1
|
Park JR, Jang YH, Kim EG, Hur SS, Kim KM. Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Identified Candidate Genes Involved in Plant Height Regulation in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16895. [PMID: 38069217 PMCID: PMC10706376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice plant height is an agricultural trait closely related to biomass, lodging tolerance, and yield. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions related to plant height regulation and developing strategies to screen potential candidate genes can improve agricultural traits in rice. In this study, a double haploid population (CNDH), derived by crossing 'Cheongcheong' and 'Nagdong' individuals, was used, and a genetic map was constructed with 222 single-sequence repeat markers. In the RM3482-RM212 region on chromosome 1, qPh1, qPh1-1, qPh1-3, qPh1-5, and qPh1-6 were identified for five consecutive years. The phenotypic variance explained ranged from 9.3% to 13.1%, and the LOD score ranged between 3.6 and 17.6. OsPHq1, a candidate gene related to plant height regulation, was screened in RM3482-RM212. OsPHq1 is an ortholog of gibberellin 20 oxidase 2, and its haplotype was distinguished by nine SNPs. Plants were divided into two groups based on their height, and tall and short plants were distinguished and clustered according to the expression level of OsPHq1. QTLs and candidate genes related to plant height regulation, and thus, biomass regulation, were screened and identified in this study, but the molecular mechanism of the regulation remains poorly known. The information obtained in this study will help develop molecular markers for marker-assisted selection and breeding through rice plant height control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ryoung Park
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yoon-Hee Jang
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Gyeong Kim
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Sun Hur
- Division of Health and Welfare, Department of BioFood Science, Joongbu University, Geunmsan 32713, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Co-Localization of Resistance and Metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci on Carrot Genome Reveals Fungitoxic Terpenes and Related Candidate Genes Associated with the Resistance to Alternaria dauci. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010071. [PMID: 36676996 PMCID: PMC9863879 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria leaf blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria dauci, is the most damaging foliar disease of carrot. Some carrot genotypes exhibit partial resistance to this pathogen and resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (rQTL) have been identified. Co-localization of metabolic QTL and rQTL identified camphene, α-pinene, α-bisabolene, β-cubebene, caryophyllene, germacrene D and α-humulene as terpenes potentially involved in carrot resistance against ALB. By combining genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified, under the co-localization regions, terpene-related genes which are differentially expressed between a resistant and a susceptible carrot genotype. These genes include five terpene synthases and twenty transcription factors. In addition, significant mycelial growth inhibition was observed in the presence of α-humulene and caryophyllene.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tello J, Roux C, Chouiki H, Laucou V, Sarah G, Weber A, Santoni S, Flutre T, Pons T, This P, Péros JP, Doligez A. A novel high-density grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) integrated linkage map using GBS in a half-diallel population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2237-2252. [PMID: 31049634 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A half-diallel population involving five elite grapevine cultivars was generated and genotyped by GBS, and highly-informative segregation data was used to construct a high-density genetic map for Vitis vinifera L. Grapevine is one of the most relevant fruit crops in the world. Deeper genetic knowledge could assist modern grapevine breeding programs to develop new wine grape varieties able to face climate change effects. To assist in the rapid identification of markers for crop yield components, grape quality traits and adaptation potential, we generated a large Vitis vinifera L. population (N = 624) by crossing five red wine cultivars in a half-diallel scheme, which was subsequently sequenced by an efficient GBS procedure. A high number of fully informative genetic variants was detected using a novel mapping approach capable of reconstructing local haplotypes from adjacent biallelic SNPs, which were subsequently used to construct the densest consensus genetic map available for the cultivated grapevine to date. This 1378.3-cM map integrates 10 bi-parental consensus maps and orders 4437 markers in 3353 unique positions on 19 chromosomes. Markers are well distributed all along the grapevine reference genome, covering up to 98.8% of its genomic sequence. Additionally, a good agreement was observed between genetic and physical orders, adding confidence in the quality of this map. Collectively, our results pave the way for future genetic studies (such as fine QTL mapping) aimed to understand the complex relationship between genotypic and phenotypic variation in the cultivated grapevine. In addition, the method used (which efficiently delivers a high number of fully informative markers) could be of interest to other outbred organisms, notably perennial fruit crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Tello
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Roux
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hajar Chouiki
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laucou
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gautier Sarah
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Weber
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Santoni
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée Flutre
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Pons
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice This
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Péros
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Doligez
- UMR AGAP, University of Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
- UMT Geno-Vigne®, IFV-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Que F, Hou XL, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Tan GF, Li T, Wang YH, Khadr A, Xiong AS. Advances in research on the carrot, an important root vegetable in the Apiaceae family. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31231527 PMCID: PMC6544626 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carrots (Daucus carota L.), among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family, are cultivated worldwide. The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Carrot extracts, which serve as sources of antioxidants, have important functions in preventing many diseases. The biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties of carotenoids in carrots have been widely studied. Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of carrots has also been widely performed. Recently, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, many efficient tools have been adopted in carrot research. A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve carrot breeding. A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for carrot research. In this review, we will briefly summarize the origins, genetic breeding, resistance breeding, genome editing, omics research, hormone regulation, and nutritional composition of carrots. Perspectives about future research work on carrots are also briefly provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, 223003 Huaian, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Khadr
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koutouan C, Clerc VL, Baltenweck R, Claudel P, Halter D, Hugueney P, Hamama L, Suel A, Huet S, Merlet MHB, Briard M. Link between carrot leaf secondary metabolites and resistance to Alternaria dauci. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13746. [PMID: 30213972 PMCID: PMC6137067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria Leaf Blight (ALB), caused by the fungus Alternaria dauci, is the most damaging foliar disease affecting carrots (Daucus carota). In order to identify compounds potentially linked to the resistance to A. dauci, we have used a combination of targeted and non-targeted metabolomics to compare the leaf metabolome of four carrot genotypes with different resistance levels. Targeted analyses were focused on terpene volatiles, while total leaf methanolic extracts were subjected to non-targeted analyses using liquid chromatography couple to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Differences in the accumulation of major metabolites were highlighted among genotypes and some of these metabolites were identified as potentially involved in resistance or susceptibility. A bulk segregant analysis on F3 progenies obtained from a cross between one of the resistant genotypes and a susceptible one, confirmed or refuted the hypothesis that the metabolites differentially accumulated by these two parents could be linked to resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Koutouan
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Valérie Le Clerc
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
| | | | | | - David Halter
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, INRA, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anita Suel
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sébastien Huet
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Mathilde Briard
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Courtial J, Hamama L, Helesbeux JJ, Lecomte M, Renaux Y, Guichard E, Voisine L, Yovanopoulos C, Hamon B, Ogé L, Richomme P, Briard M, Boureau T, Gagné S, Poupard P, Berruyer R. Aldaulactone - An Original Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolite Involved in the Aggressiveness of Alternaria dauci on Carrot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29774035 PMCID: PMC5943595 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative plant resistance mechanisms and pathogen virulence have been extensively studied since the formulation of the gene-for-gene hypothesis. The mechanisms involved in the quantitative traits of aggressiveness and plant partial resistance are less well-known. Nevertheless, they are prevalent in most plant-necrotrophic pathogen interactions, including the Daucus carota-Alternaria dauci interaction. Phytotoxic metabolite production by the pathogen plays a key role in aggressiveness in these interactions. The aim of the present study was to explore the link between A. dauci aggressiveness and toxin production. We challenged carrot embryogenic cell cultures from a susceptible genotype (H1) and two partially resistant genotypes (I2 and K3) with exudates from A. dauci strains with various aggressiveness levels. Interestingly, A. dauci-resistant carrot genotypes were only affected by exudates from the most aggressive strain in our study (ITA002). Our results highlight a positive link between A. dauci aggressiveness and the fungal exudate cell toxicity. We hypothesize that the fungal exudate toxicity was linked with the amount of toxic compounds produced by the fungus. Interestingly, organic exudate production by the fungus was correlated with aggressiveness. Hence, we further analyzed the fungal organic extract using HPLC, and correlations between the observed peak intensities and fungal aggressiveness were measured. One observed peak was closely correlated with fungal aggressiveness. We succeeded in purifying this peak and NMR analysis revealed that the purified compound was a novel 10-membered benzenediol lactone, a polyketid that we named 'aldaulactone'. We used a new automated image analysis method and found that aldaulactone was toxic to in vitro cultured plant cells at those concentrations. The effects of both aldaulactone and fungal organic extracts were weaker on I2-resistant carrot cells compared to H1 carrot cells. Taken together, our results suggest that: (i) aldaulactone is a new phytotoxin, (ii) there is a relationship between the amount of aldaulactone produced and fungal aggressiveness, and (iii) carrot resistance to A. dauci involves mechanisms of resistance to aldaulactone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Courtial
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Helesbeux
- Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR4207 QUASAV, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mickaël Lecomte
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Yann Renaux
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Esteban Guichard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Linda Voisine
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Claire Yovanopoulos
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Bruno Hamon
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Laurent Ogé
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR4207 QUASAV, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mathilde Briard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- PHENOTIC Platform, IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Séverine Gagné
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Pascal Poupard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Romain Berruyer
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teh SL, Fresnedo-Ramírez J, Clark MD, Gadoury DM, Sun Q, Cadle-Davidson L, Luby JJ. Genetic dissection of powdery mildew resistance in interspecific half-sib grapevine families using SNP-based maps. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2017; 37:1. [PMID: 28127252 PMCID: PMC5226326 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-016-0586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification in perennial fruit crops is impeded largely by their lengthy generation time, resulting in costly and labor-intensive maintenance of breeding programs. In a grapevine (genus Vitis) breeding program, although experimental families are typically unreplicated, the genetic backgrounds may contain similar progenitors previously selected due to their contribution of favorable alleles. In this study, we investigated the utility of joint QTL identification provided by analyzing half-sib families. The genetic control of powdery mildew was studied using two half-sib F1 families, namely GE0711/1009 (MN1264 × MN1214; N = 147) and GE1025 (MN1264 × MN1246; N = 125) with multiple species in their ancestry. Maternal genetic maps consisting of 1077 and 1641 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, respectively, were constructed using a pseudo-testcross strategy. Ratings of field resistance to powdery mildew were obtained based on whole-plant evaluation of disease severity. This 2-year analysis uncovered two QTLs that were validated on a consensus map in these half-sib families with improved precision relative to the parental maps. Examination of haplotype combinations based on the two QTL regions identified strong association of haplotypes inherited from 'Seyval blanc', through MN1264, with powdery mildew resistance. This investigation also encompassed the use of microsatellite markers to establish a correlation between 206-bp (UDV-015b) and 357-bp (VViv67) fragment sizes with resistance-carrying haplotypes. Our work is one of the first reports in grapevine demonstrating the use of SNP-based maps and haplotypes for QTL identification and tagging of powdery mildew resistance in half-sib families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Li Teh
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | | | - Matthew D. Clark
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - David M. Gadoury
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| | - Qi Sun
- BRC Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | | | - James J. Luby
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| |
Collapse
|