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Zhang C, Li S, Wang Y, Long J, Li X, Ke L, Xu R, Wu Z, Pi Z. Vernalization promotes bolting in sugar beet by inhibiting the transcriptional repressors of BvGI. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:67. [PMID: 38836995 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), a biennial sugar crop, contributes about 16% of the world's sugar production. The transition from vegetative growth, during which sugar accumulated in beet, to reproductive growth, during which sugar exhausted in beet, is determined by vernalization and photoperiod. GIGANTEA (GI) is a key photoperiodic flowering gene that is induced by vernalization in sugar beet. To identify the upstream regulatory factors of BvGI, candidate transcription factors (TF) that were co-expressed with BvGI and could bind to the BvGI promoter were screened based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and TF binding site prediction. Subsequently, their transcriptional regulatory role on the BvGI was validated through subcellular localization, dual-luciferase assays and yeast transformation tests. A total of 7,586 differentially expressed genes were identified after vernalization and divided into 18 co-expression modules by WGCNA, of which one (MEcyan) and two (MEdarkorange2 and MEmidnightblue) modules were positively and negatively correlated with the expression of BvGI, respectively. TF binding site predictions using PlantTFDB enabled the screening of BvLHY, BvTCP4 and BvCRF4 as candidate TFs that negatively regulated the expression of BvGI by affecting its transcription. Subcellular localization showed that BvLHY, BvTCP4 and BvCRF4 were localized to the nucleus. The results of dual-luciferase assays and yeast transformation tests showed that the relative luciferase activity and expression of HIS3 was reduced in the BvLHY, BvTCP4 and BvCRF4 transformants, which suggested that the three TFs inhibited the BvGI promoter. In addition, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that BvLHY and BvTCP4 exhibited rhythmic expression characteristics similar to that of BvGI, while BvCRF4 did not. Our results revealed that vernalization crosstalked with the photoperiod pathway to initiate bolting in sugar beet by inhibiting the transcriptional repressors of BvGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Zhang
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Jiali Long
- College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Lixun Ke
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China
| | - Zedong Wu
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhi Pi
- Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 150080, Harbin, China.
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Meng Q, Liu Z, Feng C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wang X, Wu J, She H, Qian W. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Identification of Candidate Genes Controlling Bolting in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850810. [PMID: 35432424 PMCID: PMC9006512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinach is a typical light-sensitive plant. Long days can induce early bolting, thereby influencing the regional adaptation, quality, and vegetative yield of spinach. However, the genes and genetic mechanisms underlying this trait in spinach remain unclear. In this study, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) qBT1.1, was mapped on chromosome 1 using a BC1 population (BC1a) derived from 12S3 (late-bolting recurrent lines) and 12S4 (early bolting lines) with specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) markers and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers. The qBT1.1 locus was further confirmed and narrowed down to 0.56 Mb by using a large BC1 (BC1b) population and an F2 population using the above KASP markers and the other 20 KASP markers. Within this region, two putative genes, namely, SpFLC and SpCOL14, were of interest due to their relationship with flower regulatory pathways. For SpCOL14, we found multiple variations in the promoter, and the expression pattern was consistent with bolting stages. SpCOL14 was therefore assumed to the best candidate gene for bolting. Overall, our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of bolting in spinach and contribute to the breeding of diverse spinach germplasms for adaptation to different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunda Feng
- Ilera Healthcare LLC, Waterfall, PA, United States
| | - Helong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing She
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ravi S, Campagna G, Della Lucia MC, Broccanello C, Bertoldo G, Chiodi C, Maretto L, Moro M, Eslami AS, Srinivasan S, Squartini A, Concheri G, Stevanato P. SNP Alleles Associated With Low Bolting Tendency in Sugar Beet. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693285. [PMID: 34322145 PMCID: PMC8311237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of efficient molecular markers related to low bolting tendency is a priority in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding. This study aimed to identify SNP markers associated with low bolting tendency by establishing a genome-wide association study. An elaborate 3-year field trial comprising 13 sugar beet lines identified L14 as the one exhibiting the lowest bolting tendency along with an increased survival rate after autumnal sowing. For SNP discovery following phenotyping, contrasting phenotypes of 24 non-bolting and 15 bolting plants of the L14 line were sequenced by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). An association model was established with a set of 10,924 RAD-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The allelic status of the most significantly associated SNPs ranked based on their differential allelic status between contrasting phenotypes (p < 0.01) was confirmed on three different validation datasets comprising diverse sugar beet lines and varieties adopting a range of SNP detection technologies. This study has led to the identification of SNP_36780842 and SNP_48607347 linked to low bolting tendency and can be used for marker-assisted breeding and selection in sugar beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samathmika Ravi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Campagna
- Cooperativa Produttori Agricoli Società Cooperativa Agricola (COPROB), Minerbio, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Della Lucia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Broccanello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Maretto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Moro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Azam Sadat Eslami
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Concheri
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Dally N, Eckel M, Batschauer A, Höft N, Jung C. Two CONSTANS-LIKE genes jointly control flowering time in beet. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16120. [PMID: 30382124 PMCID: PMC6208394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeding vegetative crops (e.g. beets, cabbage, forage grasses) is challenged by two conflicting aims. For field production, flowering must be avoided while flowering and seed set is necessary for breeding and seed production. The biennial species sugar beet makes shoot elongation (‘bolting’) followed by flowering after a long period of cold temperatures. Field production in northern geographical regions starts in spring. A thickened storage root is formed only during vegetative growth. It is expected that winter beets, which are sown before winter would have a much higher yield potential. However, field production was not possible so far due to bolting after winter. We propose a strategy to breed winter beets exploiting haplotype variation at two major bolting time loci, B and B2. Both genes encode transcription factors controlling the expression of two orthologs of the Arabidopsis gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). We detected an epistatic interaction between both genes because F2 plants homozygous for two B/B2 mutant alleles did not bolt even after vernalization. Fluorescence complementation studies revealed that both proteins form a heterodimer in vivo. In non-bolting plants, the bolting activator BvFT2 was completely downregulated whereas the repressor BvFT1 was upregulated which suggests that both genes acquire a CONSTANS (CO) like function in beet. Like CO, B and B2 proteins house CCT and BBX domains which, in contrast to CO are split between the two beet genes. We propose an alternative regulation of FT orthologs in beet that can be exploited to breed winter beets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dally
- UKSH Campus Kiel, Hematology Laboratory Kiel, Langer Segen 8-10, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maike Eckel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Höft
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Höft N, Dally N, Hasler M, Jung C. Haplotype Variation of Flowering Time Genes of Sugar Beet and Its Wild Relatives and the Impact on Life Cycle Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2211. [PMID: 29354149 PMCID: PMC5758561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The species Beta vulgaris encompasses wild and cultivated members with a broad range of phenological development. The annual life cycle is commonly found in sea beets (ssp. maritima) from Mediterranean environments which germinate, bolt, and flower within one season under long day conditions. Biennials such as the cultivated sugar beet (B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) as well as sea beets from northern latitudes require prolonged exposure to cold temperature over winter to acquire floral competence. Sugar beet is mainly cultivated for sugar production in Europe and is likely to have originated from sea beet. Flowering time strongly affects seed yield and yield potential and is thus a trait of high agronomic relevance. Besides environmental cues, there are complex genetic networks known to impact life cycle switch in flowering plants. In sugar beet, BTC1, BvBBX19, BvFT1, and BvFT2 are major flowering time regulators. In this study, we phenotyped plants from a diversity Beta panel encompassing cultivated and wild species from different geographical origin. Plants were grown under different day length regimes with and without vernalization. Haplotype analysis of BTC1, BvBBX19, BvFT1, and BvFT2 was performed to identify natural diversity of these genes and their impact on flowering. We found that accessions from northern latitudes flowered significantly later than those from southern latitudes. Some plants did not flower at all, indicating a strong impact of latitude of origin on life cycle. Haplotype analysis revealed a high conservation of the CCT-, REC-, BBX-, and PEBP-domains with regard to SNP occurrence. We identified sequence variation which may impact life cycle adaptation in beet. Our data endorse the importance of BTC1 in the domestication process of cultivated beets and contribute to the understanding of distribution and adaption of Beta species to different life cycle regimes in response to different environments. Moreover, our data provide a resource for haplotypes identified for the major floral regulators in beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Höft
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nadine Dally
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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