenicity and factors influencing its level. CONCLUSIONS Selecting cultivars with low potential of allergenicity, removing apple peel and heat treatment could reduce the risk of severe allergy reaction incidence and presumably can be used in birch pollen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Siekierzynska
- Department of Physiology and Plant BiotechnologyInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of RzeszowRzeszowPoland
| | | | | | - Marta Burzynska
- Department of Food Biochemistry and AnalysisPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Barbara Sozanska
- 1st Department of Pediatric Allergology and CardiologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Tomasz Sozanski
- Department of PharmacologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
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Schröpfer S, Vogt I, Broggini GAL, Dahl A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Transcriptional profile of AvrRpt2 EA-mediated resistance and susceptibility response to Erwinia amylovora in apple. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8685. [PMID: 33888770 PMCID: PMC8062453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the commercial apple cultivars are highly susceptible to fire blight, which is the most devastating bacterial disease affecting pome fruits. Resistance to fire blight is described especially in wild Malus accessions such as M. × robusta 5 (Mr5), but the molecular basis of host resistance response to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora is still largely unknown. The bacterial effector protein AvrRpt2EA was found to be the key determinant of resistance response in Mr5. A wild type E. amylovora strain and the corresponding avrRpt2EA deletion mutant were used for inoculation of Mr5 to induce resistance or susceptible response, respectively. By comparison of the transcriptome of both responses, 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We found that heat-shock response including heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are activated in apple specifically in the susceptible response, independent of AvrRpt2EA. Further analysis on the expression progress of 81 DEGs by high-throughput real-time qPCR resulted in the identification of genes that were activated after inoculation with E. amylovora. Hence, a potential role of these genes in the resistance to the pathogen is postulated, including genes coding for enzymes involved in formation of flavonoids and terpenoids, ribosome-inactivating enzymes (RIPs) and a squamosa promoter binding-like (SPL) transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schröpfer
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vogt
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany.
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Siekierzynska A, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska D, Litwinczuk W, Burzynska M, Myszka A, Karpinski P, Zygala E, Piorecki N, Springer E, Sozanski T. Molecular and Immunological Identification of Low Allergenic Fruits among Old and New Apple Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073527. [PMID: 33805442 PMCID: PMC8036863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
About 50–70% of patients allergic to birch pollen suffer from sensitization after apple ingestion. Apple allergenicity was established in only few varieties. Studies were performed on apple fruits of 21 traditional and nine modern varieties organically, intensively, or integratively produced. The aim of the study was to assess whether the factors like cultivation method, maturity stage, genotype, or type of tissue place an impact on the allergenic potential of apples. To answer these questions, we used semiquantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Apple allergen genes present divergent expression across apple cultivars. Expression of the Mal d 1.06A correlates with the Mal d 1 level and is affected by the cultivation method and maturity of the fruit. The content of the main allergen Mal d 1 varied widely across cultivars. Interestingly, in our study, the Gala variety presented a low Mal d 1 concentration regardless of the cultivation method. Based on the Mal d 1.06A expression, the Mal d 1 protein content, and the immunoreactivity assay, the Kandil Sinap, Kosztela, Rumianka from Alma-Ata, Kantówka Gdańska, Reinette Coulon, and Gala cultivars emerged as potentially hypoallergenic apple cultivars. Our study allowed distinguishing between potentially low, medium, and highly allergenic varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Siekierzynska
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-785-4385
| | - Dorota Piasecka-Kwiatkowska
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Wojciech Litwinczuk
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Marta Burzynska
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksander Myszka
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rejtana 16 c, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Zygala
- Arboretum and Department of Physiography in Bolestraszyce, 37-700 Przemysl, Poland; (E.Z.); or
| | - Narcyz Piorecki
- Arboretum and Department of Physiography in Bolestraszyce, 37-700 Przemysl, Poland; (E.Z.); or
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Towarnickiego 3, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewa Springer
- Center for Allergy Diagnostics and Treatment SNZOZ Alergologia Plus, 60-693 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sozanski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Genome-wide analysis and evolution of plant thaumatin-like proteins: a focus on the origin and diversification of osmotins. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:1137-1157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vegro M, Eccher G, Populin F, Sorgato C, Savazzini F, Pagliarani G, Tartarini S, Pasini G, Curioni A, Antico A, Botton A. Old Apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh) Varieties with Hypoallergenic Properties: An Integrated Approach for Studying Apple Allergenicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9224-9236. [PMID: 27933989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshly consumed apples (Malus domestica L. Borkh) can cause allergic reactions because of the presence of four classes of allergens. Knowledge of the genetic factors affecting the allergenic potential of apples would provide important information for the selection of hypoallergenic genotypes, which can be combined with the adoption of new agronomical practices to produce fruits with a reduced amount of allergens. In the present research, a multiple analytical approach was adopted to characterize the allergenic potential of 24 apple varieties released at different ages (pre- and post-green revolution). A specific workflow was set up including protein quantification by means of polyclonal antibodies, immunological analyses with sera of allergic subjects, enzymatic assays, clinical assessments on allergic patients, and gene expression assays on fruit samples. Taken as a whole, the results indicate that most of the less allergenic genotypes were found among those deriving from selection processes carried out prior to the so-called "green revolution".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Vegro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Giulia Eccher
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Francesca Populin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Chiara Sorgato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Federica Savazzini
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Pagliarani
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Curioni
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Antico
- Allergy Unit, Ospedale Civile Srl , Via Guido Tonello 5, 46049 Volta Mantovana (Mantova), Italy
| | - Alessandro Botton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Ashok Kumar HG, Venkatesh YP. In silico analyses of structural and allergenicity features of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) acidic thaumatin-like protein in comparison with allergenic plant TLPs. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:119-28. [PMID: 24091295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) belong to the pathogenesis-related family (PR-5) of plant defense proteins. TLPs from only 32 plant genera have been identified as pollen or food allergens. IgE epitopes on allergens play a central role in food allergy by initiating cross-linking of specific IgE on basophils/mast cells. A comparative analysis of pollen- and food-allergenic TLPs is lacking. The main objective of this investigation was to study the structural and allergenicity features of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) acidic TLP (TLP 1) by in silico methods. The allergenicity prediction of composite sequence of sapodilla TLP 1 (NCBI B3EWX8.1, G5DC91.1) was performed using FARRP, Allermatch and Evaller web tools. A homology model of the protein was generated using banana TLP template (1Z3Q) by HHPRED-MODELLER. B-cell linear epitope prediction was performed using BCpreds and BepiPred. Sapodilla TLP 1 matched significantly with allergenic TLPs from olive, kiwi, bell pepper and banana. IgE epitope prediction as performed using AlgPred indicated the presence of 2 epitopes (epitope 1: residues 36-48; epitope 2: residues 51-63), and a comprehensive analysis of all allergenic TLPs displayed up to 3 additional epitopes on other TLPs. It can be inferred from these analyses that plant allergenic TLPs generally carry 2-3 IgE epitopes. ClustalX alignments of allergenic TLPs indicate that IgE epitopes 1 and 2 are common in food allergenic TLPs, and IgE epitopes 2 and 3 are common in pollen allergenic TLPs; IgE epitope 2 overlaps with a portion of the thaumatin family signature. The secondary structural elements of TLPs vary markedly in regions 1 and 2 which harbor all the predicted IgE epitopes in all food and pollen TLPs in either of the region. Further, based on the number of IgE epitopes, food TLPs are grouped into rosid and non-rosid clades. The number and distribution of the predicted IgE epitopes among the allergenic TLPs may explain the specificity of food or pollen allergy as well as the varied degree of cross-reactivity among plant foods and/or pollens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan G Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
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Szabó E, Gelencsér É, Kovács E, Jánosi A, Takács K, Kiss E. Examinations of allergenic proteins coding genes of some domestic apple cultivars. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.2011.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Schouten HJ, van de Weg WE, Carling J, Khan SA, McKay SJ, van Kaauwen MPW, Wittenberg AHJ, Koehorst-van Putten HJJ, Noordijk Y, Gao Z, Rees DJG, Van Dyk MM, Jaccoud D, Considine MJ, Kilian A. Diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers in apple for genetic linkage maps. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2012; 29:645-660. [PMID: 22408382 PMCID: PMC3285764 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-011-9579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) provides a high-throughput whole-genome genotyping platform for the detection and scoring of hundreds of polymorphic loci without any need for prior sequence information. The work presented here details the development and performance of a DArT genotyping array for apple. This is the first paper on DArT in horticultural trees. Genetic mapping of DArT markers in two mapping populations and their integration with other marker types showed that DArT is a powerful high-throughput method for obtaining accurate and reproducible marker data, despite the low cost per data point. This method appears to be suitable for aligning the genetic maps of different segregating populations. The standard complexity reduction method, based on the methylation-sensitive PstI restriction enzyme, resulted in a high frequency of markers, although there was 52-54% redundancy due to the repeated sampling of highly similar sequences. Sequencing of the marker clones showed that they are significantly enriched for low-copy, genic regions. The genome coverage using the standard method was 55-76%. For improved genome coverage, an alternative complexity reduction method was examined, which resulted in less redundancy and additional segregating markers. The DArT markers proved to be of high quality and were very suitable for genetic mapping at low cost for the apple, providing moderate genome coverage. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-011-9579-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J. Schouten
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Eric van de Weg
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Carling
- Diversity Arrays Technology, PO Box 7141, Yarralumla, ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Sabaz Ali Khan
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J. McKay
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Alderman Hall, 1970 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | | | | | | | - Yolanda Noordijk
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
| | - D. Jasper G. Rees
- ARC: Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| | - Maria M. Van Dyk
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Damian Jaccoud
- Diversity Arrays Technology, PO Box 7141, Yarralumla, ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Michael J. Considine
- School of Plant Biology, and the Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, M084, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, PO Box 7141, Yarralumla, ACT 2600 Australia
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Jimenez-Lopez JC, Morales S, Castro AJ, Volkmann D, Rodríguez-García MI, Alché JDD. Characterization of profilin polymorphism in pollen with a focus on multifunctionality. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30878. [PMID: 22348028 PMCID: PMC3279341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin, a multigene family involved in actin dynamics, is a multiple partners-interacting protein, as regard of the presence of at least of three binding domains encompassing actin, phosphoinositide lipids, and poly-L-proline interacting patches. In addition, pollen profilins are important allergens in several species like Olea europaea L. (Ole e 2), Betula pendula (Bet v 2), Phleum pratense (Phl p 12), Zea mays (Zea m 12) and Corylus avellana (Cor a 2). In spite of the biological and clinical importance of these molecules, variability in pollen profilin sequences has been poorly pointed out up until now. In this work, a relatively high number of pollen profilin sequences have been cloned, with the aim of carrying out an extensive characterization of their polymorphism among 24 olive cultivars and the above mentioned plant species. Our results indicate a high level of variability in the sequences analyzed. Quantitative intra-specific/varietal polymorphism was higher in comparison to inter-specific/cultivars comparisons. Multi-optional posttranslational modifications, e.g. phosphorylation sites, physicochemical properties, and partners-interacting functional residues have been shown to be affected by profilin polymorphism. As a result of this variability, profilins yielded a clear taxonomic separation between the five plant species. Profilin family multifunctionality might be inferred by natural variation through profilin isovariants generated among olive germplasm, as a result of polymorphism. The high variability might result in both differential profilin properties and differences in the regulation of the interaction with natural partners, affecting the mechanisms underlying the transmission of signals throughout signaling pathways in response to different stress environments. Moreover, elucidating the effect of profilin polymorphism in adaptive responses like actin dynamics, and cellular behavior, represents an exciting research goal for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Dieter Volkmann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - María I. Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan de D. Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Han Y, Zheng D, Vimolmangkang S, Khan MA, Beever JE, Korban SS. Integration of physical and genetic maps in apple confirms whole-genome and segmental duplications in the apple genome. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5117-30. [PMID: 21743103 PMCID: PMC3193016 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 355 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed, based on expressed sequence tag (EST) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequence databases, and successfully used to construct an SSR-based genetic linkage map of the apple. The consensus linkage map spanned 1143 cM, with an average density of 2.5 cM per marker. Newly developed SSR markers along with 279 SSR markers previously published by the HiDRAS project were further used to integrate physical and genetic maps of the apple using a PCR-based BAC library screening approach. A total of 470 contigs were unambiguously anchored onto all 17 linkage groups of the apple genome, and 158 contigs contained two or more molecular markers. The genetically mapped contigs spanned ∼421 Mb in cumulative physical length, representing 60.0% of the genome. The sizes of anchored contigs ranged from 97 kb to 4.0 Mb, with an average of 995 kb. The average physical length of anchored contigs on each linkage group was ∼24.8 Mb, ranging from 17.0 Mb to 37.73 Mb. Using BAC DNA as templates, PCR screening of the BAC library amplified fragments of highly homologous sequences from homoeologous chromosomes. Upon integrating physical and genetic maps of the apple, the presence of not only homoeologous chromosome pairs, but also of multiple locus markers mapped to adjacent sites on the same chromosome was detected. These findings demonstrated the presence of both genome-wide and segmental duplications in the apple genome and provided further insights into the complex polyploid ancestral origin of the apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Danman Zheng
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Beever
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Schuyler S. Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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11
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Castro AJ, Bednarczyk A, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Rodríguez-García MI, Van Dorsselaer A, Alché JDD. Screening of Ole e 1 polymorphism among olive cultivars by peptide mapping and N-glycopeptide analysis. Proteomics 2010; 10:953-62. [PMID: 20049857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we have used 2-DE coupled to MS analysis to examine the molecular variability of the Ole e 1 allergen in three olive cultivars (cvs). Our results confirmed that the predicted polymorphism of Ole e 1 at cDNA level is extended to the expressed protein. The profiles of both the Ole e 1 peptides and the N-glycan variants significantly changed among cvs. We observed that Picual and Arbequina cvs presented the highest and lowest degree of Ole e 1 polymorphism, respectively. Some of these peptides and N-glycans were distributed in a cv-specific manner. The putative implications of this molecular polymorphism in the development of the allergy symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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Liu JJ, Sturrock R, Ekramoddoullah AKM. The superfamily of thaumatin-like proteins: its origin, evolution, and expression towards biological function. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:419-36. [PMID: 20204373 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are the products of a large, highly complex gene family involved in host defence and a wide range of developmental processes in fungi, plants, and animals. Despite their dramatic diversification in organisms, TLPs appear to have originated in early eukaryotes and share a well-defined TLP domain. Nonetheless, determination of the roles of individual members of the TLP superfamily remains largely undone. This review summarizes recent advances made in elucidating the varied TLP activities related to host resistance to pathogens and other physiological processes. Also discussed is the current state of knowledge on the origins and types of TLPs, regulation of gene expression, and potential biotechnological applications for TLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Maghuly F, Marzban G, Laimer M. Functional genomics of allergen gene families in fruits. Nutrients 2009; 1:119-32. [PMID: 22253972 PMCID: PMC3257604 DOI: 10.3390/nu1020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit consumption is encouraged for health reasons; however, fruits may harbour a series of allergenic proteins that may cause discomfort or even represent serious threats to certain individuals. Thus, the identification and characterization of allergens in fruits requires novel approaches involving genomic and proteomic tools. Since avoidance of fruits also negatively affects the quality of patients' lives, biotechnological interventions are ongoing to produce low allergenic fruits by down regulating specific genes. In this respect, the control of proteins associated with allergenicity could be achieved by fine tuning the spatial and temporal expression of the relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, IAM, Department of Biotechnology, VIBT BOKU, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Chen L, Zhang S, Illa E, Song L, Wu S, Howad W, Arús P, van de Weg E, Chen K, Gao Z. Genomic characterization of putative allergen genes in peach/almond and their synteny with apple. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:543. [PMID: 19014629 PMCID: PMC2621206 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fruits from several species of the Rosaceae family are reported to cause allergic reactions in certain populations. The allergens identified belong to mainly four protein families: pathogenesis related 10 proteins, thaumatin-like proteins, lipid transfer proteins and profilins. These families of putative allergen genes in apple (Mal d 1 to 4) have been mapped on linkage maps and subsequent genetic study on allelic diversity and hypoallergenic traits has been carried out recently. In peach (Prunus persica), these allergen gene families are denoted as Pru p 1 to 4 and for almond (Prunus dulcis)Pru du 1 to 4. Genetic analysis using current molecular tools may be helpful to establish the cause of allergenicity differences observed among different peach cultivars. This study was to characterize putative peach allergen genes for their genomic sequences and linkage map positions, and to compare them with previously characterized homologous genes in apple (Malus domestica). Results Eight Pru p/du 1 genes were identified, four of which were new. All the Pru p/du 1 genes were mapped in a single bin on the top of linkage group 1 (G1). Five Pru p/du 2 genes were mapped on four different linkage groups, two very similar Pru p/du 2.01 genes (A and B) were on G3, Pru p/du 2.02 on G7,Pru p/du 2.03 on G8 and Pru p/du 2.04 on G1. There were differences in the intron and exon structure in these Pru p/du 2 genes and in their amino acid composition. Three Pru p/du 3 genes (3.01–3.03) containing an intron and a mini exon of 10 nt were mapped in a cluster on G6. Two Pru p/du 4 genes (Pru p/du 4.01 and 4.02) were located on G1 and G7, respectively. The Pru p/du 1 cluster on G1 aligned to the Mal d 1 clusters on LG16; Pru p/du 2.01A and B on G3 to Mal d 2.01A and B on LG9; the Pru p/du 3 cluster on G6 to Mal d 3.01 on LG12; Pru p/du 4.01 on G1 to Mal d 4.03 on LG2; and Pru p/du 4.02 on G7 to Mal d 4.02 on LG2. Conclusion A total of 18 putative peach/almond allergen genes have been mapped on five linkage groups. Their positions confirm the high macro-synteny between peach/almond and apple. The insight gained will help to identify key genes causing differences in allergenicity among different cultivars of peach and other Prunus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Institute of Fruit Science, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
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Gao Z, Weg EWVD, Matos CI, Arens P, Bolhaar STHP, Knulst AC, Li Y, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Gilissen LJWJ. Assessment of allelic diversity in intron-containing Mal d 1 genes and their association to apple allergenicity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:116. [PMID: 19014530 PMCID: PMC2596139 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mal d 1 is a major apple allergen causing food allergic symptoms of the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) in birch-pollen sensitised patients. The Mal d 1 gene family is known to have at least 7 intron-containing and 11 intronless members that have been mapped in clusters on three linkage groups. In this study, the allelic diversity of the seven intron-containing Mal d 1 genes was assessed among a set of apple cultivars by sequencing or indirectly through pedigree genotyping. Protein variant constitutions were subsequently compared with Skin Prick Test (SPT) responses to study the association of deduced protein variants with allergenicity in a set of 14 cultivars. RESULTS From the seven intron-containing Mal d 1 genes investigated, Mal d 1.01 and Mal d 1.02 were highly conserved, as nine out of ten cultivars coded for the same protein variant, while only one cultivar coded for a second variant. Mal d 1.04, Mal d 1.05 and Mal d 1.06 A, B and C were more variable, coding for three to six different protein variants. Comparison of Mal d 1 allelic composition between the high-allergenic cultivar Golden Delicious and the low-allergenic cultivars Santana and Priscilla, which are linked in pedigree, showed an association between the protein variants coded by the Mal d 1.04 and -1.06A genes (both located on linkage group 16) with allergenicity. This association was confirmed in 10 other cultivars. In addition, Mal d 1.06A allele dosage effects associated with the degree of allergenicity based on prick to prick testing. Conversely, no associations were observed for the protein variants coded by the Mal d 1.01 (on linkage group 13), -1.02, -1.06B, -1.06C genes (all on linkage group 16), nor by the Mal d 1.05 gene (on linkage group 6). CONCLUSION Protein variant compositions of Mal d 1.04 and -1.06A and, in case of Mal d 1.06A, allele doses are associated with the differences in allergenicity among fourteen apple cultivars. This information indicates the involvement of qualitative as well as quantitative factors in allergenicity and warrants further research in the relative importance of quantitative and qualitative aspects of Mal d 1 gene expression on allergenicity. Results from this study have implications for medical diagnostics, immunotherapy, clinical research and breeding schemes for new hypo-allergenic cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Gao
- Department of Horticulture/Allergy Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric W van de Weg
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Catarina I Matos
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Arens
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne THP Bolhaar
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andre C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yinghui Li
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/Key Lab of Germplasm & Biotechnology (MOA), Institute of Crop Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH-EBO-3Q, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luud JWJ Gilissen
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Botton A, Lezzer P, Dorigoni A, Barcaccia G, Ruperti B, Ramina A. Genetic and environmental factors affecting allergen-related gene expression in apple fruit (Malus domestica L. Borkh). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:6707-6716. [PMID: 18616272 DOI: 10.1021/jf800813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Freshly consumed apples can cause allergic reactions because of the presence of four classes of allergens, namely, Mal d 1, Mal d 2, Mal d 3, and Mal d 4, and their cross-reactivity with sensitizing allergens of other species. Knowledge of environmental and endogenous factors affecting the allergenic potential of apples would provide important information to apple breeders, growers, and consumers for the selection of hypoallergenic genotypes, the adoption of agronomical practices decreasing the allergenic potential, and the consumption of fruits with reduced amount of allergens. In the present research, expression studies were performed by means of real-time PCR for all the known allergen-encoding genes in apple. Fruit samples were collected from 15 apple varieties and from fruits of three different trials, set up to assess the effect of shadowing, elevation, storage, and water stress on the expression of allergen genes. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed for the classification of varieties according to gene expression values, pointing out that the cultivars Fuji and Brina were two good hypoallergenic candidates. Shadowing, elevation, and storage significantly affected the transcription of the allergen-encoding genes, whereas water stress slightly influenced the expression of only two genes, in spite of the dramatic effect on both fruit size and vegetative growth of the trees. In particular, shadowing may represent an important cultural practice aimed at reducing apple cortex allergenicity. Moreover, elevation and storage may be combined to reduce the allergenic potential of apple fruits. The possible implications of the results for breeders, growers, and consumers are discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Botton
- Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Science, University of Padova, Agripolis-Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy. Italy
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Oberhuber C, Ma Y, Marsh J, Rigby N, Smole U, Radauer C, Alessandri S, Briza P, Zuidmeer L, Maderegger B, Himly M, Sancho AI, van Ree R, Knulst A, Ebner C, Shewry P, Mills ENC, Wellner K, Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Bublin M. Purification and characterisation of relevant natural and recombinant apple allergens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52 Suppl 2:S208-19. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gavrović-Jankulović M, Spasić M, Ćirković Veličković T, Stojanović M, Inić-Kanada A, Dimitrijević L, Lindner B, Petersen A, Becker WM, Jankov RM. Quantification of the thaumatin-like kiwi allergen by a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:701-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Webster JM, Oxley D, Pettolino FA, Bacic A. Characterisation of secreted polysaccharides and (glyco)proteins from suspension cultures of Pyrus communis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:873-81. [PMID: 18037144 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight material recovered from the culture filtrate of cell suspension cultured Pyrus communis was composed of 81% carbohydrate, 13% protein and 5% inorganic material. This material was separated into three fractions (one neutral (Fraction A) and two acidic (Fractions B and C)), by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B using a gradient of imidazole-HCl at pH 7.0. The monosaccharide and linkage composition of each fraction was determined after carboxyl reduction of uronic acid residues. From the combined results of the carbohydrate analyses, we conclude that the high molecular weight extracellular material consists of three major and two minor polysaccharides: a (fucogalacto)xyloglucan (36%) in the unbound neutral Fraction A; a type II arabinogalactan (as an arabinogalactan-protein, 29%) and an acidic (glucurono)arabinoxylan (2%) in Fraction B; and a galacturonan (33%) and a trace of heteromannan in Fraction C. The main amino acids in the proteins were Glx, Thr, Ser, Hyp/Pro and Gly. Further separation of Fraction B by solvent partition, SDS-PAGE and analysis by LC-MS/MS identified the major proteins as two chitanases, two thaumatin-like proteins, a beta-1,3-glucanase, an extracellular dermal glycoprotein and a pathogenesis-related protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Webster
- CRC for Bioproducts, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Koopman WJM, Li Y, Coart E, van de Weg WE, Vosman B, Roldán-Ruiz I, Smulders MJM. Linked vs unlinked markers: multilocus microsatellite haplotype-sharing as a tool to estimate gene flow and introgression. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:243-56. [PMID: 17217342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the use of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes to study introgression from cultivated (Malus domestica) into wild apple (Malus sylvestris), and to study gene flow among remnant populations of M. sylvestris. A haplotype consisted of alleles at microsatellite loci along one chromosome. As destruction of haplotypes through recombination occurs much faster than loss of alleles due to genetic drift, the lifespan of a multilocus haplotype is much shorter than that of the underlying alleles. When different populations share the same haplotype, this may indicate recent gene flow between populations. Similarly, haplotypes shared between two species would be a strong signal for introgression. As the expected lifespan of a haplotype depends on the strength of the linkage, the length [in centiMorgans (cM)] of the haplotype shared contains information on the number of generations passed. This application of shared haplotypes is distinct from using haplotype-sharing to detect association between markers and a certain trait. We inferred haplotypes for four to eight microsatellite loci on Linkage Group 10 of apple from genotype data using the program phase, and then identified those haplotypes shared between populations and species. Compared with a Bayesian analysis of unlinked microsatellite loci using the program structure, haplotype-sharing detected a partially different set of putative hybrids. Cultivated haplotypes present in M. sylvestris were short (< 1.5 cM), indicating that introgression had taken place many generations ago, except for two Belgian plants that contained a haplotype of 47.1 cM, indicating recent introgression. In the estimation of gene flow, F(ST) based on unlinked loci indicated small (0.032-0.058) but statistically significant differentiation between some populations only. However, various M. sylvestris haplotypes were shared in nearly all pairwise comparisons of populations, and their length indicated recent gene flow. Hence, all Dutch populations should be considered as one conservation unit. The added value of using sharing of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes as a source of population genetic information is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J M Koopman
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Schenk MF, Gilissen LJWJ, Esselink GD, Smulders MJM. Seven different genes encode a diverse mixture of isoforms of Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:168. [PMID: 16820045 PMCID: PMC1552068 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pollen of the European white birch (Betula pendula, syn. B. verrucosa) is an important cause of hay fever. The main allergen is Bet v 1, member of the pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) multigene family. To establish the number of PR-10/Bet v 1 genes and the isoform diversity within a single tree, PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of PR-10 genes was performed on two diploid B. pendula cultivars and one interspecific tetraploid Betula hybrid. Sequences were attributed to putative genes based on sequence identity and intron length. Information on transcription was derived by comparison with homologous cDNA sequences available in GenBank/EMBL/DDJB. PCR-cloning of multigene families is accompanied by a high risk for the occurrence of PCR recombination artifacts. We screened for and excluded these artifacts, and also detected putative artifact sequences among database sequences. Results Forty-four different PR-10 sequences were recovered from B. pendula and assigned to thirteen putative genes. Sequence homology suggests that three genes were transcribed in somatic tissue and seven genes in pollen. The transcription of three other genes remains unknown. In total, fourteen different Bet v 1-type isoforms were identified in the three cultivars, of which nine isoforms were entirely new. Isoforms with high and low IgE-reactivity are encoded by different genes and one birch pollen grain has the genetic background to produce a mixture of isoforms with varying IgE-reactivity. Allergen diversity is even higher in the interspecific tetraploid hybrid, consistent with the presence of two genomes. Conclusion Isoforms of the major birch allergen Bet v 1 are encoded by multiple genes, and we propose to name them accordingly. The present characterization of the Bet v 1 genes provides a framework for the screening of specific Bet v 1 genes among other B. pendula cultivars or Betula species, and for future breeding for trees with a reduced allergenicity. Investigations towards sensitization and immunotherapy should anticipate that patients are exposed to a mixture of Bet v 1 isoforms of different IgE-reactivity, even if pollen originates from a single birch tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn F Schenk
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ludovicus JWJ Gilissen
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard D Esselink
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus JM Smulders
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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