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Egan LM, Hofmann RW, Ghamkhar K, Hoyos-Villegas V. Prospects for Trifolium Improvement Through Germplasm Characterisation and Pre-breeding in New Zealand and Beyond. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:653191. [PMID: 34220882 PMCID: PMC8242581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trifolium is the most used pastoral legume genus in temperate grassland systems, and a common feature in meadows and open space areas in cities and parks. Breeding of Trifolium spp. for pastoral production has been going on for over a century. However, the breeding targets have changed over the decades in response to different environmental and production pressures. Relatively small gains have been made in Trifolium breeding progress. Trifolium breeding programmes aim to maintain a broad genetic base to maximise variation. New Zealand is a global hub in Trifolium breeding, utilising exotic germplasm imported by the Margot Forde Germplasm Centre. This article describes the history of Trifolium breeding in New Zealand as well as the role and past successes of utilising genebanks in forage breeding. The impact of germplasm characterisation and evaluation in breeding programmes is also discussed. The history and challenges of Trifolium breeding and its effect on genetic gain can be used to inform future pre-breeding decisions in this genus, as well as being a model for other forage legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M. Egan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rainer W. Hofmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Kioumars Ghamkhar
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Valerio Hoyos-Villegas
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Damerum A, Smith HK, Clarkson G, Truco MJ, Michelmore RW, Taylor G. The genetic basis of water-use efficiency and yield in lettuce. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:237. [PMID: 34044761 PMCID: PMC8157645 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water supply limits agricultural productivity of many crops including lettuce. Identifying cultivars within crop species that can maintain productivity with reduced water supply is a significant challenge, but central to developing resilient crops for future water-limited climates. We investigated traits known to be related to water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield in lettuce, a globally important leafy salad crop, in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) lettuce mapping population, produced from a cross between the cultivated Lactuca sativa L. cv. Salinas and its wild progenitor L. serriola L. RESULTS Wild and cultivated lettuce differed in their WUE and we observed transgressive segregation in yield and water-use traits in the RILs. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified genomic regions controlling these traits under well-watered and droughted conditions. QTL were detected for carbon isotope discrimination, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature and yield, controlling 4-23 % of the phenotypic variation. A QTL hotspot was identified on chromosome 8 that controlled carbon isotope discrimination, stomatal conductance and yield under drought. Several promising candidate genes in this region were associated with WUE, including aquaporins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, an abscisic acid-responsive element binding protein and glutathione S-transferases involved in redox homeostasis following drought stress were also identified. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we have characterised the genetic basis of WUE of lettuce, a commercially important and water demanding crop. We have identified promising candidate genomic regions determining WUE and yield under well-watered and water-limiting conditions, providing important pre-breeding data for future lettuce selection and breeding where water productivity will be a key target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Damerum
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Hazel K Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Present address: Vitacress Salads, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, SP11 6DB, Hampshire, UK
| | - Gjj Clarkson
- Present address: Vitacress Salads, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, SP11 6DB, Hampshire, UK
| | - Maria José Truco
- The Genome Centre, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | | | - Gail Taylor
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Kumar P, Eriksen RL, Simko I, Mou B. Molecular Mapping of Water-Stress Responsive Genomic Loci in Lettuce ( Lactuca spp.) Using Kinetics Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning. Front Genet 2021; 12:634554. [PMID: 33679897 PMCID: PMC7935093 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.634554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep understanding of genetic architecture of water-stress tolerance is critical for efficient and optimal development of water-stress tolerant cultivars, which is the most economical and environmentally sound approach to maintain lettuce production with limited irrigation. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in areas with limited precipitation relies heavily on the use of ground water for irrigation. Lettuce plants are highly susceptible to water-stress, which also affects their nutrient uptake efficiency. Water stressed plants show reduced growth, lower biomass, and early bolting and flowering resulting in bitter flavors. Traditional phenotyping methods to evaluate water-stress are labor intensive, time-consuming and prone to errors. High throughput phenotyping platforms using kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral imaging can effectively attain physiological traits related to photosynthesis and secondary metabolites that can enhance breeding efficiency for water-stress tolerance. Kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral imaging along with traditional horticultural traits identified genomic loci affected by water-stress. Supervised machine learning models were evaluated for their accuracy to distinguish water-stressed plants and to identify the most important water-stress related parameters in lettuce. Random Forest (RF) had classification accuracy of 89.7% using kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Neural Network (NN) had classification accuracy of 89.8% using hyperspectral imaging derived vegetation indices. The top ten chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and vegetation indices selected by sequential forward selection by RF and NN were genetically mapped using a L. sativa × L. serriola interspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. A total of 25 quantitative trait loci (QTL) segregating for water-stress related horticultural traits, 26 QTL for the chlorophyll fluorescence traits and 34 QTL for spectral vegetation indices (VI) were identified. The percent phenotypic variation (PV) explained by the horticultural QTL ranged from 6.41 to 19.5%, PV explained by chlorophyll fluorescence QTL ranged from 6.93 to 13.26% while the PV explained by the VI QTL ranged from 7.2 to 17.19%. Eight QTL clusters harboring co-localized QTL for horticultural traits, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and VI were identified on six lettuce chromosomes. Molecular markers linked to the mapped QTL clusters can be targeted for marker-assisted selection to develop water-stress tolerant lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Renee L Eriksen
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ivan Simko
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Beiquan Mou
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA, United States
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4
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Patella A, Palumbo F, Galla G, Barcaccia G. The Molecular Determination of Hybridity and Homozygosity Estimates in Breeding Populations of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E916. [PMID: 31717592 PMCID: PMC6895879 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new varieties of horticultural crops benefits from the integration of conventional and molecular marker-assisted breeding schemes in order to combine phenotyping and genotyping information. In this study, a selected panel of 16 microsatellite markers were used in different steps of a breeding programme of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., 2 n = 18). Molecular markers were first used to genotype 71 putative parental lines and to plan 89 controlled crosses designed to maximise recombination potentials. The resulting 871 progeny plants were then molecularly screened, and their marker allele profiles were compared with the profiles expected based on the parental lines. The average cross-pollination success rate was 68 ± 33%, so 602 F1 hybrids were completely identified. Unexpected genotypes were detected in 5% of cases, consistent with this species' spontaneous out-pollination rate. Finally, in a later step of the breeding programme, 47 different F3 progenies, selected by phenotyping for a number of morphological descriptors, were characterised in terms of their observed homozygosity and within-population genetic uniformity and stability. Ten of these populations had a median homozygosity above 90% and a median genetic similarity above 95% and are, therefore, particularly suitable for pre-commercial trials. In conclusion, this study shows the synergistic effects and advantages of conventional and molecular methods of selection applied in different steps of a breeding programme aimed at developing new varieties of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Palumbo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy; (A.P.); (G.G.); (G.B.)
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Presotto A, Hernández F, Mercer KL. Phenotypic selection under two contrasting environments in wild sunflower and its crop-wild hybrid. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1703-1717. [PMID: 31462924 PMCID: PMC6708420 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridization is a common phenomenon in plants and can lead to the introgression of alleles from one population into another, generate new hybrid lineages, or cause species extinction. The environmental conditions and the genetic background of the participating populations may influence these outcomes since they can affect the fitness of hybrids, thereby increasing or decreasing the chances of introgression. Thus, it is important to understand the context-dependent prospects for introgression of alleles into diverse populations and under multiple ecological environments. Crop-wild hybridization presents an opportunity to explore these dynamics in agroecosystems. To this end, we used diverse wild and hybrid sunflowers from across the northern United States as a basis for evaluating variation in morphological traits and assessing context-dependent selection. These crop-wild hybrids and their wild counterparts were grown under agricultural conditions in the field with and without wheat competition. Interactions between origin and cross type affected expression of early functional traits, while interactions between competition and cross type acted on reproductive traits. A smattering of early and reproductive traits was affected by interactions between cross type and competition that varied by origin (i.e., 3-way interactions). Seven functional traits, especially number of branches and tertiary head diameter, underwent net and direct directional selection, while six out of these seven traits appear to also be experiencing nonlinear selection dynamics. In general, wild-like traits were favored under both sets of conditions, while, under wheat competition, some crop-like traits related to fast growth and primary head diameter became important. These data reaffirm the hypothesis that stressful conditions establish a scenario more suitable for crop introgression and clarify that nonlinear selection dynamics may play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Presotto
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de AgronomíaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐ CONICETBahía BlancaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Fernando Hernández
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de AgronomíaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐ CONICETBahía BlancaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Kristin L. Mercer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State UniversityColumbusOH
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Teitel Z, Klimowski A, Campbell LG. Assessing the effects of hybridization and precipitation on invasive weed demography using strength of selection on vital rates. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:266. [PMID: 27923349 PMCID: PMC5142176 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As global climate change transforms average temperature and rainfall, species distributions may meet, increasing the potential for hybridization and altering individual fitness and population growth. Altered rainfall specifically may shift the strength and direction of selection, also manipulating population trajectories. Here, we investigated the role of interspecific hybridization and selection imposed by rainfall on the evolution of weedy life-history in non-hybrid (Raphanus raphanistrum) and hybrid (R. raphanistrum x R. sativus) populations using a life table response experiment. Results In documenting long-term population dynamics, we determined intrinsic (r) and asymptotic (λ) population growth rates and sensitivities, a measure of selection imposed on demographic rates. Hybrid populations experienced 8.7-10.3 times stronger selection than wild populations for increased seedling survival. Whereas crop populations generally exhibit little dormancy and wild populations often exhibit dormancy, non-hybrid populations experienced 10% stronger selection than hybrid populations for exhibiting seed dormancy. Selection on survival-to-flowering in wild, not hybrid, populations declined marginally with increasing soil moisture. Hybrid populations exhibited greater r, but not λ, than wild populations regardless of moisture environment. In general, fecundity contributed most to differences in λ but fecundity only contributed positively to hybrid λ relative to wild λ when precipitation was altered (either higher or lower than control) and not under control watering conditions. Conclusions Selection on key demographic traits may not change dramatically in response to rainfall, and hybridization may more strongly influence the demography of these weedy species than rainfall. If hybrid populations can respond to selection for increased dormancy, this may make it more difficult to deplete weed seed banks and increase the persistence of crop genes in weed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Teitel
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Current Address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Klimowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Current Address: Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Lesley G Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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Kerbiriou PJ, Maliepaard CA, Stomph TJ, Koper M, Froissart D, Roobeek I, Lammerts Van Bueren ET, Struik PC. Genetic Control of Water and Nitrate Capture and Their Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:343. [PMID: 27064203 PMCID: PMC4812043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Robustness in lettuce, defined as the ability to produce stable yields across a wide range of environments, may be associated with below-ground traits such as water and nitrate capture. In lettuce, research on the role of root traits in resource acquisition has been rather limited. Exploring genetic variation for such traits and shoot performance in lettuce across environments can contribute to breeding for robustness. A population of 142 lettuce cultivars was evaluated during two seasons (spring and summer) in two different locations under organic cropping conditions, and water and nitrate capture below-ground and accumulation in the shoots were assessed at two sampling dates. Resource capture in each soil layer was measured using a volumetric method based on fresh and dry weight difference in the soil for soil moisture, and using an ion-specific electrode for nitrate. We used these results to carry out an association mapping study based on 1170 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. We demonstrated that our indirect, high-throughput phenotyping methodology was reliable and capable of quantifying genetic variation in resource capture. QTLs for below-ground traits were not detected at early sampling. Significant marker-trait associations were detected across trials for below-ground and shoot traits, in number and position varying with trial, highlighting the importance of the growing environment on the expression of the traits measured. The difficulty of identifying general patterns in the expression of the QTLs for below-ground traits across different environments calls for a more in-depth analysis of the physiological mechanisms at root level allowing sustained shoot growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline J. Kerbiriou
- Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Chris A. Maliepaard
- Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd Jan Stomph
- Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul C. Struik
- Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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Jemelková M, Kitner M, Křístková E, Beharav A, Lebeda A. Biodiversity of Lactuca aculeata germplasm assessed by SSR and AFLP markers, and resistance variation to Bremia lactucae. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Hartman Y, Hooftman DAP, Uwimana B, Schranz ME, van de Wiel CCM, Smulders MJM, Visser RGF, Michelmore RW, van Tienderen PH. Abiotic stress QTL in lettuce crop-wild hybrids: comparing greenhouse and field experiments. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2395-409. [PMID: 25360276 PMCID: PMC4203288 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of stress-tolerant crops is an increasingly important goal of current crop breeding. A higher abiotic stress tolerance could increase the probability of introgression of genes from crops to wild relatives. This is particularly relevant to the discussion on the risks of new GM crops that may be engineered to increase abiotic stress resistance. We investigated abiotic stress QTL in greenhouse and field experiments in which we subjected recombinant inbred lines from a cross between cultivated Lactuca sativa cv. Salinas and its wild relative L. serriola to drought, low nutrients, salt stress, and aboveground competition. Aboveground biomass at the end of the rosette stage was used as a proxy for the performance of plants under a particular stress. We detected a mosaic of abiotic stress QTL over the entire genome with little overlap between QTL from different stresses. The two QTL clusters that were identified reflected general growth rather than specific stress responses and colocated with clusters found in earlier studies for leaf shape and flowering time. Genetic correlations across treatments were often higher among different stress treatments within the same experiment (greenhouse or field), than among the same type of stress applied in different experiments. Moreover, the effects of the field stress treatments were more correlated with those of the greenhouse competition treatments than to those of the other greenhouse stress experiments, suggesting that competition rather than abiotic stress is a major factor in the field. In conclusion, the introgression risk of stress tolerance (trans-)genes under field conditions cannot easily be predicted based on genomic background selection patterns from controlled QTL experiments in greenhouses, especially field data will be needed to assess potential (negative) ecological effects of introgression of these transgenes into wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorike Hartman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny A P Hooftman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; NERC, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford, UK
| | - Brigitte Uwimana
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens C M van de Wiel
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus J M Smulders
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W Michelmore
- Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, California
| | - Peter H van Tienderen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Truco MJ, Ashrafi H, Kozik A, van Leeuwen H, Bowers J, Wo SRC, Stoffel K, Xu H, Hill T, Van Deynze A, Michelmore RW. An Ultra-High-Density, Transcript-Based, Genetic Map of Lettuce. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2013; 3:617-631. [PMID: 23550116 PMCID: PMC3618349 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.004929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have generated an ultra-high-density genetic map for lettuce, an economically important member of the Compositae, consisting of 12,842 unigenes (13,943 markers) mapped in 3696 genetic bins distributed over nine chromosomal linkage groups. Genomic DNA was hybridized to a custom Affymetrix oligonucleotide array containing 6.4 million features representing 35,628 unigenes of Lactuca spp. Segregation of single-position polymorphisms was analyzed using 213 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines that had been generated by crossing cultivated Lactuca sativa cv. Salinas and L. serriola acc. US96UC23, the wild progenitor species of L. sativa The high level of replication of each allele in the recombinant inbred lines was exploited to identify single-position polymorphisms that were assigned to parental haplotypes. Marker information has been made available using GBrowse to facilitate access to the map. This map has been anchored to the previously published integrated map of lettuce providing candidate genes for multiple phenotypes. The high density of markers achieved in this ultradense map allowed syntenic studies between lettuce and Vitis vinifera as well as other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Truco
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hamid Ashrafi
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Alexander Kozik
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hans van Leeuwen
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - John Bowers
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Kevin Stoffel
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Huaqin Xu
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Theresa Hill
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Richard W Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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