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Vasquez-Teuber P, Rouxel T, Mason AS, Soyer JL. Breeding and management of major resistance genes to stem canker/blackleg in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:192. [PMID: 39052130 PMCID: PMC11272824 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Blackleg (also known as Phoma or stem canker) is a major, worldwide disease of Brassica crop species, notably B. napus (rapeseed, canola), caused by the ascomycete fungus Leptosphaeria maculans. The outbreak and severity of this disease depend on environmental conditions and management practices, as well as a complex interaction between the pathogen and its hosts. Genetic resistance is a major method to control the disease (and the only control method in some parts of the world, such as continental Europe), but efficient use of genetic resistance is faced with many difficulties: (i) the scarcity of germplasm/genetic resources available, (ii) the different history of use of resistance genes in different parts of the world and the different populations of the fungus the resistance genes are exposed to, (iii) the complexity of the interactions between the plant and the pathogen that expand beyond typical gene-for-gene interactions, (iv) the incredible evolutionary potential of the pathogen and the importance of knowing the molecular processes set up by the fungus to "breakdown' resistances, so that we may design high-throughput diagnostic tools for population surveys, and (v) the different strategies and options to build up the best resistances and to manage them so that they are durable. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of these different points, stressing the differences between the different continents and the current prospects to generate new and durable resistances to blackleg disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vasquez-Teuber
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thierry Rouxel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jessica L Soyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Starosta E, Szwarc J, Niemann J, Szewczyk K, Weigt D. Brassica napus Haploid and Double Haploid Production and Its Latest Applications. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4431-4450. [PMID: 37232751 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Increasing demand for oil and limited agronomic capabilities of present-day rapeseed result in the need for rapid development of new, superior cultivars. Double haploid (DH) technology is a fast and convenient approach in plant breeding as well as genetic research. Brassica napus is considered a model species for DH production based on microspore embryogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying microspore reprogramming are still vague. It is known that morphological changes are accompanied by gene and protein expression patterns, alongside carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Novel, more efficient methods for DH rapeseed production have been reported. This review covers new findings and advances in Brassica napus DH production as well as the latest reports related to agronomically important traits in molecular studies employing the double haploid rapeseed lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Starosta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Szwarc
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Janetta Niemann
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szewczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Weigt
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
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Inturrisi F, Bayer PE, Cantila AY, Tirnaz S, Edwards D, Batley J. In silico integration of disease resistance QTL, genes and markers with the Brassica juncea physical map. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:37. [PMID: 37309382 PMCID: PMC10248627 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea (AABB), Indian mustard, is a source of disease resistance genes for a wide range of pathogens. The availability of reference genome sequences for B. juncea has made it possible to characterise the genomic structure and distribution of these disease resistance genes. Potentially functional disease resistance genes can be identified by co-localization with genetically mapped disease resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL). Here we identify and characterise disease resistance gene analogs (RGAs), including nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NLR), receptor-like kinase (RLK) and receptor-like protein (RLP) classes, and investigate their association with disease resistance QTL intervals. The molecular genetic marker sequences for four white rust (Albugo candida) disease resistance QTL, six blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) disease resistance QTL and BjCHI1, a gene cloned from B. juncea for hypocotyl rot disease, were extracted from previously published studies and used to compare with candidate RGAs. Our results highlight the complications for the identification of functional resistance genes, including the duplicated appearance of genetic markers for several resistance loci, including Ac2(t), AcB1-A4.1, AcB1-A5.1, Rlm6 and PhR2 in both the A and B genomes, due to the presence of homoeologous regions. Furthermore, the white rust loci, Ac2(t) and AcB1-A4.1, mapped to the same position on chromosome A04 and may be different alleles of the same gene. Despite these challenges, a total of nine candidate genomic regions hosting 14 RLPs, 28 NLRs and 115 RLKs were identified. This study facilitates the mapping and cloning of functional resistance genes for applications in crop improvement programs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01309-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Inturrisi
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Philipp E. Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Aldrin Y. Cantila
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Soodeh Tirnaz
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
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Mining of Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Brassica Species and Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060821. [PMID: 35741342 PMCID: PMC9220128 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Developing cultivars with resistance genes (R genes) is an effective strategy to support high yield and quality in Brassica crops. The availability of clone R gene and genomic sequences in Brassica species and Arabidopsis thaliana provide the opportunity to compare genomic regions and survey R genes across genomic databases. In this paper, we aim to identify genes related to cloned genes through sequence identity, providing a repertoire of species-wide related R genes in Brassica crops. The comprehensive list of candidate R genes can be used as a reference for functional analysis. Abstract Various diseases severely affect Brassica crops, leading to significant global yield losses and a reduction in crop quality. In this study, we used the complete protein sequences of 49 cloned resistance genes (R genes) that confer resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases known to impact species in the Brassicaceae family. Homology searches were carried out across Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. carinata and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes. In total, 660 cloned disease R gene homologs (CDRHs) were identified across the seven species, including 431 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (248 nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats (NLRs), 150 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 33 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) and 229 non-RGAs. Based on the position and distribution of specific homologs in each of the species, we observed a total of 87 CDRH clusters composed of 36 NLR, 16 RLK and 3 RLP homogeneous clusters and 32 heterogeneous clusters. The CDRHs detected consistently across the seven species are candidates that can be investigated for broad-spectrum resistance, potentially providing resistance to multiple pathogens. The R genes identified in this study provide a novel resource for the future functional analysis and gene cloning of Brassicaceae R genes towards crop improvement.
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Roslinsky V, Falk KC, Gaebelein R, Mason AS, Eynck C. Development of B. carinata with super-high erucic acid content through interspecific hybridization. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3167-3181. [PMID: 34269830 PMCID: PMC8440251 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Disomic alien chromosome addition Brassica carinata lines with super-high erucic acid content were developed through interspecific hybridization with B. juncea and characterized using molecular, cytological and biochemical techniques. Brassica carinata [A.] Braun (BBCC, 2n = 34) is a climate-resilient oilseed. Its seed oil is high in erucic acid (> 40%), rendering it well suited for the production of biofuel and other bio-based applications. To enhance the competitiveness of B. carinata with high erucic B. napus (HEAR), lines with super-high erucic acid content were developed through interspecific hybridization. To this end, a fad2B null allele from Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n = 36) was introgressed into B. carinata, resulting in a B. carinata fad2B mutant with erucic acid levels of over 50%. Subsequently, the FAE allele from B. rapa spp. yellow sarson (AA, 2n = 20) was transferred to the fad2B B. carinata line, yielding lines with erucic acid contents of up to 57.9%. Molecular analysis using the Brassica 90 K Illumina Infinium™ SNP genotyping array identified these lines as disomic alien chromosome addition lines, with two extra A08 chromosomes containing the BrFAE gene. The alien chromosomes from B. rapa were clearly distinguished by molecular cytogenetics in one of the addition lines. Analysis of microspore-derived offspring and hybrids from crosses with a CMS B. carinata line showed that the transfer rate of the A08 chromosome into male gametes was over 98%, resulting in almost completely stable transmission of an A08 chromosome copy into the progeny. The increase in erucic acid levels was accompanied by changes in the proportions of other fatty acids depending on the genetic changes that were introduced in the interspecific hybrids, providing valuable insights into erucic acid metabolism in Brassica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Roslinsky
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kevin C Falk
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Roman Gaebelein
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Plant Breeding, INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Eynck
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Hu D, Jing J, Snowdon RJ, Mason AS, Shen J, Meng J, Zou J. Exploring the gene pool of Brassica napus by genomics-based approaches. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1693-1712. [PMID: 34031989 PMCID: PMC8428838 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
De novo allopolyploidization in Brassica provides a very successful model for reconstructing polyploid genomes using progenitor species and relatives to broaden crop gene pools and understand genome evolution after polyploidy, interspecific hybridization and exotic introgression. B. napus (AACC), the major cultivated rapeseed species and the third largest oilseed crop in the world, is a young Brassica species with a limited genetic base resulting from its short history of domestication, cultivation, and intensive selection during breeding for target economic traits. However, the gene pool of B. napus has been significantly enriched in recent decades that has been benefit from worldwide effects by the successful introduction of abundant subgenomic variation and novel genomic variation via intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric crosses. An important question in this respect is how to utilize such variation to breed crops adapted to the changing global climate. Here, we review the genetic diversity, genome structure, and population-level differentiation of the B. napus gene pool in relation to known exotic introgressions from various species of the Brassicaceae, especially those elucidated by recent genome-sequencing projects. We also summarize progress in gene cloning, trait-marker associations, gene editing, molecular marker-assisted selection and genome-wide prediction, and describe the challenges and opportunities of these techniques as molecular platforms to exploit novel genomic variation and their value in the rapeseed gene pool. Future progress will accelerate the creation and manipulation of genetic diversity with genomic-based improvement, as well as provide novel insights into the neo-domestication of polyploid crops with novel genetic diversity from reconstructed genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinjie Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Rod J. Snowdon
- Department of Plant BreedingIFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Annaliese S. Mason
- Department of Plant BreedingIFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
- Plant Breeding DepartmentINRESThe University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinling Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jun Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Song X, Wei Y, Xiao D, Gong K, Sun P, Ren Y, Yuan J, Wu T, Yang Q, Li X, Nie F, Li N, Feng S, Pei Q, Yu T, Zhang C, Liu T, Wang X, Yang J. Brassica carinata genome characterization clarifies U's triangle model of evolution and polyploidy in Brassica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:388-406. [PMID: 33599732 PMCID: PMC8154070 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in the Brassicaceae family possesses many excellent agronomic traits. Here, the high-quality genome sequence of B. carinata is reported. Characterization revealed a genome anchored to 17 chromosomes with a total length of 1.087 Gb and an N50 scaffold length of 60 Mb. Repetitive sequences account for approximately 634 Mb or 58.34% of the B. carinata genome. Notably, 51.91% of 97,149 genes are confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes as a result of the expansion of repeats in pericentromeric regions. Brassica carinata shares one whole-genome triplication event with the five other species in U's triangle, a classic model of evolution and polyploidy in Brassica. Brassica carinata was deduced to have formed ∼0.047 Mya, which is slightly earlier than B. napus but later than B. juncea. Our analysis indicated that the relationship between the two subgenomes (BcaB and BcaC) is greater than that between other two tetraploid subgenomes (BjuB and BnaC) and their respective diploid parents. RNA-seq datasets and comparative genomic analysis were used to identify several key genes in pathways regulating disease resistance and glucosinolate metabolism. Further analyses revealed that genome triplication and tandem duplication played important roles in the expansion of those genes in Brassica species. With the genome sequencing of B. carinata completed, the genomes of all six Brassica species in U's triangle are now resolved. The data obtained from genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and comparative genomic efforts in this study provide valuable insights into the genome evolution of the six Brassica species in U's triangle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68526, USA
- School of Life Science and Technology and Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Pengchuan Sun
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Yiming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqing Yuan
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Qihang Yang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Fulei Nie
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Nan Li
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Shuyan Feng
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Qiaoying Pei
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Author for communication:
| | - Tongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiyin Wang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-computing/School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Singh KP, Kumari P, Rai PK. Current Status of the Disease-Resistant Gene(s)/QTLs, and Strategies for Improvement in Brassica juncea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617405. [PMID: 33747001 PMCID: PMC7965955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea is a major oilseed crop in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in south-east Asia like India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The widespread cultivation of genetically similar varieties tends to attract fungal pathogens which cause heavy yield losses in the absence of resistant sources. The conventional disease management techniques are often expensive, have limited efficacy, and cause additional harm to the environment. A substantial approach is to identify and use of resistance sources within the Brassica hosts and other non-hosts to ensure sustainable oilseed crop production. In the present review, we discuss six major fungal pathogens of B. juncea: Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae), White rust (Albugo candida), Downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica), Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum), and Blackleg (Leptoshaeria maculans). From discussing studies on pathogen prevalence in B. juncea, the review then focuses on highlighting the resistance sources and quantitative trait loci/gene identified so far from Brassicaceae and non-filial sources against these fungal pathogens. The problems in the identification of resistance sources for B. juncea concerning genome complexity in host subpopulation and pathotypes were addressed. Emphasis has been laid on more elaborate and coordinated research to identify and deploy R genes, robust techniques, and research materials. Examples of fully characterized genes conferring resistance have been discussed that can be transformed into B. juncea using advanced genomics tools. Lastly, effective strategies for B. juncea improvement through introgression of novel R genes, development of pre-breeding resistant lines, characterization of pathotypes, and defense-related secondary metabolites have been provided suggesting the plan for the development of resistant B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Pratap Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
- *Correspondence: Kaushal Pratap Singh,
| | - Preetesh Kumari
- Genetics Division, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Cantila AY, Saad NSM, Amas JC, Edwards D, Batley J. Recent Findings Unravel Genes and Genetic Factors Underlying Leptosphaeria maculans Resistance in Brassica napus and Its Relatives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E313. [PMID: 33396785 PMCID: PMC7795555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Brassica oilseeds, canola (Brassica napus) is the most economically significant globally. However, its production can be limited by blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Lepstosphaeria maculans. The deployment of resistance genes has been implemented as one of the key strategies to manage the disease. Genetic resistance against blackleg comes in two forms: qualitative resistance, controlled by a single, major resistance gene (R gene), and quantitative resistance (QR), controlled by numerous, small effect loci. R-gene-mediated blackleg resistance has been extensively studied, wherein several genomic regions harbouring R genes against L. maculans have been identified and three of these genes were cloned. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanism of R gene and pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene interaction. Notably, these studies revealed a more complex interaction than originally thought. Advances in genomics help unravel these complexities, providing insights into the genes and genetic factors towards improving blackleg resistance. Here, we aim to discuss the existing R-gene-mediated resistance, make a summary of candidate R genes against the disease, and emphasise the role of players involved in the pathogenicity and resistance. The comprehensive result will allow breeders to improve resistance to L. maculans, thereby increasing yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (A.Y.C.); (N.S.M.S.); (J.C.A.); (D.E.)
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Yu HL, Li ZY, Ren WJ, Han FQ, Yang LM, Zhuang M, Lv HH, Liu YM, Fang ZY, Zhang YY. Creation of fertility-restored materials for Ogura CMS in Brassica oleracea by introducing Rfo gene from Brassica napus via an allotriploid strategy. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2825-2837. [PMID: 32613264 PMCID: PMC7497352 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ogura CMS fertility-restored materials, with 18 chromosomes, normal seed setting, stable fertility and closer genetic background to the parent Chinese kale, were successfully developed in B. oleracea via a triploid strategy for the first time. Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the most widely used sterile type in seed production for commercial hybrids of Brassica oleracea vegetables. However, the natural Ogura CMS restorer line has not been found in B. oleracea crops. In this study, the triploid strategy was used with the aim to create euploid B. oleracea progenies with the Rfo gene. The allotriploid AAC hybrid YL2 was used as a male parent to backcross with Ogura CMS Chinese kale. After successive backcrosses, the BC2 Rfo-positive individual 16CMSF2-11 and its BC3 progenies, with 18 chromosomes, were developed, which were morphologically identical to the parent Chinese kale. Compared with F1 and BC1 plants, it showed stable fertility performance, and regular meiosis behavior and could produce seeds normally under natural pollination. The genomic composition analysis of Rfo-positive progenies by using molecular markers showed that more than 87% of the C-genome components of BC3 Rfo-progenies recovered to the parent Chinese kale, while most or all of the An-genome segments were lost in 16CMSF2-11 and its progenies. The results suggested that the genetic background of Rfo-positive individuals was closer to that of the parent Chinese kale along with backcrossing. Hereof, the Ogura CMS fertility-restored materials of Chinese kale were successfully created via triploid strategy for the first time, providing a bridge for utilizing the Ogura CMS B. oleracea germplasm in the future. Moreover, our study indicates that the triploid strategy is effective for transferring genes from B. napus into B. oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Ren
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Qing Han
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Fang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 ZhongGuanCun South St., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Raman H, McVittie B, Pirathiban R, Raman R, Zhang Y, Barbulescu DM, Qiu Y, Liu S, Cullis B. Genome-Wide Association Mapping Identifies Novel Loci for Quantitative Resistance to Blackleg Disease in Canola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1184. [PMID: 32849733 PMCID: PMC7432127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, continues to be a major concern for sustainable production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in many parts of the world. The deployment of effective quantitative resistance (QR) is recognized as a durable strategy in providing natural defense to pathogens. Herein, we uncover loci for resistance to blackleg in a genetically diverse panel of canola accessions by exploiting historic recombination events which occurred during domestication and selective breeding by genome-wide association analysis (GWAS). We found extensive variation in resistance to blackleg at the adult plant stage, including for upper canopy infection. Using the linkage disequilibrium and genetic relationship estimates from 12,414 high quality SNPs, GWAS identified 59 statistically significant and "suggestive" SNPs on 17 chromosomes of B. napus genome that underlie variation in resistance to blackleg, evaluated under field and shade-house conditions. Each of the SNP association accounted for up to 25.1% of additive genetic variance in resistance among diverse panel of accessions. To understand the homology of QR genomic regions with Arabidopsis thaliana genome, we searched the synteny between QR regions with 22 ancestral blocks of Brassicaceae. Comparative analyses revealed that 25 SNP associations for QR were localized in nine ancestral blocks, as a result of genomic rearrangements. We further showed that phenological traits such as flowering time, plant height, and maturity confound the genetic variation in resistance. Altogether, these findings provided new insights on the complex genetic control of the blackleg resistance and further expanded our understanding of its genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett McVittie
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ramethaa Pirathiban
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Biometrics, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosy Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Denise M. Barbulescu
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria, Horsham, VIC, Australia
| | - Yu Qiu
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Brian Cullis
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Biometrics, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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12
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Fredua-Agyeman R, Yu Z, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Genome-Wide Mapping of Loci Associated With Resistance to Clubroot in Brassica napus ssp. napobrassica (Rutabaga) Accessions From Nordic Countries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:742. [PMID: 32595668 PMCID: PMC7303339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rutabaga [Brassica napus ssp. napobrassica (L.) Hanelt] is reported to be an excellent source of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) resistance genes. In this study, 124 rutabaga accessions from the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland) were evaluated for their reaction to five single-spore isolates representing P. brassicae pathotypes 2F, 3H, 5I, 6M, and 8N and 12 field isolates representing pathotypes 2B, 3A, 3O, 5C, 5G, 5K, 5L, 5X (two isolates, L-G2 and L-G3), 8E, 8J, and 8P. The accessions were also genotyped using a 15K Brassica SNP array and 60 PCR-based primers linked to previously identified clubroot resistance genes. Six thousand eight hundred sixty-one SNP markers were retained after filtering with TASSEL 5.0, and used to evaluate four general linear models (GLM) and four mixed linear models (MLM). The PCA + K and Q + K MLM models gave the minimal deviance of the observed from the expected distribution in quantile-quantile plots, and hence were used for SNP-clubroot association analyses. In addition, 108 alleles derived from the PCR-based markers and the phenotypic data were analyzed with the PCA + K model. Forty-five SNPs and four PCR-based markers were identified to be associated strongly with resistance to isolates representing 13 pathotypes (2F, 3H, 5I, 6M, 8N, 2B, 3A, 3O, 5C, 5G, 5K, 5L, and 8P). These markers revealed the top and bottom segments of rutabaga chromosome A03 and the middle segment of chromosome A08 as genomic hotspots associated with resistance to the different P. brassicae pathotypes.
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13
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Multicolored Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization to Assess Pairing Configurations at Metaphase I in Brassica Hybrids. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31583659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9818-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Genetic diversity can be introduced into polyploid crop species through meiotic recombination by exchanges between homologous or homoeologous chromosomes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) enables the characterization of these homologous and homoeologous chromosome pairs during meiosis and identification of structural rearrangements during mitosis in metaphase I. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for the multicolored fluorescent labeling of chromosome spreads. This protocol allows the characterization of each A and C homoeologous subgenomes in a polyploid species using a genome-specific BAC combined with specific chromosome labeling BAC sequences.
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14
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Friedt W, Tu J, Fu T. Academic and Economic Importance of Brassica napus Rapeseed. COMPENDIUM OF PLANT GENOMES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43694-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Neik TX, Barbetti MJ, Batley J. Current Status and Challenges in Identifying Disease Resistance Genes in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1788. [PMID: 29163558 PMCID: PMC5681527 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is an economically important crop across different continents including temperate and subtropical regions in Europe, Canada, South Asia, China and Australia. Its widespread cultivation also brings setbacks as it plays host to fungal, oomycete and chytrid pathogens that can lead to serious yield loss. For sustainable crop production, identification of resistance (R) genes in B. napus has become of critical importance. In this review, we discuss four key pathogens affecting Brassica crops: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae), Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa), Sclerotinia Stem Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), and Downy Mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica). We first review current studies covering prevalence of these pathogens on Brassica crops and highlight the R genes and QTL that have been identified from Brassica species against these pathogens. Insights into the relationships between the pathogen and its Brassica host, the unique host resistance mechanisms and how these affect resistance outcomes is also presented. We discuss challenges in identification and deployment of R genes in B. napus in relation to highly specific genetic interactions between host subpopulations and pathogen pathotypes and emphasize the need for common or shared techniques and research materials or tighter collaboration between researchers to reconcile the inconsistencies in the research outcomes. Using current genomics tools, we provide examples of how characterization and cloning of R genes in B. napus can be carried out more effectively. Lastly, we put forward strategies to breed resistant cultivars through introgressions supported by genomic approaches and suggest prospects that can be implemented in the future for a better, pathogen-resistant B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Neik
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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16
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Cytogenetic and Molecular Characterization of B-Genome Introgression Lines of Brassica napus L. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:77-86. [PMID: 27821632 PMCID: PMC5217125 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.036442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brassica napus introgression lines (ILs), having B-genome segments from B. carinata, were assessed genetically for extent of introgression and phenotypically for siliqua shatter resistance. Introgression lines had 7-9% higher DNA content, were meiotically stable, and had almost normal pollen fertility/seed set. Segment introgressions were confirmed by fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (fl-GISH), SSR analyses, and SNP studies. Genotyping with 48 B-genome specific SSRs detected substitutions from B3, B4, B6, and B7 chromosomes on 39 of the 69 ILs whereas SNP genotyping detected a total of 23 B-segments (≥3 Mb) from B4, B6, and B7 introgressed into 10 of the 19 (C1, C2, C3, C5, C6, C8, C9, A3, A9, A10) chromosomes in 17 ILs. The size of substitutions varied from 3.0 Mb on chromosome A9 (IL59) to 42.44 Mb on chromosome C2 (IL54), ranging from 7 to 83% of the recipient chromosome. Average siliqua strength in ILs was observed to be higher than that of B. napus parents (2.2-6.0 vs. 1.9-4.0 mJ) while siliqua strength in some of the lines was almost equal to that of the donor parent B. carinata (6.0 vs.7.2 mJ). These ILs, with large chunks of substituted B-genome, can prove to be a useful prebreeding resource for germplasm enhancement in B. napus, especially for siliqua shatter resistance.
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Sharma BB, Kalia P, Singh D, Sharma TR. Introgression of Black Rot Resistance from Brassica carinata to Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea botrytis Group) through Embryo Rescue. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1255. [PMID: 28769959 PMCID: PMC5513967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a very important disease of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis group) resulting into 10-50% yield losses every year. Since there is a dearth of availability of resistance to black rot disease in B. oleracea (C genome), therefore exploration of A and B genomes was inevitable as they have been reported to be potential reservoirs of gene(s) for resistance to black rot. To utilize these sources, interspecific hybrid and backcross progeny (B1) were generated between cauliflower "Pusa Sharad" and Ethiopian mustard "NPC-9" employing in vitro embryo rescue technique. Direct ovule culture method was better than siliqua culture under different temperature regime periods. Hybridity testing of F1 inter-specific plants was carried out using co-dominant SSR marker and Brassica B and C genome-specific (DB and DC) primers. Meiosis in the di-genomic (BCC) interspecific hybrid of B. oleracea botrytis group (2n = 18, CC) × B. carinata (2n = 4x = 34, BBCC) was higly disorganized and cytological analysis of pollen mother cells revealed chromosomes 2n = 26 at metaphase-I. Fertile giant pollen grain formation was observed frequently in interspecific F1 hybrid and BC1 plants. The F1 inter-specific plants were found to be resistant to Xcc race 1. Segregation distortion was observed in BC1 generation for black rot resistance and different morphological traits. The At1g70610 marker analysis confirmed successful introgression of black rot resistance in interspecific BC1 population. This effort will go a long way in pyramiding gene(s) for resistance against black rot in Cole crops, especially cauliflower and cabbage for developing durable resistance, thus minimize dependency on bactericides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij B. Sharma
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Pritam Kalia
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Pritam Kalia
| | - Dinesh Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
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18
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Chatterjee D, Banga S, Gupta M, Bharti S, Salisbury PA, Banga SS. Resynthesis of Brassica napus through hybridization between B. juncea and B. carinata. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:977-990. [PMID: 26849238 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
First report for the resynthesis of Brassica napus by recombining A and C genome from B. juncea and B. carinata , respectively. Also documents B genome introgressions in resynthesized B. napus. Resynthesis of Brassica napus (AACC) was achieved by hybridizing Brassica juncea (AABB) with Brassica carinata (BBCC). This was facilitated by spontaneous chromosome doubling in the F1 hybrid (ABBC) to yield octaploid (AABBBBCC), elimination of extra B genome chromosomes in the resulting octaploid and in subsequent selfed generations, aided with directed selection for fertile plants having B. napus morphology. Twenty-five plants with varying degrees of resemblance to natural B. napus were identified from 17 A5 progenies and assayed for cytogenetic stability and genetic diversity. Majority of these plants, except six (2n = 38) were hyperploids (2n = 40-56). The six plants with 2n = 38 were designated as derived B. napus types. These showed an expected meiotic configuration of 19II at metaphase-I, with 19-19 distribution at anaphase-I. Genotyping based on A and C genome specific primers confirmed genetic identity of six derived (2n = 38) B. napus plants with natural types whereas genotyping with B genome specific primers indicated introgression of B genome segments. This was also confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Strong signals of B genome probe were detected, proving hitherto unreported genetic exchanges between B and A/C chromosomes. These introgressions possibly occurred en route five generations of selfing. Derived plants yielded fertile hybrids in crosses with natural B. napus var. GSC 6. The selfed derived plants as evaluated in A6 plant to progeny rows were morphologically similar to natural B. napus, and meiotically stable. Agronomic assessment of these progenies revealed variation for key morpho-physiological traits. Of special interest were the progenies with plants having oil content exceeding 47% as against about 39-41% in existing cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamalya Chatterjee
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Shashi Banga
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Mehak Gupta
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Sakshi Bharti
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | | | - Surinder Singh Banga
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
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19
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Chu P, Liu H, Yang Q, Wang Y, Yan G, Guan R. An RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of floral buds of an interspecific Brassica hybrid between B. carinata and B. napus. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2014; 27:225-237. [PMID: 25398253 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-014-0253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific hybridizations promote gene transfer between species and play an important role in plant speciation and crop improvement. However, hybrid sterility that commonly found in the first generation of hybrids hinders the utilization of interspecific hybridization. The combination of divergent parental genomes can create extensive transcriptome variations, and to determine these gene expression alterations and their effects on hybrids, an interspecific Brassica hybrid of B. carinata × B. napus was generated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that some of the hybrid pollen grains were irregular in shape and exhibited abnormal exine patterns compared with those from the parents. Using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, 39,598, 32,403 and 42,208 genes were identified in flower buds of B. carinata cv. W29, B. napus cv. Zhongshuang 11 and their hybrids, respectively. The differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in pollen wall assembly, pollen exine formation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, pollination, gene transcription, macromolecule methylation and translation, which might be associated with impaired fertility in the F1 hybrid. These results will shed light on the mechanisms underlying the low fertility of the interspecific hybrids and expand our knowledge of interspecific hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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