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Thomas WJW, Amas JC, Dolatabadian A, Huang S, Zhang F, Zandberg JD, Neik TX, Edwards D, Batley J. Recent advances in the improvement of genetic resistance against disease in vegetable crops. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:32-46. [PMID: 38796840 PMCID: PMC11376385 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- William J W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Junrey C Amas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Aria Dolatabadian
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Shuanglong Huang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fangning Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jaco D Zandberg
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Ting Xiang Neik
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Agritech Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 118258, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
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Sun S, Deng D, Wu W, He Y, Luo G, Du C, Duan C, Zhu Z. Molecular Characterizations of the er1 Alleles Conferring Resistance to Erysiphe pisi in Three Chinese Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Landraces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12016. [PMID: 36233319 PMCID: PMC9569905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. is a major disease affecting pea worldwide. This study aimed to confirm the resistance genes contained in three powdery mildew-resistant Chinese pea landraces (Suoshadabaiwan, Dabaiwandou, and Guiwan 1) and to develop the functional markers of the novel resistance genes. The resistance genes were identified by genetic mapping and PsMLO1 gene sequence identification. To confirm the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in the three Landraces, the susceptible cultivars Bawan 6, Longwan 1, and Chengwan 8 were crossed with Suoshadabaiwan, Dabaiwandou, and Guiwan 1 to produce F1, F2, and F2:3 populations, respectively. All F1 plants were susceptible to E. pisi, and phenotypic segregation patterns in all the F2 and F2:3 populations fit the 3:1 (susceptible: resistant) and 1:2:1 (susceptible homozygotes: heterozygotes: resistant homozygotes) ratios, respectively, indicating powdery mildew resistance in the three Landraces were controlled by a single recessive gene, respectively. The analysis of er1-linked markers and genetic mapping in the F2 populations suggested that the recessive resistance genes in three landraces could be er1 alleles. The cDNA sequences of 10 homologous PsMLO1 cDNA clones from the contrasting parents were obtained. A known er1 allele, er1-4, was identified in Suoshadabaiwan. Two novel er1 alleles were identified in Dabaiwandou and Guiwan 1, which were designated as er1-13 and er1-14, respectively. Both novel alleles were characterized with a 1-bp deletion (T) in positions 32 (exon 1) and 277 (exon 3), respectively, which caused a frame-shift mutation to result in premature termination of translation of PsMLO1 protein. The co-dominant functional markers specific for er1-13 and er1-14, KASPar-er1-13, and KASPar-er1-14 were developed and effectively validated in populations and pea germplasms. Here, two novel er1 alleles were characterized and their functional markers were validated. These results provide powerful tools for marker-assisted selection in pea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Gaoling Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Chengzhang Du
- Institute of Specialty Crop, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Banyal DK, Dixit H, Chaudhary J, Malannavar AB, Thakur N. Deciphering diversity at er loci for diversification of powdery mildew resistance in pea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16037. [PMID: 36163338 PMCID: PMC9512827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural biotechnology aims to scrutinize the field crops which feed half of the world's population by improving their agronomic traits using various biotechnological tools. Pea- an important cash crop, rich in nutrients, but frequently infected with powdery mildew (fungal disease caused by Erysiphe pisi) that destroys the whole crop and causes economic loss for growers. We, therefore, targeted this research to find the pathogen-resistant pea lines and further decipher the diversity at er locus among resistant pea lines. Screening for resistant pea lines was done with Erysiphe pisi isolates (Genebank submission: KX455922.1) under the net house and greenhouse conditions. Molecular studies revealed that the Erysiphe resistant (er1) gene was present in 40 lines out of selected 50 pea lines and the mutational character was conferred up to 36 genotypes with 11 haplotype groups. The haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd) was found to be 0.5571 ± 0.099 SD and the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.0160 ± 0.0042 SD Majority of resistant lines (67%) occurred in Hap-1, other remaining haplotypes (Hap 2-10) having 33% resistant lines, each showing characteristic nucleotide substitutions with respect to reference PsMLO1 gene; genotypes from these divergent haplotypes can be used in pea resistance breeding to avoid genetic homogeneity and genetic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder K Banyal
- Department of Plant Pathology, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Himisha Dixit
- Department of Plant Pathology, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | | | | | - Nisha Thakur
- Department of Plant Pathology, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
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Large-Scale Heat-Tolerance Screening and Genetic Diversity of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Germplasms. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192473. [PMID: 36235339 PMCID: PMC9573610 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop. However, the yield of pea is adversely affected by heat stress in China. In this study, heat-tolerant germplasms were screened and evaluated in the field under multi-conditions. The results showed that heat stress could significantly affect pea yield. On the basis of grain weight per plant, 257 heat-tolerant and 175 heat-sensitive accessions were obtained from the first year’s screening, and 26 extremely heat-tolerant and 19 extremely heat-sensitive accessions were finally obtained in this study. Based on SNaPshot technology, two sets of SNP markers, including 46 neutral and 20 heat-tolerance-related markers, were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the 432 pea accessions obtained from the first year’s screening. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the average polymorphic information content was lower using heat-tolerance-related markers than neutral markers because of the selective pressure under heat stress. In addition, population genetic structure analysis showed that neutral markers divided the 432 pea accessions into two subpopulations associated with sowing date type and geographical origin, while the heat-tolerance-related markers divided these germplasms into two subpopulations associated with heat tolerance and sowing date type. Overall, we present a comprehensive resource of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive pea accessions through heat-tolerance screenings in multi-conditions, which could help genetic improvements of pea in the future.
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Deng D, Sun S, Wu W, Xiang C, Duan C, Yu D, Wu X, Zhu Z. Disease Resistance and Molecular Variations in Irradiation Induced Mutants of Two Pea Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8793. [PMID: 35955926 PMCID: PMC9369183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced mutation is useful for improving the disease resistance of various crops. Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew are two important diseases which severely influence pea production worldwide. In this study, we first evaluated Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew resistance of mutants derived from two elite vegetable pea cultivars, Shijiadacaiwan 1 (SJ1) and Chengwan 8 (CW8), respectively. Nine SJ1 and five CW8 M3 mutants showed resistant variations in Fusarium wilt, and the same five CW8 mutants in powdery mildew. These resistant variations were confirmed in M4 and M5 mutants as well. Then, we investigated the genetic variations and relationships of mutant lines using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among the nine effective SSR markers, the genetic diversity index and polymorphism information content (PIC) values were averaged at 0.55 and 0.46, which revealed considerable genetic variations in the mutants. The phylogenetic tree and population structure analyses divided the M3 mutants into two major groups at 0.62 genetic similarity (K = 2), which clearly separated the mutants of the two cultivars and indicated that a great genetic difference existed between the two mutant populations. Further, the two genetic groups were divided into five subgroups at 0.86 genetic similarity (K = 5) and each subgroup associated with resistant phenotypes of the mutants. Finally, the homologous PsMLO1 cDNA of five CW8 mutants that gained resistance to powdery mildew was amplified and cloned. A 129 bp fragment deletion was found in the PsMLO1 gene, which was in accord with er1-2. The findings provide important information on disease resistant and molecular variations of pea mutants, which is useful for pea production, new cultivar breeding, and the identification of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Suli Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Xiang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Devi J, Mishra GP, Sagar V, Kaswan V, Dubey RK, Singh PM, Sharma SK, Behera TK. Gene-Based Resistance to Erysiphe Species Causing Powdery Mildew Disease in Peas ( Pisum sativum L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:316. [PMID: 35205360 PMCID: PMC8872628 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally powdery mildew (PM) is one of the major diseases of the pea caused by Erysiphe pisi. Besides, two other species viz. Erysiphe trifolii and Erysiphe baeumleri have also been identified to infect the pea plant. To date, three resistant genes, namely er1, er2 and Er3 located on linkage groups VI, III and IV respectively were identified. Studies have shown the er1 gene to be a Pisum sativum Mildew resistance Locus 'O' homologue and subsequent analysis has identified eleven alleles namely er1-1 to er1-11. Despite reports mentioning the breakdown of er1 gene-mediated PM resistance by E. pisi and E. trifolii, it is still the most widely deployed gene in PM resistance breeding programmes across the world. Several linked DNA markers have been reported in different mapping populations with varying linkage distances and effectiveness, which were used by breeders to develop PM-resistant pea cultivars through marker assisted selection. This review summarizes the genetics of PM resistance and its mechanism, allelic variations of the er gene, marker linkage and future strategies to exploit this information for targeted PM resistance breeding in Pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Devi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Gyan P. Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Vidya Sagar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Vineet Kaswan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Palanpur, Gujarat 385506, India;
| | - Rakesh K. Dubey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Prabhakar M. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Shyam K. Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India;
| | - Tusar K. Behera
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
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Sulima AS, Zhukov VA. War and Peas: Molecular Bases of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and Other Legumes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030339. [PMID: 35161319 PMCID: PMC8838241 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes, or pulses, have many beneficial properties that make them potentially attractive to agriculture. However, the large-scale cultivation of legumes faces a number of difficulties, in particular the vulnerability of the currently available cultivars to various diseases that significantly impair yields and seed quality. One of the most dangerous legume pathogens is powdery mildew (a common name for parasitic fungi of the order Erisyphales). This review examines the methods of controlling powdery mildew that are used in modern practice, including fungicides and biological agents. Special attention is paid to the plant genetic mechanisms of resistance, which are the most durable, universal and environmentally friendly. The most studied legume plant in this regard is the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), which possesses naturally occurring resistance conferred by mutations in the gene MLO1 (Er1), for which we list here all the known resistant alleles, including er1-12 discovered by the authors of this review. Recent achievements in the genetics of resistance to powdery mildew in other legumes and prospects for the introduction of this resistance into other agriculturally important legume species are also discussed.
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Yan Z, Appiano M, van Tuinen A, Meijer-Dekens F, Schipper D, Gao D, Huibers R, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Wolters AMA. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Tomato mlo Mutant from an EMS Mutagenized Micro-Tom Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050719. [PMID: 34064921 PMCID: PMC8150974 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), there are at least three SlMLO (Mildew resistance Locus O) genes acting as susceptibility genes for the powdery mildew disease caused by Oidium neolycopersici, namely SlMLO1, SlMLO5 and SlMLO8. Of the three homologs, the SlMLO1 gene plays a major role since a natural mutant allele called ol-2 can almost completely prevent fungal penetration by formation of papillae. The ol-2 allele contains a 19-bp deletion in the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, resulting in a premature stop codon within the second cytoplasmic loop of the predicted protein. In this study, we have developed a new genetic resource (M200) in the tomato cv. Micro-Tom genetic background by means of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The mutant M200 containing a novel allele (the m200 allele) of the tomato SlMLO1 gene showed profound resistance against powdery mildew with no fungal sporulation. Compared to the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, the m200 allele carries a point mutation at T65A. The SNP results in a premature stop codon L22* located in the first transmembrane domain of the complete SlMLO1 protein. The length of the predicted protein is 21 amino acids, while the SlMLO1 full-length protein is 513 amino acids. A high-resolution melting (HRM) marker was developed to distinguish the mutated m200 allele from the SlMLO1 allele in backcross populations. The mutant allele conferred recessive resistance that was associated with papillae formation at fungal penetration sites of plant epidermal cells. A comprehensive list of known mlo mutations found in natural and artificial mutants is presented, which serves as a particularly valuable resource for powdery mildew resistance breeding.
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Salgotra RK, Stewart CN. Functional Markers for Precision Plant Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4792. [PMID: 32640763 PMCID: PMC7370099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology including genomics, high-throughput sequencing, and genome editing enable increasingly faster and more precise cultivar development. Identifying genes and functional markers (FMs) that are highly associated with plant phenotypic variation is a grand challenge. Functional genomics approaches such as transcriptomics, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING), homologous recombinant (HR), association mapping, and allele mining are all strategies to identify FMs for breeding goals, such as agronomic traits and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. The advantage of FMs over other markers used in plant breeding is the close genomic association of an FM with a phenotype. Thereby, FMs may facilitate the direct selection of genes associated with phenotypic traits, which serves to increase selection efficiencies to develop varieties. Herein, we review the latest methods in FM development and how FMs are being used in precision breeding for agronomic and quality traits as well as in breeding for biotic and abiotic stress resistance using marker assisted selection (MAS) methods. In summary, this article describes the use of FMs in breeding for development of elite crop cultivars to enhance global food security goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romesh K. Salgotra
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu 190008, India
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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DNA Fingerprinting and Species Identification Uncovers the Genetic Diversity of Katsouni Pea in the Greek Islands Amorgos and Schinoussa. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040479. [PMID: 32283704 PMCID: PMC7238155 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pea (P. sativum L.), one of the most important legume crops worldwide, has been traditionally cultivated in Lesser Cyclades since ancient times. The commonly known traditional pea cultivar, ‘Katsouni’, is endemic to the islands of Amorgos and Schinoussa and is of great local economic importance. Despite the widespread cultivation of ‘Katsouni’ in both islands, it is still unknown whether the current Schinoussa and Amorgos pea populations are distinct landraces, and if they have common evolutionary origin. To assist conservation and breeding of the pea crop, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 39 pea samples from Amorgos and 86 from Schinoussa were studied using DNA barcoding and ISSR marker analyses. The results indicate that both populations are different landraces with distinct geographical distribution and are more closely related to P. sativum subsp. elatius than the P. abyssinicum and P. fulvum species. Further characterization of the ‘Katsouni’ landraces for functional polymorphisms regarding pathogen resistance, revealed susceptibility to the powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi DC.). This work represents the first investigation on the genetic diversity and population structure of the ‘Katsouni’ cultivar. Exploiting the local genetic diversity of traditional landraces is fundamental for conservation practices and crop improvement through breeding strategies.
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Kankanala P, Nandety RS, Mysore KS. Genomics of Plant Disease Resistance in Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1345. [PMID: 31749817 PMCID: PMC6842968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The constant interactions between plants and pathogens in the environment and the resulting outcomes are of significant importance for agriculture and agricultural scientists. Disease resistance genes in plant cultivars can break down in the field due to the evolution of pathogens under high selection pressure. Thus, the protection of crop plants against pathogens is a continuous arms race. Like any other type of crop plant, legumes are susceptible to many pathogens. The dawn of the genomic era, in which high-throughput and cost-effective genomic tools have become available, has revolutionized our understanding of the complex interactions between legumes and pathogens. Genomic tools have enabled a global view of transcriptome changes during these interactions, from which several key players in both the resistant and susceptible interactions have been identified. This review summarizes some of the large-scale genomic studies that have clarified the host transcriptional changes during interactions between legumes and their plant pathogens while highlighting some of the molecular breeding tools that are available to introgress the traits into breeding programs. These studies provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of different levels of host defenses in resistant and susceptible interactions.
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Sun S, Deng D, Duan C, Zong X, Xu D, He Y, Zhu Z. Two Novel er1 Alleles Conferring Powdery Mildew ( Erysiphe pisi) Resistance Identified in a Worldwide Collection of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Germplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5071. [PMID: 31614814 PMCID: PMC6829425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. severely affects pea crops worldwide. The use of resistant cultivars containing the er1 gene is the most effective way to control this disease. The objectives of this study were to reveal er1 alleles contained in 55 E. pisi-resistant pea germplasms and to develop the functional markers of novel alleles. Sequences of 10 homologous PsMLO1 cDNA clones from each germplasm accession were used to determine their er1 alleles. The frame shift mutations and various alternative splicing patterns were observed during transcription of the er1 gene. Two novel er1 alleles, er1-8 and er1-9, were discovered in the germplasm accessions G0004839 and G0004400, respectively, and four known er1 alleles were identified in 53 other accessions. One mutation in G0004839 was characterized by a 3-bp (GTG) deletion of the wild-type PsMLO1 cDNA, resulting in a missing valine at position 447 of the PsMLO1 protein sequence. Another mutation in G0004400 was caused by a 1-bp (T) deletion of the wild-type PsMLO1 cDNA sequence, resulting in a serine to leucine change of the PsMLO1 protein sequence. The er1-8 and er1-9 alleles were verified using resistance inheritance analysis and genetic mapping with respectively derived F2 and F2:3 populations. Finally, co-dominant functional markers specific to er1-8 and er1-9 were developed and validated in populations and pea germplasms. These results improve our understanding of E. pisi resistance in pea germplasms worldwide and provide powerful tools for marker-assisted selection in pea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dong Deng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Canxing Duan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xuxiao Zong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dongxu Xu
- Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangjiakou 075000, China.
| | - Yuhua He
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China.
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Smigielski L, Laubach EM, Pesch L, Glock JML, Albrecht F, Slusarenko A, Panstruga R, Kuhn H. Nodulation Induces Systemic Resistance of Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum Against Erysiphe pisi and Primes for Powdery Mildew-Triggered Salicylic Acid Accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1243-1255. [PMID: 31025899 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0304-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants encounter beneficial and detrimental microorganisms both above- and belowground and the health status of the plant depends on the composition of this pan-microbiome. Beneficial microorganisms contribute to plant nutrition or systemically or locally protect plants against pathogens, thus facilitating adaptation to a variety of environments. Induced systemic resistance, caused by root-associated microbes, manifests as aboveground resistance against necrotrophic pathogens and is mediated by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling. By contrast, systemic acquired resistance relies on salicylic acid (SA) signaling and confers resistance against secondary infection by (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. To investigate whether symbiotic rhizobia that are ubiquitously found in natural ecosystems are able to modulate resistance against biotrophs, we tested the impact of preestablished nodulation of Medicago truncatula and pea (Pisum sativum) plants against infection by the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe pisi. We found that root symbiosis interfered with fungal penetration of M. truncatula and reduced asexual spore formation on pea leaves independently of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Improved resistance of nodulated plants correlated with elevated levels of free SA and SA-dependent marker gene expression upon powdery mildew infection. Our results suggest that nodulation primes the plants systemically for E. pisi-triggered SA accumulation and defense gene expression, resulting in increased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Smigielski
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Laubach
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lina Pesch
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Marie Leyva Glock
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Albrecht
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Alan Slusarenko
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Kusch S, Panstruga R. mlo-Based Resistance: An Apparently Universal "Weapon" to Defeat Powdery Mildew Disease. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:179-189. [PMID: 28095124 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0255-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of one or more of the appropriate Mildew resistance locus o (Mlo) genes are an apparently reliable "weapon" to protect plants from infection by powdery mildew fungi, as they confer durable broad-spectrum resistance. Originally detected as a natural mutation in an Ethiopian barley landrace, this so-called mlo-based resistance has been successfully employed in European barley agriculture for nearly four decades. More recently, mlo-mediated resistance was discovered to be inducible in virtually every plant species of economic or scientific relevance. By now, mlo resistance has been found (as natural mutants) or generated (by induced mutagenesis, gene silencing, and targeted or nontargeted gene knock-out) in a broad range of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species. Here, we review features of mlo resistance in barley, discuss approaches to identify the appropriate Mlo gene targets to induce mlo-based resistance, and consider the issue of pleiotropic effects often associated with mlo-mediated immunity, which can harm plant yield and quality. We portray mlo-based resistance as an apparently universal and effective weapon to defeat powdery mildew disease in a multitude of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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