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Abraham AB, Panneerselvam M, Ebenezer C, Costa LT, Vijay Solomon R. A theoretical study on radical scavenging activity of phenolic derivatives naturally found within Alternaria alternata extract. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2059-2074. [PMID: 38363153 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing oxidative stress demands potential chemical compounds derived from natural resources with good antioxidant activity to overcome adverse health issues. In this context, we investigated the antioxidant properties of four dibenzopyrone phenolic compounds obtained from the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata: altenusin, altenusin B, alterlactone, and dehydroaltenusin using DFT calculations. Our investigation focused on understanding the structure-antioxidant property relationship. It delved into probing the activity by modelling the antioxidant mechanisms. The computed transition states and thermochemical parameters, along with the structural attributes, indicate that altenusin B has good antioxidant efficacy among the four compounds, and it follows the HAT mechanism in an aqueous phase. Remarkably, our findings indicate that altenusin B exhibits potent HOO˙ radical scavenging properties, characterized by the computed high rate constant. The molecular docking studies of these compounds with the pro-oxidant enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) gave insights into the binding modes of the compounds in the protein environment. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to study the interaction and stability of the compounds inside the XO enzyme. Our exploration sheds light on the radical scavenging potential of the -OH sites and the underlying antioxidant mechanisms that underpin the compounds' effective antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Binu Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, St Stephen's College, Affiliated to the University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - Murugesan Panneerselvam
- MolMod-CS - Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campos Valonginho s/n, Centro, Niterói 24020-14, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cheriyan Ebenezer
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai - 600 059, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Luciano T Costa
- MolMod-CS - Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campos Valonginho s/n, Centro, Niterói 24020-14, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai - 600 059, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Fu P, Zhang Y, Wang C, Si S, Liu X, Che Y. Altersteroids A-D, 9,11-Secosteroid-Derived γ-Lactones from an Alternaria sp. J Nat Prod 2023; 86:604-611. [PMID: 36693727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Altersteroids A-D (1-4), four new 9,11-secosteroid-derived γ-lactones, were isolated from cultures of the ascomycete fungus Alternaria sp. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its di-p-nitrobenzenesulfonate 1a using Cu Kα radiation, whereas those for 2-4 were assigned by quantum-chemical calculations. Compounds 1-4 incorporate a γ-lactone moiety fused to the steroid D ring at C-13/C-14. Compound 3 showed moderate cytotoxicity toward four tumor cell lines and induced an apoptotic process in A549 cells. Notably, compound 3 showed equipotent activity against the cisplatin-sensitive MB49 and -resistant MB49 CisR cells, with an IC50 value of 12.7 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peinan Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Si
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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Jaster-Keller J, Müller MEH, El-Khatib AH, Lorenz N, Bahlmann A, Mülow-Stollin U, Bunzel M, Scheibenzuber S, Rychlik M, von der Waydbrink G, Weigel S. Root uptake and metabolization of Alternaria toxins by winter wheat plants using a hydroponic system. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:109-126. [PMID: 36929507 PMCID: PMC10181980 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous in the environment. Their mycotoxins can leach out of contaminated plants or crop debris into the soil entering the plant via the roots. We aim to evaluate the importance of this entry pathway and its contribution to the overall content of Alternaria toxins (ATs) in wheat plants to better understand the soil-plant-phytopathogen system. A hydroponic cultivation system was established and wheat plants were cultivated for up to two weeks under optimal climate conditions. One half of the plants was treated with a nutrient solution spiked with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), whereas the other half of the plants was cultivated without mycotoxins. Plants were harvested after 1 and 2 weeks and analyzed using a QuEChERS-based extraction and an in-house validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of the ATs in roots, crowns, and leaves separately. ATs were taken up by the roots and transported throughout the plant up to the leaves after 1 as well as 2 weeks of cultivation with the roots showing the highest ATs levels followed by the crowns and the leaves. In addition, numerous AOH and AME conjugates like glucosides, malonyl glucosides, sulfates, and di/trihexosides were detected in different plant compartments and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study demonstrating the uptake of ATs in vivo using a hydroponic system and whole wheat plants examining both the distribution of ATs within the plant compartments and the modification of ATs by the wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaster-Keller
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Lorenz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mülow-Stollin
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), South Campus, Adenauerring 20 A, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Grit von der Waydbrink
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Cai L, Liu L. New Dibenzo- α-pyrone Derivatives with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities from the Marine-Derived Fungus Alternaria alternata. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120778. [PMID: 36547925 PMCID: PMC9785194 DOI: 10.3390/md20120778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new dibenzo-α-pyrone derivatives, alternolides A-C (1-3), and seven known congeners (4-10) were isolated from the marine-derived fungus of Alternaria alternata LW37 assisted by the one strain-many compounds (OSMAC) strategy. The structures of 1-3 were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configurations were determined by modified Snatzke's method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 6 and 7 showed good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant scavenging activities with IC50 values of 83.94 ± 4.14 and 23.60 ± 1.23 µM, respectively. Additionally, 2, 3 and 7 exhibited inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 725.85 ± 4.75, 451.25 ± 6.95 and 6.27 ± 0.68 µM, respectively. The enzyme kinetics study indicated 2 and 3 were mixed-type inhibitors of α-glucosidase with Ki values of 347.0 and 108.5 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the interactions of 2, 3 and 7 with α-glucosidase were investigated by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64807043
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Chang CH, Lee YC, Hsiao G, Chang LK, Chi WC, Cheng YC, Huang SJ, Wang TC, Lu YS, Lee TH. Anti-Epstein-Barr Viral Agents from the Medicinal Herb-Derived Fungus Alternaria alstroemeriae Km2286. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:2667-2674. [PMID: 36346918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation on the liquid-state fermented products produced by the fungal strain Alternaria alstroemeriae Km2286 isolated from the littoral medicinal herb Atriplex maximowicziana Makino resulted in the isolation of compounds 1-9. Structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis as four undescribed perylenequinones, altertromins A-D (1-4), along with altertoxin IV (5), altertoxin VIII (6), stemphyperylenol (7), tenuazonic acid (8), and allo-tenuazonic acid (9). Compounds 1-6 exhibited antiviral activities against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with EC50 values ranging from 0.17 ± 0.07 to 3.13 ± 0.31 μM and selectivity indices higher than 10. In an anti-neuroinflammatory assay, compounds 1-4, 6, and 7 showed inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial BV-2 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.33 ± 0.04 to 4.08 ± 0.53 μM without significant cytotoxicity. This is the first report to describe perylenequinone-type compounds with potent anti-EBV and anti-neuroinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiung Chi
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jung Huang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Woo SY, Lee SY, Jeong TK, Park SM, Auh JH, Shin HS, Chun HS. Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Toxins in Agricultural Products and Processed Foods Marketed in South Korea by LC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120824. [PMID: 36548721 PMCID: PMC9786207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria mycotoxins including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), are ubiquitous contaminants in agricultural products. A method for the simultaneous determination of these six toxins by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with solid phase extraction (SPE) was validated in rice, sesame, tomato, and apple juice matrices. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.999), the limit of detection (0.04-1.67 μg/kg), the limit of quantification (0.12-5.06 μg/kg), recovery (80.0-114.7%), and precision (<17.7%). The validated method was applied to monitor 152 marketed food samples in South Korea, as well as to investigate the co-occurrence and correlation between Alternaria toxins. The mean occurrence levels were 2.77 μg/kg for AOH, 4.36 μg/kg for AME, 0.14 μg/kg for ALT, 0.11 μg/kg for ATX-I, 0.43 μg/kg for TEN, and 104.56 μg/kg for TeA. Mean and extreme (95th percentile) daily dietary exposures of South Koreans to Alternaria toxins were estimated to be 22.93 ng/kg b.w./day and 86.07 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Woo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoo Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyun Jeong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Mi Park
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hyuck Auh
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Wang X, Han Y, Geng J, Zhu A, Wei X, Xiang Q, Zong W. Removal of Alternaria mycotoxins exposed to different food components by cold plasma. Food Chem 2022; 397:133770. [PMID: 35907392 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), the two Alternaria mycotoxins with the highest outbreak rates in food systems, could be effectively reduced by cold plasma. This research evaluated the impact of food components on the plasma removal of AOH and AME. The results showed that 6% whey protein or ovalbumin almost completely inhibited the reduction of AOH or AME. Polyphenols inhibited the removal of AOH and AME by up to 90.8% and 83.4%, respectively. Organic acids and Vc reduced AME removal by up to 43.4% and 31.9%, respectively, but had little effect on AOH removal. Sugars and amino acids could decrease both toxin removal by less than 10%. Proteins exhibited the most inhibitory effect on plasma removal of AOH and AME, followed by polyphenols, while the effect of other components was relatively small. AOH and AME removal by cold plasma was highly related to H2O2 produced during plasma discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wang
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Yike Han
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Junjun Geng
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Amei Zhu
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wei
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Qisen Xiang
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Wei Zong
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China.
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Zhang X, Liu XX, Xing YN, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Wei YY, Zhang B, Jiao RH. Alternatones A and B, two polyketides possessing novel skeletons from entophyte Alternaria alternate L-10. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:353-360. [PMID: 34142621 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1935893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On our ongoing searching for bioactive natural products derived from entophytes, two polyketides possessing novel skeletons, alternatones A-B (1-2), were identified from the culture of Alternaria alternate L-10. Their structures were established by a combination of spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction with Cu Ka radiation. Alternatone A (1) exhibited cytotoxic activity against human hepatoma carcinoma HepG-2 cell line. The putative biosynthetic pathways for compounds 1-2 were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xian-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin-Nan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui-Hua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Tan XM, Li Q, Wang YD, Wang TL, Yang J, Sun BD, Guo LP, Ding G. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis of the guaiane sesquiterpenoids oxytropiols A-J and detection of undescribed analogues from the locoweed endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis (Pleosporaceae). Phytochem Anal 2022; 33:344-354. [PMID: 34755399 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In addition to the mycotoxin swainsonine, the locoweed endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis (Pleosporaceae) also produces a series of rarely reported, highly oxygenated bicyclic guaiane sesquiterpenoids. Few investigations on the electrospray tandem mass fragmentation pattern of this sesquiterpenoid have been reported. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze and detect new guaiane sesquiterpenoid analogues from crude extracts of the locoweed endophytic fungus A. oxytropis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oxytropiols A-J (1-10) and the extract of the locoweed endophytic fungus A. oxytropis were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in positive mode. RESULTS Typical neutral losses, McLafferty rearrangement, 1,2-rearrangement, and 1,3-rearrangement were considered to be the main fragmentation patterns for the [M + H]+ /[M + Na]+ ions of 1-10 by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS experiments, and possible fragmentation pathways of 1-10 were suggested. A unique and undescribed analogue named oxytropiol K (11) was found in the extract based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Compound 11 was isolated and elucidated by NMR spectrometry, and its UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis was consistent with the fragmentation pathways of 1-10. CONCLUSION The results further support that UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS is a powerful and sensitive tool for the characterization of known compounds (dereplication) and the detection of new analogues from crude extracts and imply that the locoweed endophytic fungus A. oxytropis, with few chemical investigations, is an important resource for undescribed metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Mei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Duo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tie-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Da Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
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Tölgyesi Á, Farkas T, Bálint M, McDonald TJ, Sharma VK. A Dilute and Shoot Strategy for Determining Alternaria Toxins in Tomato-Based Samples and in Different Flours Using LC-IDMS Separation. Molecules 2021; 26:1017. [PMID: 33671906 PMCID: PMC7918963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins whose regulation and standardization are in progress by the European Commission and the European Committee for Standardization. This paper describes a dilute and shoot approach to determine five Alternaria toxins in selected food samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The strategy involves sample extraction with acidified aqueous methanol, followed by a solvent change accomplished via sample evaporation and reconstitution. The quantification is based on isotope dilution, applying all corresponding isotopically labeled internal standards to compensate possible matrix effects of the analysis. The main advantages of the present method over other existing methods includes simple and effective sample preparation, as well as detection with high sensitivity. The five-fold sample dilution can decrease matrix effects, which were evaluated with both external and internal standard methods. The results demonstrated a limit of quantification lower than 1.0 µg/kg for all five analytes for the first time. The newly presented method showed acceptable accuracy (52.7-111%) when analyzing naturally contaminated and spiked standard samples at the described levels. The method was validated for tomato-based and flour samples (wheat, rye, and maize). The absolute recovery ranged from 66.7% to 91.6% (RSD < 10%). The developed method could be an alternative approach for those laboratories that exclude sample cleanup and pre-concentration of state-of-the-art instruments with enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Tölgyesi
- Bálint Analitika Ltd., Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (T.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Tamás Farkas
- Bálint Analitika Ltd., Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (T.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Mária Bálint
- Bálint Analitika Ltd., Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (T.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Thomas J. McDonald
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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11
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Tan X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu L, Yu M, Ding G. Systematical NMR analysis of swainsonine, a mycotoxin from endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. Magn Reson Chem 2021; 59:16-22. [PMID: 32910519 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine (SW, 1), a unique indolizine with poly-hydroxyl groups, was re-isolated from the plant endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. The structure (including planar structure and relative configuration) was systematically elucidated by NMR spectra (including 1 H, 13 C, 1 H-1 H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra in DMSO-d6 and in CD3 OD); 1 H NMR spectra of the modified Mosher's products were first used to determine the absolute configuration of SW. More importantly, the complex coupled features of H-7α, H-7β, and H-6α in the 1 H NMR spectrum of (1) were analyzed in details, which will provide aids for the planar and relative configuration determination of analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanduo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenliang Liu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liliang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Zhao S, Tian K, Li Y, Ji W, Liu F, Khan B, Yan W, Ye Y. Enantiomeric Dibenzo-α-Pyrone Derivatives from Alternaria alternata ZHJG5 and Their Potential as Agrochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:15115-15122. [PMID: 33289556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three pairs of enantiomeric dibenzo-α-pyrone derivatives (1-3) including two pairs of new racemates (±)-alternaone A (1) and (±)-alternaone B (2) and one new enantiomer (-)-alternatiol (3), together with five known compounds (4-8) were isolated from the fungus Alternaria alternata ZHJG5. Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All enantiomers were separated via chiral high-performance liquid chromatography, with their configurations determined by electronic circular dichroism calculation. Biogenetically, a key epoxy-rearrangement step was proposed for the formation of skeletons in 1-3; (+) 1, (-)-1, and 5 presented moderate antibacterial inhibition on phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. In the antifungal test, compounds 7 and 8 showed a moderate protective effect against Botrytis cinerea in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Kailin Tian
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Ji
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Babar Khan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yonghao Ye
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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13
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Aichinger G, Živná N, Varga E, Crudo F, Warth B, Marko D. Microfiltration results in the loss of analytes and affects the in vitro genotoxicity of a complex mixture of Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:399-408. [PMID: 32794137 PMCID: PMC7536153 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria molds produce a variety of chemically diverse secondary metabolites with potentially adverse effects on human health. However, data on occurrence in food and human exposure is inconsistent for some of these mycotoxins. Membrane filtration is a frequent step in many sample preparation procedures for LC-MS-based methods analyzing food contaminants. Yet, little is known about the possibility of adsorptive phenomena that might result in analyte losses. Thus, we treated a complex extract of Alternaria toxins with several types of syringe filters and unraveled the impact on its chemical composition by LC-MS/MS. We observed significant, and in some cases complete, losses of compounds due to filtration. Particularly, two key Alternaria toxins, alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME), were heavily affected. As a comparison with published food surveys indicating a correlation of the type of filtration used with lower incidence reports in food, our results point at a possible underestimation of AME in past exposure assessment. Also, perylene quinones were greatly affected by filtration, underlining the importance to take this into consideration during analytical method development. Furthermore, we applied the comet assay in HT-29 cells to elucidate the impact of filtration on the genotoxicity of the extract. We observed strong coincidences with the loss of epoxide-carrying metabolites and also an intriguing induction of oxidative DNA damage by yet toxicologically uncharacterized Alternaria toxins. In conclusion, we highlight potential issues with sample filtration and call for a critical re-evaluation of previous food occurrence data in the light of the results at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natálie Živná
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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14
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Crudo F, Aichinger G, Mihajlovic J, Dellafiora L, Varga E, Puntscher H, Warth B, Dall'Asta C, Berry D, Marko D. Gut microbiota and undigested food constituents modify toxin composition and suppress the genotoxicity of a naturally occurring mixture of Alternaria toxins in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3541-3552. [PMID: 32623606 PMCID: PMC7502057 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molds of the genus Alternaria produce several mycotoxins, some of which may pose a threat for health due to their genotoxicity. Due to the lack of adequate toxicological and occurrence data, they are currently not regulated. Interactions between mycotoxins, gut microbiota and food constituents might occur after food ingestion, modifying the bioavailability and, therefore, overall toxicity of mycotoxins. The present work aimed to investigate the impact of in vitro short-term fecal incubation on the in vitro DNA-damaging effects exerted by 5 µg/mL of an Alternaria alternata extract, containing, among others, 15 nM alternariol, 12 nM alternariol monomethyl ether, 241 nM altertoxin II and 301 nM stemphyltoxin III, all of which are known as genotoxic. The involvement of microorganisms, undigested food constituents and soluble substances of human fecal samples in modifying the composition and the genotoxicity of the extract was investigated through the application of LC-MS/MS analysis and comet assays in HT-29 cells. Results showed that the potential of the mycotoxins to induce DNA strand breaks was almost completely quenched, even before anaerobic incubation, by contact with the different fractions of the fecal samples, while the potency to induce formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-sensitive sites was only slightly reduced. These effects were in line with a reduction of mycotoxin concentrations found in samples analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Although a direct correlation between the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota and modifications in mycotoxin contents was not clearly observed, adsorptive phenomena to bacterial cells and to undigested food constituents might explain the observed modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jovana Mihajlovic
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Puntscher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - David Berry
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Area Parco delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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15
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Li F, Lin S, Zhang S, Pan L, Chai C, Su JC, Yang B, Liu J, Wang J, Hu Z, Zhang Y. Modified Fusicoccane-Type Diterpenoids from Alternaria brassicicola. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:1931-1938. [PMID: 32520548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seven new modified fusicoccane-type diterpenoids (1-7), together with two known congeners (8 and 9), were obtained from Alternaria brassicicola. Their structures were elucidated from a combination of NMR and HRESIMS data and 13C NMR calculation as well as DP4+ probability analyses, and the absolute configurations of 1-5 were determined by ECD calculation and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Cu Kα). Compounds 1-3 belong to a rare class of 16-nor-dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctane diterpenoids, and compounds 2 and 4 represent the first examples of fusicoccane-type diterpenoids featuring two previously undescribed tetracyclic 5/6/6/5 ring systems, while compound 5 features a previously undescribed tetracyclic 5/8/5/3 ring system. Compound 7 was moderately anti-inflammatory, and compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7 were weakly cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifen Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenwei Chai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Cheng Su
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiye Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li F, Pan L, Lin S, Zhang S, Li H, Yang B, Liu J, Wang J, Hu Z, Zhang Y. Fusicoccane-derived diterpenoids with bridgehead double-bond-containing tricyclo[9.2.1.0 3,7]tetradecane ring systems from Alternaria brassicicola. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103887. [PMID: 32371250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fusicoccane-derived diterpenoids bearing a unique bridgehead double-bond-containing tricyclo[9.2.1.03,7]tetradecane (5-9-5 ring system) core skeleton represent a rarely reported class of rearranged terpenoids, which traced back to fusicoccanes with a classical dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctane (5-8-5 ring system) core skeleton via a crucial Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement reaction. In this research, alterbrassicenes B-D (1-3), three new rearranged fusicoccane diterpenoids bearing a rare bridgehead double-bond-containing tricyclo[9.2.1.03,7]tetradecane core skeleton, together with two known congeners, brassicicenes O and K (4 and 5), were isolated from the modified cultures of fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of the NMR and HRESIMS data, and the absolute configurations of 1 and 4 were further confirmed via a combination of 13C NMR and ECD calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (Cu Kα). Interestingly, alterbrassicene B (1) represented the second case of bridgehead C-10-C-11 double-bond-containing natural products with a bicyclo[6.2.1]undecane core skeleton, and also featured an undescribed oxygen bridge between C-6 and C-14 to construct an unprecedentedly caged tetracyclic system. Alterbrassicenes B-D showed moderate cytotoxic activity against certain human tumor cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 15.87-36.85 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifen Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiye Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhao DL, Cao F, Wang CY, Yang LJ, Shi T, Wang KL, Shao CL, Wang CY. Alternatone A, an Unusual Perylenequinone-Related Compound from a Soft-Coral-Derived Strain of the Fungus Alternaria alternata. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:3201-3204. [PMID: 31659905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel perylenequinone-related compound, alternatone A (1), with an unprecedented tricyclo[6.3.1.02,7] dodecane skeleton, together with three known perylenequinones, altertoxin I (2), stemphyperylenol (3), and alterperylenol (4), was isolated from the soft-coral-derived fungus Alternaria alternata L3111'. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and X-ray diffraction data. Compound 4 showed cytotoxicity against A-549, HCT-116, and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values of 2.6, 2.4, and 3.1 μM, respectively. A possible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Marine Agricultural Research Center , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
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18
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Crudo F, Varga E, Aichinger G, Galaverna G, Marko D, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. Co-Occurrence and Combinatory Effects of Alternaria Mycotoxins and other Xenobiotics of Food Origin: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E640. [PMID: 31684145 PMCID: PMC6891783 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced by diverse genera of molds that may contaminate food and feed threatening the health of humans and animals. Recent findings underline the importance of studying the combined occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and the relevance of assessing the toxicity their simultaneous exposure may cause in living organisms. In this context, for the first time, this work has critically reviewed the most relevant data concerning the occurrence and toxicity of mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp., which are among the most important emerging risks to be assessed in food safety, alone or in combination with other mycotoxins and bioactive food constituents. According to the literature covered, multiple Alternaria mycotoxins may often occur simultaneously in contaminated food, along with several other mycotoxins and food bioactives inherently present in the studied matrices. Although the toxicity of combinations naturally found in food has been rarely assessed experimentally, the data collected so far, clearly point out that chemical mixtures may differ in their toxicity compared to the effect of toxins tested individually. The data presented here may provide a solid foothold to better support the risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins highlighting the actual role of chemical mixtures on influencing their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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19
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Zhou B, Wang H, Meng B, Wei R, Wang L, An C, Chen S, Yang C, Qiang S. An evaluation of tenuazonic acid, a potential biobased herbicide in cotton. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:2482-2489. [PMID: 30843361 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenuazonic acid (TeA), a putative nonhost-selective mycotoxin isolated from Alternaria alternata, is the main causative agent of brown leaf spot disease of crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) and some other crops. Previous studies revealed that it is a natural photosystem II inhibitor that binds the D1 protein to block electron transfer. Though the crude metabolite extract of A. alternata containing TeA has been bioassayed, the herbicidal activity of synthesized TeA has not been systematically evaluated yet. RESULTS TeA caused leaves of crofton weed to have brown spots that were more pronounced in older leaves than younger ones. It completely killed 92% of the four-leaf seedlings at 600 g ai/ha but only 81% or less of six-leaf seedlings or bigger. The bioassay of phytotoxicity of TeA to 67 plant species including 54 weeds and 13 crops, showed that TeA had a broad weed spectrum but low toxicity to Solanaceae and Malvaceae species. Further potted- plant experiments demonstrated that TeA had EC90 values that ranged from 119 to 795 μg/mL for 14 important weeds but was 2539 μg/mL for Acalypha australis. Nicotiana tabacum and Gossypium hirsutum had no injury symptoms at 1000 μg/mL. A field trial showed that TeA effectively controlled two important weeds, Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus retroflexus without affecting cotton in the field. CONCLUSION TeA has potential as a biobased herbicide for controlling important dicotyledon and monocotyledon weeds in cotton and tobacco fields. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhou
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, China
| | - He Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Meng
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanfu An
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlong Yang
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Tan X, Zhang X, Yu M, Yu Y, Guo Z, Gong T, Niu S, Qin J, Zou Z, Ding G. Sesquiterpenoids and mycotoxin swainsonine from the locoweed endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. Phytochemistry 2019; 164:154-161. [PMID: 31151062 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxytropiols A-J, ten undescribed guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids, and the mycotoxin swainsonine (SW) were isolated from the locoweed endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. The chemical structures of these sesquiterpenoids were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS and NMR data including 1H, 13C, HSQC, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC, and NOESY spectra, and the absolute configurations of these compounds were determined using a modified Mosher's method and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. A possible biosynthetic pathway of these guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids is discussed, and proposed that post-modification oxidative enzymes might form these highly polyhydroxylated structures. Compound 1 displayed biological effects on the root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana, and SW displayed cytotoxicity against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yongtao Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, PR China
| | - Zhe Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Shubin Niu
- School of Biological Medicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, 450046, PR China
| | - Jianchun Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Zhongmei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Xu J, Hu YW, Qu W, Chen MH, Zhou LS, Bi QR, Luo JG, Liu WY, Feng F, Zhang J. Cytotoxic and neuroprotective activities of constituents from Alternaria alternate, a fungal endophyte of Psidium littorale. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103046. [PMID: 31212182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract of the plant-associated fungus Alternaria alternate in rice culture led to the isolation of a novel liphatic polyketone, alternin A (1), a new indole alkaloid (8), and a new sesquiterpene (11), together with 12 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by the interpretation of extensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of 1-3 were established using calculations of ECD spectra, NMR data, and optical rotation values. Compound 1 possesses an unprecedented C25 liphatic polyketone skeleton. Compounds 5 and 10 exhibited potential cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HepG cells, and compounds 2, 7, and 9 exhibited potential neuroprotective activities in glutamate induced-PC12 injured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory for Microbial Drug Bioengeering, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Sheng Zhou
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Rui Bi
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Yang CL, Wu HM, Liu CL, Zhang X, Guo ZK, Chen Y, Liu F, Liang Y, Jiao RH, Tan RX, Ge HM. Bialternacins A-F, Aromatic Polyketide Dimers from an Endophytic Alternaria sp. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:792-797. [PMID: 30794407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Six novel aromatic polyketide dimers, bialternacins A-F (1-6), were isolated from a plant endophytic Alternaria sp. The structures of compounds 1-6 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism analysis. Compounds 1, 2, 5, and 6 were characterized as four pairs of racemic mixtures. Compound (+)-5 was demonstrated to show acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 15.5 μM. A putative biosynthetic pathway for these compounds was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Kai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Hua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Tang JW, Xu HC, Wang WG, Hu K, Zhou YF, Chen R, Li XN, Du X, Sun HD, Puno PT. (+)- and (-)-Alternarilactone A: Enantiomers with a Diepoxy-Cage-like Scaffold from an Endophytic Alternaria sp. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:735-740. [PMID: 30767530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomers (+)- and (-)-alternarilactone A (1), the first examples of dibenzo-α-pyrones bearing a diepoxy-cage-like moiety, were isolated from the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. hh930. The deficiency in 1H-1H COSY and HMBC correlations caused by the highly oxidized caged system of 1 and the deceptive and ambiguous signals such as "W" couplings in NMR data increased the risk of structure misassignment of 1. By performing a quantum chemical calculation of the NMR chemical shifts together with a DP4+ probability analysis and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic experiment, their structures were unambiguously determined, and their absolute configurations were determined by ECD calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Du
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , Yunnan , People's Republic of China
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24
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Yamada T, Tanaka A, Nehira T, Nishii T, Kikuchi T. Altercrasins A⁻E, Decalin Derivatives, from a Sea-Urchin-Derived Alternaria sp.: Isolation and Structural Analysis Including Stereochemistry. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040218. [PMID: 30978906 PMCID: PMC6521173 DOI: 10.3390/md17040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find out the seeds of antitumor agents, we focused on potential bioactive materials from marine-derived microorganisms. Marine products include a number of compounds with unique structures, some of which may exhibit unusual bioactivities. As a part of this study, we studied metabolites of a strain of Alternaria sp. OUPS-117D-1 originally derived from the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina, and isolated five new decalin derivatives, altercrasins A–E (1–5). The absolute stereostructure of altercrasins A (1) had been decided by chemical transformation and the modified Mosher’s method. In this study, four decalin derivatives, altercrasins B–E (2–5) were purified by silica gel chromatography, and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC), and their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of them were deduced by the comparison with 1 in the NMR chemical shifts, NOESY correlations, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectral analyses. As a result, we found out that compound pairs of 1/2 and 4/5 were respective stereoisomers. In addition, their cytotoxic activities using murine P388 leukemia, human HL-60 leukemia, and murine L1210 leukemia cell lines showed that 4 and 5 exhibit potent cytotoxicity, in especially, the activity of 4 was equal to that of 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Medicinal Molecular Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Asumi Tanaka
- Department of Medicinal Molecular Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Nehira
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Takumi Nishii
- Department of Medicinal Molecular Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Department of Medicinal Molecular Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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25
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Yuan P, Fang F, Shao T, Li P, Hu W, Zhou Y, Wang G, Han J, Chen K. Structure and Anti-Tumor Activities of Exopolysaccharides from Alternaria mali Roberts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071345. [PMID: 30959773 PMCID: PMC6480686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an extracellular polysaccharide from Alternaria mali Roberts (AMEP) was extracted, and its structure was characterized, in addition to its antitumor activity in vitro. Neutral polysaccharide AMEP-1 and anionic polysaccharide AMEP-2 were isolated from AMEP, and their monosaccharide compositions consisted of mannose (Man), glucose (Glc), and galactose (Gal) but at different ratios. The linking mode of both AMEP-1 and AMEP-2 is Manp-(1→4) and Glcp-(1→6), and the branched chains are connected to the main chain through O-6. AMEP-2 inhibited the proliferation of BGC-823 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. AMEP-2 also induced the apoptosis of BGC-823 cells, and showed anti-tumor effects by inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in BGC-823 cells. Therefore, AMEP-2 shows potential for further development as a novel anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Fang Fang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Taili Shao
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Yuyan Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Jun Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Kaoshan Chen
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China.
- School of Life Science, National Glycoengineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Ramires FA, Masiello M, Somma S, Villani A, Susca A, Logrieco AF, Luz C, Meca G, Moretti A. Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Characterization of Alternaria Species Isolated from Wheat Grown in Tuscany, Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E472. [PMID: 30441835 PMCID: PMC6267338 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat, the main source of carbohydrates worldwide, can be attacked by a wide number of phytopathogenic fungi, included Alternaria species. Alternaria species commonly occur on wheat worldwide and produce several mycotoxins such as tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT), provided of haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. The contamination by Alternaria species of wheat kernels, collected in Tuscany, Italy, from 2013 to 2016, was evaluated. Alternaria contamination was detected in 93 out of 100 field samples, with values ranging between 1 and 73% (mean of 18%). Selected strains were genetically characterized by multi-locus gene sequencing approach through combined sequences of allergen alt1a, glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and translation elongation factor 1α genes. Two well defined groups were generated; namely sections Alternaria and Infectoriae. Representative strains were analyzed for mycotoxin production. A different mycotoxin profile between the sections was shown. Of the 54 strains analyzed for mycotoxins, all strains included in Section Alternaria produced AOH and AME, 40 strains (99%) produced TA, and 26 strains (63%) produced ALT. On the other hand, only a very low capability to produce both AOH and AME was recorded among the Section Infectoriae strains. These data show that a potential mycotoxin risk related to the consumption of Alternaria contaminated wheat is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca A Ramires
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mario Masiello
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Somma
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Villani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlos Luz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Food Science Area, University of Valencia (Spain), Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Food Science Area, University of Valencia (Spain), Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122, O-70126 Bari, Italy.
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27
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Chen Y, Chen R, Xu J, Tian Y, Xu J, Liu Y. Two New Altenusin/Thiazole Hybrids and a New Benzothiazole Derivative from the Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Alternaria sp. SCSIOS02F49. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112844. [PMID: 30388842 PMCID: PMC6278658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel altenusin-thiazole hybrids named altenusinoides A and B (1 and 2), a new benzothiazole derivative (3), and three known altenusin derivatives (4–6) have been obtained from the solid culture of the marine sponge-derived fungal strain, Alternaria sp. SCSIOS02F49. The structures of these new compounds were characterized by NMR, HRESIMS, and X-ray single crystal analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 possess an unusual altenusin-thiazole-fused skeleton core (6/6/5), and compound 3 represents the first benzothiazole derivative from fungi. Compounds 4 and 5 showed significant DPPH free-radical-scavenging activities with the prominent IC50 values of 10.7 ± 0.09 μM and 100.6 ± 0.025 μM, respectively. Additionally, compound 5 exhibited COX-2 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 9.5 ± 0.08 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ruyan Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Jinhuai Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Yongqi Tian
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Jiangping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Shen L, Tian SJ, Song HL, Chen X, Guo H, Wan D, Wang YR, Wang FW, Liu LJ. Cytotoxic Tricycloalternarene Compounds from Endophyte Alternaria sp. W-1 Associated with Laminaria japonica. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E402. [PMID: 30360544 PMCID: PMC6267107 DOI: 10.3390/md16110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical investigation of the culture filtrate of endophyte Alternaria sp. W-1 associated with Laminaria japonica provided a new tricycloalternarene compound, 2H-(2E)-tricycloalternarene 12a (1), together with five known analogs: (2E)-tricycloalternarene 12a (2), tricycloalternarene 3a (3), tricycloalternarene F (4), 15-hydroxyl tricycloalternarene 5b (5), and ACTG-Toxin D (6). In vitro cytotoxicity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 and the human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 was evaluated by the MTT method. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 inhibited the growth of SMMC-7721 cells with IC50 values of 49.7 ± 1.1, 45.8 ± 4.6, and 80.3 ± 3.8 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 value of the positive control cisplatin was 6.5 ± 0.5 μg/mL. Compounds 3 and 6 also showed moderate anti-proliferation activity against SGC-7901 cells with IC50 values of 53.2 ± 2.9 and 35.1 ± 0.8 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 value of cisplatin was 4.5 ± 0.6 μg/mL. Further studies revealed that the in vitro anticancer activity of compound 3 to SMMC-7721 cells was related to G1 phase cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis, and the induced apoptosis was involved in both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway. This is the first report on the anticancer mechanism of tricycloalternarene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Shu-Juan Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Hui-Liang Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Hao Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Dan Wan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Yu-Rou Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Feng-Wu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Koutouan C, Clerc VL, Baltenweck R, Claudel P, Halter D, Hugueney P, Hamama L, Suel A, Huet S, Merlet MHB, Briard M. Link between carrot leaf secondary metabolites and resistance to Alternaria dauci. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13746. [PMID: 30213972 PMCID: PMC6137067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria Leaf Blight (ALB), caused by the fungus Alternaria dauci, is the most damaging foliar disease affecting carrots (Daucus carota). In order to identify compounds potentially linked to the resistance to A. dauci, we have used a combination of targeted and non-targeted metabolomics to compare the leaf metabolome of four carrot genotypes with different resistance levels. Targeted analyses were focused on terpene volatiles, while total leaf methanolic extracts were subjected to non-targeted analyses using liquid chromatography couple to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Differences in the accumulation of major metabolites were highlighted among genotypes and some of these metabolites were identified as potentially involved in resistance or susceptibility. A bulk segregant analysis on F3 progenies obtained from a cross between one of the resistant genotypes and a susceptible one, confirmed or refuted the hypothesis that the metabolites differentially accumulated by these two parents could be linked to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Koutouan
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Valérie Le Clerc
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
| | | | | | - David Halter
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, INRA, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anita Suel
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sébastien Huet
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Mathilde Briard
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
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Garganese F, Ippolito A, di Rienzo V, Lotti C, Montemurro C, Sanzani SM. A new high-resolution melting assay for genotyping Alternaria species causing citrus brown spot. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:4578-4583. [PMID: 29505116 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternaria brown spot is one of the most important diseases of tangerines and their hybrids worldwide. To set up effective control strategy, the accurate detection and identification of the species responsible for the diseases is crucial. However, characterization based on morphology and/or multilocus genetic approaches is time consuming, requires great expertise and sometimes is not conclusive. Therefore, the set-up of a rapid and efficient DNA-based assay might be of paramount importance. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis represents an interesting tool for the uncovering of nucleotide variations as small as one base difference and, as such, relevant to species characterization. RESULTS In the present investigation, an HRM assay based on the Alternaria barcoding region OPA1-3 was set up. Specimen strains of the main citrus-associated Alternaria species and morphotypes generated distinct and normalized profiles, allowing their differentiation when HRM-tested. Moreover, when the assay was used to screen an Alternaria collection from citrus fruit and leaves, it distributed the 180 isolates in three independent clusters, readily and consistently resolved. Isolates were identified as belonging to the species Alternaria alternata and the species complex A. arborescens. Within A. alternata, the morphotypes alternata (77% of the collection) and limoniasperae (17% of the collection) were present. CONCLUSIONS Although further validation experiments will be performed to optimize the assay for a diagnostic use, this HRM approach might represent a rapid, sensitive and specific method for the detection and identification of Alternaria spp. responsible for citrus brown spot disease. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garganese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina di Rienzo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- SINAGRI Srl - Spin-Off of the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Lotti
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- SINAGRI Srl - Spin-Off of the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona M Sanzani
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Shi ZZ, Yin XL, Fang ST, Miao FP, Ji NY. Two new isomeric tricycloalternarenes from the marine alga-epiphytic fungus Alternaria alternata k23-3. Magn Reson Chem 2018; 56:210-215. [PMID: 29096425 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Fang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Feng-Ping Miao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
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Zhao DL, Wang D, Tian XY, Cao F, Li YQ, Zhang CS. Anti-Phytopathogenic and Cytotoxic Activities of Crude Extracts and Secondary Metabolites of Marine-Derived Fungi. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010036. [PMID: 29346329 PMCID: PMC5793084 DOI: 10.3390/md16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one isolates belonging to eight genera in seven orders were identified from 141 strains that were isolated from several marine plants. Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. were found to be the predominant fungi. Evaluation of the anti-phytopathogenic bacterial and fungal activities, as well as the cytotoxicity of these 31 extracts, revealed that most of them displayed different levels of bioactivities. Due to their interesting bioactivities, two fungal strains—Fusarium equiseti (P18) and Alternaria sp. (P8)—were selected for chemical investigation and compounds 1–4 were obtained. The structure of 1 was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis, as well as high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), and the absolute configuration of its stereogenic carbon (C-11) was established by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular-dichroism (ECD) spectra. Moreover, alterperylenol (4) exhibited antibacterial activity against Clavibacter michiganensis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.95 μg/mL, which was 2-fold stronger than that of streptomycin sulfate. Additionally, an antibacterial mechanism study revealed that 4 caused membrane hyperpolarization without evidence of destruction of cell membrane integrity. Furthermore, stemphyperylenol (3) displayed potent antifungal activity against Pestallozzia theae and Alternaria brassicicola with MIC values equal to those of carbendazim. The cytotoxicity of 1 and 2 against human lung carcinoma (A-549), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Lin Zhao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xue-Ying Tian
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yi-Qiang Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Cheng-Sheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Hu D, Fan Y, Tan Y, Tian Y, Liu N, Wang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wu A. Metabolic Profiling on Alternaria Toxins and Components of Xinjiang Jujubes Incubated with Pathogenic Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima via Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8466-8474. [PMID: 28882039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xinjiang jujubes (Zizyphus rhamnaceae) are important agro-economical foods with the highest planting area and yields in China; however, black spot disease and contaminated Alternaria toxins have unfortunately caused a decline or loss of jujube nutritional quality in recent years. In this study, we used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry to profile both Alternaria toxins and components in three representative Xinjiang jujubes, Hami Huang, Hetian Jun, and Ruoqiang Hui. Before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, jujubes were inoculated with two main pathogens of Alternaria alternata (Aa) and Alternaria tenuissima (At). Different combinations of jujube varieties with pathogenic isolates display different metabolic profiles, as expected. Moreover, four major Alternaria toxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, and tenuazonic acid, were detected in all samples. The inoculation of both pathogens significantly decreased the levels of nutrients and metabolites in jujube, including four saponins, three organic acids, and three alkaloids, whereas it increased the level of several glycerol phosphates. The flavonoid profiles are diverse. Lastly, inoculation of Aa changes more metabolites in jujubes than At. Our data provide insights to better understand the detrimental contamination of Alternaria pathogens in Xinjiang jujubes and improve food safety of jujubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Hu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanglan Tan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Shi ZZ, Miao FP, Fang ST, Liu XH, Yin XL, Ji NY. Sesteralterin and Tricycloalterfurenes A-D: Terpenes with Rarely Occurring Frameworks from the Marine-Alga-Epiphytic Fungus Alternaria alternata k21-1. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:2524-2529. [PMID: 28836786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new sesterterpene, sesteralterin (1), four new meroterpenes, tricycloalterfurenes A-D (2-5), and a known meroterpene, TCA-F (6), were obtained from the culture extract of an Alternaria alternata strain (k21-1) isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria hakodatensis. The structures and relative/absolute configurations of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic analyses, mainly including 1D/2D NMR, ECD, and mass spectra and quantum chemical calculations. Compound 1 represents the first nitidasane sesterterpene naturally produced by fungi, and 2-5 feature a tetrahydrofuran unit rarely occurring in tricycloalternarenes. Compounds 1-6 were assayed for inhibition of the growth of four marine plankton and one marine alga-pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng-Ping Miao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Fang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003, China
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Grover S, Lawrence CB. The Alternaria alternata Mycotoxin Alternariol Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071577. [PMID: 28726766 PMCID: PMC5536065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) have been shown to possess genotoxic and cytotoxic properties. In this study, the ability of AOH and AME to modulate innate immunity in the human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) were investigated. During these studies, it was discovered that AOH and to a lesser extent AME potently suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate immune responses in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of BEAS-2B cells with AOH resulted in morphological changes including a detached pattern of growth as well as elongated arms. AOH/AME-related immune suppression and morphological changes were linked to the ability of these mycotoxins to cause cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This model was also used to investigate the AOH/AME mechanism of immune suppression in relation to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR was not found to be important for the immunosuppressive properties of AOH/AME, but appeared important for the low levels of cell death observed in BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Grover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Ding H, Zhang D, Zhou B, Ma Z. Inhibitors of BRD4 Protein from a Marine-Derived Fungus Alternaria sp. NH-F6. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030076. [PMID: 28300771 PMCID: PMC5367033 DOI: 10.3390/md15030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomains (BRD) are readers of the epigenetic code that regulate gene transcription through their recognition of acetyl-lysine modified histone tails. Recently, bromodomain-containing proteins such as BRD4 have been demonstrated to be druggable through the discovery of potent inhibitors. These protein–protein interaction inhibitors have the potential to modulate multiple diseases by their profound anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. In order to explore new BRD4 inhibitors as well as lead compounds for the development of new drugs, the secondary metabolites of Alternaria sp. NH-F6, a fungus isolated from deep-sea sediment samples, were analyzed systematically. Five new compounds including two new perylenequinones (1–2), one new alternaric acid (3), 2-(N-vinylacetamide)-4-hydroxymethyl-3-ene-butyrolactone (4), one new cerebroside (5), together with 19 known compounds (6–24) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of this strain. Their structures were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) analyses. Finally, all these compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against BRD4 protein, and compound 2 exhibited a potent inhibition rate of 88.1% at a concentration of 10 µM. This research provides a new BRD4 inhibitor which may possess potential antitumoral, antiviral, or anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Dashan Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Biao Zhou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, No. 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China.
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Bashyal BP, Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Tillotson J, Arnold AE, Chapman E, Leslie Gunatilaka AA. Chlorinated Dehydrocurvularins and Alterperylenepoxide A from Alternaria sp. AST0039, a Fungal Endophyte of Astragalus lentiginosus. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:427-433. [PMID: 28139929 PMCID: PMC5504521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of Alternaria sp. AST0039, an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaf tissue of Astragalus lentiginosus, led to the isolation of (-)-(10E,15S)-4,6-dichloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (1), (-)-(10E,15S)-6-chloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (2), (-)-(10E,15S)-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (3), and alterperylenepoxide A (4) together with scytalone and α-acetylorcinol. Structures of 1 and 4 were established from their spectroscopic data, and the relative configuration of 4 was determined with the help of nuclear Overhauser effect difference data. All metabolites were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity and ability to induce heat-shock and unfolded protein responses. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity to all five cancer cell lines tested and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP, but only 3 induced the heat-shock response and caused a strong unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat P. Bashyal
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Joseph Tillotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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Naik MK, Chennappa G, Amaresh YS, Sudha S, Chowdappa P, Patil S. Characterization of phytotoxin producing Alternaria species isolatedfrom sesame leavesand their toxicity. Indian J Exp Biol 2017; 55:36-43. [PMID: 30183227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), is an important oilseed crop in the tropics and subtropics, referred as “Queen of Oilseeds” owing to its high cooking quality and medicinal value. Sesame production, particularly in India, has been declining since last decade and ‘Leaf blight’ caused by Alternaria spp. is reported to cause yield loss up to 30-40%. Here, we investigated the fungal toxin produced by Alternaria and its pathogenicity. A total of 164 Alternaria strainswere isolated on potato dextrose agar media from the infected sesame leaves showing circular concentric rings with dark brown spots symptoms. All the isolates were screened for cultural and morphological characters. Colour of the fungus was grey to dark brown, formed smooth, raised, fluffy, and regular to irregular margins. Among 164 isolates, 43 isolates were moderately growing and 121 were fast in growth. The DNA of the isolate was amplified with ITS primers and sequence of BLAST results confirmed seven different species of Alternaria of NCBI database. Further, toxigenic potentiality of the isolates was tested with dilutions of culture filtrate (1:1 to 1:5) on sesame leaves. Among 164 isolates, 23 showed toxigenicity, varied from highly toxigenic to least toxigenic. Pathogenicity of the isolates showed that they were highly virulent to less virulent when tested by the detached leaf method. Based on the toxigenicity, the toxin was partially purified and brown coloured paste was recovered. Chemistry of the toxin was confirmed based on the IR, UV, NMR and mass spectra analyses, and it resembled the structure of alternariol mono methyl ether and altenuene which are mycotoxins in nature. Further, bioassay of toxin was carried out at different concentrations (50 to 2000 ppm) on seeds and seedlings of sesame. Maximum inhibition of seed germination of 81.1% was observed at 2000 ppm and the least was 6.67% at 50 ppm. With the increase in the concentration of toxin, the manifestation of the symptom was conspicuous and quick such as marginal, veinal necrosis, drooping and yellowing with lesion formation. From the present study, it is found that the species of Alternaria are responsible for the cause of blight disease symptoms and the toxicity of toxin produced by the pathogen was very high. The Alternaria toxin could inhibit the growth of the plant as well as seed germination rate.
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Soukup ST, Kohn BN, Pfeiffer E, Geisen R, Metzler M, Bunzel M, Kulling SE. Sulfoglucosides as Novel Modified Forms of the Mycotoxins Alternariol and Alternariol Monomethyl Ether. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8892-8901. [PMID: 27776211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol-9-O-methyl ether have recently been reported to be extensively conjugated with glucose and malonyl glucose in tobacco suspension cells. However, only trace amounts of glucosylated conjugates were detected in tomatoes inoculated with Alternaria alternata in the present study. Instead, mostly sulfate conjugates were observed. In studies using cultures of A. alternata and incubations of alternariol and alternariol-9-O-methyl ether with tomato tissue in the absence of the fungus, it was clarified that sulfate conjugates were produced by the fungus, whereas tomato tissues converted alternariol and alternariol-9-O-methyl ether to glucosylated metabolites. Alternariol-3-sulfate, alternariol-9-sulfate, and alternariol-9-O-methyl ether-3-sulfate were unambiguously identified as fungal metabolites using MS and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. When these sulfate conjugates were incubated with tobacco suspension cells or ex planta tomato tissues, three sulfoglucosides of alternariol and one sulfoglucoside of alternariol-9-O-methyl ether were formed. Using NMR spectroscopy, the chemical structures of alternariol-3-sulfate-9-glucoside, alternariol-9-sulfate-3-glucoside, and alternariol-9-O-methyl ether-3-sulfate-7-glucoside were established. These conjugates were also detected in the A. alternata-inoculated tomato. This is the first report on a mixed sulfate/glucoside diconjugate of a mycotoxin. Diconjugates of this novel type may be formed by all mycotoxins and their phase I metabolites with two or more hydroxyl groups and should be taken into account in the future analysis of modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food , Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Beate N Kohn
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erika Pfeiffer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food , Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Metzler
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food , Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Sánchez-López ÁM, Bahaji A, De Diego N, Baslam M, Li J, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, García-Gómez P, Ameztoy K, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Novák O, Humplík JF, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Navajas R, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Arabidopsis Responds to Alternaria alternata Volatiles by Triggering Plastid Phosphoglucose Isomerase-Independent Mechanisms. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:1989-2001. [PMID: 27663407 PMCID: PMC5100789 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by phylogenetically diverse microorganisms (including plant pathogens and microbes that do not normally interact mutualistically with plants) promote photosynthesis, growth, and the accumulation of high levels of starch in leaves through cytokinin (CK)-regulated processes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants not exposed to VCs, plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase (pPGI) acts as an important determinant of photosynthesis and growth, likely as a consequence of its involvement in the synthesis of plastidic CKs in roots. Moreover, this enzyme plays an important role in connecting the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway in leaves. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the responses of plants to microbial VCs and to investigate the extent of pPGI involvement, we characterized pPGI-null pgi1-2 Arabidopsis plants cultured in the presence or absence of VCs emitted by Alternaria alternata We found that volatile emissions from this fungal phytopathogen promote growth, photosynthesis, and the accumulation of plastidic CKs in pgi1-2 leaves. Notably, the mesophyll cells of pgi1-2 leaves accumulated exceptionally high levels of starch following VC exposure. Proteomic analyses revealed that VCs promote global changes in the expression of proteins involved in photosynthesis, starch metabolism, and growth that can account for the observed responses in pgi1-2 plants. The overall data show that Arabidopsis plants can respond to VCs emitted by phytopathogenic microorganisms by triggering pPGI-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Jan F Humplík
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - María Carmen Mena
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Rosana Navajas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.);
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.);
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
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Lang J, Shi M, Ran L. [Effect of repeated freeze-thaw on inhibition of Bacillus subtilis strain St-zn-34 to Alternaria alternate]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2016; 56:1616-1625. [PMID: 29741350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of repeated freeze-thaw cycles(F-Tc) on cell shape of fermented Bacillus subtilis and the inhibitory activity to Alternaria alternata, the primary infection pathogen of jujube fruit shrunken disease, were determined using an endophytic B. subtilis strain St-zn-34 isolated from winter jujube. METHODS The fermented broth was freeze-thawed after batch fermentation of the test strain. The population of living bacteria and bacterial endospores were determined by dilution methods of plate counting, and the inhibitory activity to A. alternata was tested by filter paper disks with filtrate of fermented broth. The shape of B. subtilis with different freeze-thaw cycles was observed under environment scanning electron microscope. RESULTS Changes of pH, living bacteria, bacterial endospore counts in the fermentation broth and the inhibitory activity of filtrate at different time generally increased first and decreased afterwards. The inhibitory activity at 60 h was higher than other time points. The bacterial cells fermented for 60 h were treated with F-Tc, and the living bacteria count and inhibitory activity decreased gradually when cells of B. subtilis were freeze-thawed for 3 cycles, but it had no significant difference (P>0.05) after being freeze-thawed for more than 3 times. With the increase of freeze-thawing times, the bacteria cells became smaller than the normal cells, the surface twisted with one or more depressions, and the jelly flowed out under environment scanning electron microscope. The inhibitory activity of filtrate was determined and it showed a broad-spectrum inhibitive capability against twelve species of plant pathogens. The treatment of different temperature and proteinase to the filtrate showed that the temperature below 60℃ did not affect the inhibitive activity and had no significant difference compared with that of the control. However, the inhibition decreased with increasing of the temperature above 80℃ and was significantly lower than that of control. The inhibitory activity of filtrate to A. alternata decreased by treatment with proteinase K. CONCLUSION Repeated freeze-thaw cycles could affect the shape of B. subtilis and reduced the inhibitory activity of filtrate to A. alternata.
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Hövelmann Y, Hickert S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Determination of Exposure to the Alternaria Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid and Its Isomer allo-Tenuazonic Acid in a German Population by Stable Isotope Dilution HPLC-MS(3). J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6641-6647. [PMID: 27452834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The content of the Alternaria toxin tenuazonic acid and its isomer allo-tenuazonic acid was quantitated in urine of a German cohort (n = 48) using a newly developed and successfully validated solid phase extraction based stable isotope dilution HPLC-MS(3) method. Tenuazonic acid was detected in all of the samples and quantifiable in 97.9% of these samples in a range of 0.16-44.4 ng/mL (average = 6.58 ng/mL) or 0.07-63.8 ng/mg creatinine (average = 8.13 ng/mg creatinine). allo-Tenuazonic acid was for the first time detected in human urine (95.8% of the samples positive) and quantitated in 68.8% of the samples in a range of 0.11-5.72 ng/mL (average = 1.25 ng/mL) or 0.08-10.1 ng/mg creatinine (average = 1.52 ng/mg creatinine), representing 3.40-25.0% of the sum of both isomers (average = 12.4%). Food-frequency questionnaires were used to document food consumption of study participants to correlate mycotoxin exposure to nutritional habits. Although no statistically significant correlation between consumption of a specific food and urinary excretion of tenuazonic acid could be determined, a trend regarding elevated intake of cereal products and higher excretion of tenuazonic acid was evident. On the basis of these results, a provisional mean daily intake (PDI) for both tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid was calculated, being 0.183 and 0.025 μg/kg body weight, respectively. A combined mean PDI for both isomers amounts to 0.208 μg/kg body weight with the highest individual PDI for one of the participants (1.582 μg/kg body weight) slightly exceeding the threshold of toxicological concern assumed for tenuazonic acid by the European Food Safety Authority of 1.500 μg/kg body weight. This is the first study to investigate the tenuazonic acid content in human urine of a larger sample cohort enabling the calculation of PDIs for tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hickert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Rao HCY, Satish S. Intra-specific differentiation of fungal endosymbiont Alternaria longissima CLB44 using RNA secondary structure analysis and their anti-infective potential. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:69. [PMID: 27437708 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
New antimicrobial agents derived from endosymbio-tic fungi with unique and targeted mode of action are crucially rudimentary to combat multidrug-resistant infections. Most of the fungi isolated as endosymbionts show close morphological feature resemblance to plant pathogenic or free-living forms, and it is difficult to differentiate these different lifestyles. A fungal endosymbiont strain CLB44 was isolated from Combretum latifolium Blume (Combretaceae). CLB44 was then identified as Alternaria longissima based on morphological and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) intervening 5.8S rRNA gene sequence analysis. ITS2 RNA secondary structure analysis was carried out using mfold server with temperature 37 °C, and anti-infective potential was determined by MIC and disk diffusion methods. ITS2 RNA secondary structure analysis clearly distinguished endosymbiotic A. longissima CLB44 from free-living and pathogenic A. longissima members in the same monophyletic clade. Secondary metabolites produced effectively inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25 μg/ml), Escherichia coli (25 μg/ml), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (50 μg/ml), Candida albicans (100 μg/ml), and other human pathogens. This study emerges as an innovative finding that explores newly revealed ITS2 RNAs that may be an insight as new markers for refining phylogenetic relations and to distinguish fungal endosymbionts with other free-living or pathogenic forms. A. longissima CLB44, in the emerging field of endosymbionts, will pave the way to a novel avenue in drug discovery to combat multidrug-resistant infections. The sequence data of this fungus is deposited in GenBank under the accession no. KU310611.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Yashavantha Rao
- Microbial Drugs Laboratory, Department of Studies in Microbiology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sreedharamurthy Satish
- Microbial Drugs Laboratory, Department of Studies in Microbiology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India.
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Walravens J, Mikula H, Rychlik M, Asam S, Devos T, Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Jacxsens L, Van Landschoot A, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S. Validated UPLC-MS/MS Methods To Quantitate Free and Conjugated Alternaria Toxins in Commercially Available Tomato Products and Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Belgium. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:5101-5109. [PMID: 27180605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (alternariol (1), alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7-5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0-110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (<LOQ to 333 μg/kg), while 1, 2, 4, and 5 were also frequently detected (21-86%, <LOQ to 62 μg/kg). Moreover, low levels (<LOQ to 9.9 μg/kg) of modified Alternaria toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the possible risk for human health related to the presence of 1 and 2 in tomato based foodstuffs, whereas 3 is unlikely to be of human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Walravens
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Devos
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Chen Y, Mao WJ, Yan MX, Liu X, Wang SY, Xia Z, Xiao B, Cao SJ, Yang BQ, Li J. Purification, Chemical Characterization, and Bioactivity of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Produced by the Marine Sponge Endogenous Fungus Alternaria sp. SP-32. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2016; 18:301-313. [PMID: 27153822 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-016-9696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine sponges are ancient and simple multicellular filter-feeding invertebrates attached to solid substrates in benthic habitats and host a variety of fungi both inside and on their surface because of its unique ingestion and digest system. Investigation on marine sponge-associated fungi mainly focused on the small molecular metabolites, yet little attention had been paid to the extracellular polysaccharides. In this study, a homogeneous extracellular polysaccharide AS2-1 was obtained from the fermented broth of the marine sponge endogenous fungus Alternaria sp. SP-32 using ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that AS2-1 was composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 1.00:0.67:0.35, and its molecular weight was 27.4 kDa. AS2-1 consists of a mannan core and a galactoglucan chain. The mannan core is composed of (1→6)-α-Manp substituted at C-2 by (1→2)-α-Manp with different degrees of polymerization. The galactoglucan chain consists of (1→6)-α-Glcp residues with (1→6)-β-Galf residues attached to the last glucopyranose residue at C-6. (1→6)-β-Galf residues have additional branches at C-2 consisting of disaccharide units of (1→2)-β-Galf and (1→2)-α-Glcp residues. The glucopyranose residue of the galactoglucan chain is linked to the mannan core. AS2-1 possessed a high antioxidant activity as evaluated by scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. AS2-1 was also evaluated for cytotoxic activity on Hela, HL-60, and K562 cell lines by the MTT and SRB methods. The investigation demonstrated that AS2-1 was a novel extracellular polysaccharide with different characterization from extracellular polysaccharides produced by other marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 18 Haiyuan Road, Zhoushan, 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng-Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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He JW, Wang CX, Yang L, Chen GD, Hu D, Guo LD, Yao XS, Gao H. A Pair of New Polyketide Enantiomers from Three Endolichenic Fungal Strains Nigrospora sphaerica, Alternaria alternata, and Phialophora sp. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:829-831. [PMID: 27534128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A pair of new enantiomeric polyketides, (-)- and (+)-nigrosporaol A (1a and 1b), along with one related known compound, (+)-alternarienoic acid (2), were isolated from three endolichenic fungal strains, Nigrospora sphaerica (No.83-1-1-2), Alternaria alternata (No.58-8-4-1), and Phialophora sp.(No.96-1-8-1). Their structures, including the absolute configurations, were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction analysis, and the modified Mosher's method.
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Kellogg JJ, Todd DA, Egan JM, Raja HA, Oberlies NH, Kvalheim OM, Cech NB. Biochemometrics for Natural Products Research: Comparison of Data Analysis Approaches and Application to Identification of Bioactive Compounds. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:376-86. [PMID: 26841051 PMCID: PMC5135737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A central challenge of natural products research is assigning bioactive compounds from complex mixtures. The gold standard approach to address this challenge, bioassay-guided fractionation, is often biased toward abundant, rather than bioactive, mixture components. This study evaluated the combination of bioassay-guided fractionation with untargeted metabolite profiling to improve active component identification early in the fractionation process. Key to this methodology was statistical modeling of the integrated biological and chemical data sets (biochemometric analysis). Three data analysis approaches for biochemometric analysis were compared, namely, partial least-squares loading vectors, S-plots, and the selectivity ratio. Extracts from the endophytic fungi Alternaria sp. and Pyrenochaeta sp. with antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus served as test cases. Biochemometric analysis incorporating the selectivity ratio performed best in identifying bioactive ions from these extracts early in the fractionation process, yielding altersetin (3, MIC 0.23 μg/mL) and macrosphelide A (4, MIC 75 μg/mL) as antibacterial constituents from Alternaria sp. and Pyrenochaeta sp., respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of biochemometrics coupled with bioassay-guided fractionation to identify bioactive mixture components. A benefit of this approach is the ability to integrate multiple stages of fractionation and bioassay data into a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Joseph M. Egan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | | | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 336-334-3017. Fax: 336-334-5402.
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Kelman MJ, Renaud JB, Seifert KA, Mack J, Sivagnanam K, Yeung KKC, Sumarah MW. Identification of six new Alternaria sulfoconjugated metabolites by high-resolution neutral loss filtering. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2015; 29:1805-1810. [PMID: 26331931 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many species of Alternaria damage important agricultural crops, including small grains and tomatoes. These fungi can produce a variety of secondary metabolites, some of which are toxic to humans and animals. Interest in screening for conjugated or 'modified' mycotoxins has increased because of their tendency to evade traditional analytical screening methods. Two sulfoconjugated Alternaria toxins have been reported and the potential exists for many more. METHODS One hundred and forty-eight Canadian strains of Alternaria spp., about half of them isolated from grain, were grown on Potato Dextrose Agar in Petri dishes for 7 days. Plugs of each strain were removed, extracted and screened by a rapid liquid chromatography (LC)/data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) method in negative electrospray ionization mode. Data generated on an Orbitrap Q-Exactive mass spectrometer was processed by post-acquisition neutral loss filtering (NLF). Seven isolates that produced sulfoconjugates of known Alternaria toxins were selected for growth on three additional types of fermentation media. RESULTS Collision-induced dissociation of sulfoconjugated ions displayed a distinctive neutral loss of SO3 (79.957 Da) that was detected in the MS(2) datasets using post-acquisition NLF. A total of 108 of the 148 isolates screened produced sulfoconjugated metabolites on agar plates. Analysis of the seven isolates grown in liquid culture, on rice and Cheerios, led to the discovery of six new, two previously reported and 30 unidentified sulfoconjugated compounds. CONCLUSIONS NLF of HRMS(2) data from an Orbitrap Q-Exactive is a powerful tool for the rapid discovery of sulfoconjugated fungal metabolites. This technique could also be applied to the detection of other important conjugated mycotoxins such as glucosides. The majority of the Canadian isolates of Alternaria spp. studied produced sulfoconjugated metabolites, some of which had no known 'free' Alternaria precursor metabolite, indicating that they are possibly new metabolites. The advantage of sulfoconjugation to Alternaria spp. is unknown, and warrants further study into the mechanisms behind the sulfur assimilatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Kelman
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Mack
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Kumaran Sivagnanam
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - Ken K-C Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Tölgyesi Á, Stroka J, Tamosiunas V, Zwickel T. Simultaneous analysis of Alternaria toxins and citrinin in tomato: an optimised method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1512-22. [PMID: 26212568 PMCID: PMC4673541 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1072644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria toxins and citrinin are mycotoxins produced by fungi growing on different raw materials and agricultural commodities. Maximum levels of these toxins in foods are currently under consideration by the European Commission as a risk management measure. In this study, a new quantitative method is described for the determination of five Alternaria toxins and citrinin in tomato and tomato juice samples based on LC-MS/MS detection. Samples were extracted with pure methanol, followed by a derivatisation step with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to improve the determination of tenuazonic acid and to decrease the wide polarity difference between the compounds of interest. Samples were purified on hydrophilic-modified styrene polymer solid-phase extraction cartridges. High-performance liquid chromatographic columns packed with different core-shell materials were tested for the separation of toxins and a C-18 phase was in the final method applied to achieve sufficient separation of all relevant analytes. A key element of this approach was to prove successful transferability of the method to three different triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. A full single laboratory method validation was performed on two LC-MS/MS systems and performance characteristics met the predefined requirements. Moreover, the method was used in an international proficiency test and the satisfactory z-scores obtained (-0.1 to 0.8 in tomato juice samples) demonstrated the reliability of the approach described. The method will be validated in an inter-laboratory collaborative study and if the criteria for method precision are met, the method will be proposed as a new Work Item to the European Committee for Standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Tölgyesi
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
| | - Joerg Stroka
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
| | - Vytautas Tamosiunas
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Theresa Zwickel
- BfR Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Racemic new cyclohexenone and cyclopentenone derivatives, (±)-(4R*,5S*,6S*)-3-amino-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (1) and (±)-(4S*,5S*)-2,4,5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (2), and two new xanthone derivatives 4-chloro-1,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxycarbonyl-xanthen-9-one (3) and 2,8-dimethoxy-1,6-dimethoxycarbonyl-xanthen-9-one (4), along with one known compound, fischexanthone (5), were isolated from the culture of the mangrove endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. R6. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of their MS (Mass), one and two dimensional NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] scavenging activities with EC50 values of 8.19 ± 0.15 and 16.09 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. In comparison to Triadimefon, compounds 2 and 3 exhibited inhibitory activities against Fusarium graminearum with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 215.52 and 107.14 μM, respectively, and compound 3 exhibited antifungal activity against Calletotrichum musae with MIC value of 214.29 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Weijia Ding
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ruimin Wang
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yipeng Du
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huanliang Liu
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xuehua Kong
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Chunyuan Li
- College of Materials and Energy (Formerly College of Science), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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