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Gu Y, Fan C, Yang H, Sun H, Wang X, Qiu X, Chen B, Li CM, Guo C. Fluorogenic RNA Aptamer-Based Amplification and Transcription Strategy for Label-free Sensing of Methyltransferase Activity in Complex Matrixes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300668. [PMID: 38327153 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase is significant in cellular activities and gene expression, and its aberrant expression is closely linked to various cancers during initiation and progression. Currently, there is a great demand for reliable and label-free techniques for DNA methyltransferase evaluation in tumor diagnosis and cancer therapy. Herein, a low-background fluorescent RNA aptamer-based sensing approach for label-free quantification of cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides methyltransferase (M.SssI) is reported. The fluorogenic light-up RNA aptamers-based strategy exhibits high selectivity via restriction endonuclease, padlock-based recognition, and RNA transcription. By combining rolling circle amplification (RCA), and RNA transcription with fluorescence response of RNA aptamers of Spinach-dye compound, the proposed platform exhibited efficiently ultrahigh sensitivity toward M.SssI. Eventually, the detection can be achieved in a linear range of 0.02-100 U mL-1 with a detection limit of 1.6 × 10-3 U mL-1. Owing to these superior features, the method is further applied in serum samples spiked M.SssI, which delivers a recovery ranging from 92.0 to 107.0% and a relative standard deviation <7.0%, providing a promising and practical tool for determining M.SssI in complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Cunxia Fan
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Sun
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobao Wang
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Xingchen Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Ming Li
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
| | - Chunxian Guo
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, P.R. China
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Klosterman SJ, Clark KJ, Anchieta AG, Kandel SL, Mou B, McGrath MT, Correll JC, Shishkoff N. Transmission of Spinach Downy Mildew via Seed and Infested Leaf Debris. Plant Dis 2024:PDIS06231225RE. [PMID: 37840290 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1225-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinach downy mildew, caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen Peronospora effusa, is a worldwide constraint on spinach production. The role of airborne sporangia in the disease cycle of P. effusa is well established, but the role of the sexual oospores in the epidemiology of P. effusa is less clear and has been a major challenge to examine experimentally. To evaluate seed transmission of spinach downy mildew via oospores in this study, isolated glass chambers were employed in two independent experiments to grow out oospore-infested spinach seed and noninfested seeds mixed with oospore-infested crop debris. Downy mildew diseased spinach plants were observed 37 and 34 days after planting in the two isolator experiments, respectively, in the chambers that contained one of two oospore-infested seed lots or seeds coated with oospore-infested leaves. Spinach plants in isolated glass chambers initiated from seeds without oospores did not show downy mildew symptoms. Similar findings were obtained using the same seed lot samples in a third experiment conducted in a growth chamber. In direct grow out tests to examine oospore infection on seedlings performed in a containment greenhouse with oospore-infested seed of two different cultivars, characteristic Peronospora sporangiophores were observed growing from a seedling of each cultivar. The frequency of seedlings developing symptoms from 82 of these oospore-infested seed indicated that approximately 2.4% of seedlings from infested seed developed symptoms, and 0.55% of seedlings from total seeds assayed developed symptoms. The results provide evidence that oospores can serve as a source of inoculum for downy mildew and provide further evidence of direct seed transmission of the downy mildew pathogen to seedlings in spinach via seedborne oospores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelley J Clark
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA
| | - Amy G Anchieta
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA
| | | | - Beiquan Mou
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY
| | - James C Correll
- Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Nina Shishkoff
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD
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3
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Jędrejko M, Jędrejko K, Gómez-Renaud VM, Kała K, Muszyńska B. Exploring the Impact of Alternative Sources of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3650. [PMID: 38612462 PMCID: PMC11012081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
An increase in the level of nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in regulating the human cardiovascular system (lowering blood pressure, improving blood flow), glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, and may help enhance exercise capacity in healthy individuals (including athletes). This molecule is formed by endogenous enzymatic synthesis and the intake of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) from dietary sources. Although one of the most well-known natural sources of NO3- in the daily diet is beetroot (Beta vulgaris), this review also explores other plant sources of NO3- with comparable concentrations that could serve as ergogenic aids, supporting exercise performance or recovery in healthy individuals. The results of the analysis demonstrate that red spinach (Amaranthus spp.) and green spinach (Spinacia oleracea) are alternative natural sources rich in dietary NO3-. The outcomes of the collected studies showed that consumption of selected alternative sources of inorganic NO3- could support physical condition. Red spinach and green spinach have been shown to improve exercise performance or accelerate recovery after physical exertion in healthy subjects (including athletes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jędrejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland (K.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Karol Jędrejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland (K.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Víctor M. Gómez-Renaud
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico;
| | - Katarzyna Kała
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland (K.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland (K.J.); (K.K.)
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Nikrad N, Sarghein MG, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Thylakoid supplementation and hunger and fullness perception: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae012. [PMID: 38518202 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It has been suggested that thylakoid supplementation could be associated with favorable changes in appetite. However, the present trials are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether thylakoid supplementation is effective in hunger/fullness changes. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search was performed before conducting a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Sciences databases up to May 2023. DATA EXTRACTION Of the 262 articles found, 5 articles that measured hunger fullness expressed as ratings on the visual analog scale (VAS) for appetite analyses were selected and thoroughly examined. Relevant information, such as the authors' names, year of publication, country of origin, study design, number and status of participants, intervention dosage and type, study duration, assay used, and key findings, was extracted from these articles. The Jadad scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies. DATA ANALYSIS The data were obtained using STATA version 13 (StataCorp). Effect sizes were reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed to estimate whether the effects of thylakoid supplementation on hunger and fullness varied according to dose, intervention duration, baseline population age and body mass index, baseline hunger and fullness, total sample size, and study quality. Fractional polynomial modeling was carried out to estimate time- and dose-response meta-analysis of the association between thylakoid and satiety and fullness. The meta-analysis also suggests a significant association between the combination of thylakoids with meals and reduced hunger (WMD: -2.415 mm; 95% CI: -3.544, -1.287; P < 0.001) and increased fullness (WMD: +4.602 mm; 95% CI: 2.356, 6.848; P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that thylakoid supplementation with 2 doses of 5 g/day (P = 0.002) and 7.4 g/day (P = 0.021) is more effective in reducing the feeling of hunger during an intervention of less than 56 days (P < 0.001) and with a lower level of hunger (VAS <45 mm, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant increase in the perception of fullness was found at a duration of less than 84 days (P < 0.001) and baseline fullness of more than 45 mm (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with thylakoid shows favorable effects on reducing hunger and increasing fullness during a shorter intervention duration. Further trials are required to shed light on this relationship. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023432429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Nikrad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Zhang YL, Wang LY, Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu HW, You C, Chen N, Wei SJ, Li SF, Gao WJ. Gibberellins regulate masculinization through the SpGAI-SpSTM module in dioecious spinach. Plant J 2024. [PMID: 38491869 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The sex of dioecious plants is mainly determined by genetic factors, but it can also be converted by environmental cues such as exogenous phytohormones. Gibberellic acids (GAs) are well-known inducers of flowering and sexual development, yet the pathway of gibberellin-induced sex conversion in dioecious spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) remains elusive. Based on sex detection before and after GA3 application using T11A and SSR19 molecular markers, we confirmed and elevated the masculinization effect of GA on a single female plant through exogenous applications of GA3 , showing complete conversion and functional stamens. Silencing of GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (SpGAI), a single DELLA family protein that is a central GA signaling repressor, results in similar masculinization. We also show that SpGAI can physically interact with the spinach KNOX transcription factor SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (SpSTM), which is a homolog of the flower meristem identity regulator STM in Arabidopsis. The silencing of SpSTM also masculinized female flowers in spinach. Furthermore, SpSTM could directly bind the intron of SpPI to repress SpPI expression in developing female flowers. Overall, our results suggest that GA induces a female masculinization process through the SpGAI-SpSTM-SpPI regulatory module in spinach. These insights may help to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the sex conversion system in dioecious plants while also elucidating the physiological basis for the generation of unisexual flowers so as to establish dioecy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chen You
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Shuai-Jie Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wu-Jun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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6
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Yilmaz‐Ersan L, Ozcan T, Usta‐Gorgun B, Ciniviz M, Keser G, Bengu I, Keser RA. Bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of kefir-based smoothies fortified with kale and spinach after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2153-2165. [PMID: 38455206 PMCID: PMC10916544 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The kefir-based smoothies with kale and spinach were designed as a ready-to-drink and innovative functional snack. Microbiological, physicochemical, as well as pre- and postgastrointestinal total antioxidant capacity (TAC; CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP) analyses were conducted. It was determined that the kefir-based smoothies with vegetables had higher ash, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber values. Fructose and glucose contents of smoothy with kale were high, while smoothy with spinach included high sucrose and maltose. The microbiology results revealed that kefir-based vegetable smoothies had minimum Lactobacillaceae viability (>log 7 cfu g-1) for the required functional effect after 14-day storage. Moreover, the addition of kale significantly increased (p < .01) the level of initial TAC (CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC) values. After in vitro gastric digestion analysis, smoothie with spinach demonstrated higher TAC and TPC values and the control sample had higher TAC and TPC values compared with a predigestion step. It was found that in vitro intestinal DPPH values were higher for the sample with spinach samples, while the sample with kale had the highest FRAP values. It was also found that the bioaccessibility indexes of plain kefir were determined to be the highest in both in vitro gastric and intestinal procedures. The present study provided novel insights into the in vitro digestion properties of kefir fortified with vegetables. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to identify the functional properties of the milk and plant matrices mixture using in vitro and in vivo trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfiye Yilmaz‐Ersan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food EngineeringBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Tulay Ozcan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food EngineeringBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Buse Usta‐Gorgun
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Melike Ciniviz
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Gokce Keser
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Ilay Bengu
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Raziye Asli Keser
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
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7
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Isenmann E, Yuliandra T, Touvleliou K, Broekmann M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Diel P, Parr MK. Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2300689. [PMID: 38400693 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The phytosteroid ecdysterone is classified as an anabolic agent and has been included on the monitoring list of the World Anti-Doping Agency since 2020. Therefore, the consumption of food rich in ecdysterone, such as quinoa and spinach, is the focus of a lively debate. Thus, the urinary excretion of ecdysterone and its metabolites in humans was investigated following quinoa consumption alone and in combination with spinach. Eight participants (four male and four female) were included, and they ingested 368 ± 61 g cooked quinoa alone and in combination with 809 ± 115 g spinach after a washout. Post-administration urines were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. After intake of both preparations, ecdysterone and two metabolites were excreted in the urine. The maximum concentration of ecdysterone ranged from 0.44 to 5.5 µg/mL after quinoa and from 0.34 to 4.1 µg/mL after quinoa with spinach. The total urinary excreted amount as parent drug plus metabolites was 2.61 ± 1.1% following quinoa intake and 1.7 ± 0.9% in combination with spinach. Significant differences were found in the total urinary excreted amount of ecdysterone, 14-deoxy-ecdysterone, and 14-deoxy-poststerone. Only small portions of ecdysterone from quinoa and the combination with spinach were excreted in the urine, suggesting that both quinoa and spinach are poor sources of ecdysterone in terms of bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Isenmann
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Tasha Yuliandra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantina Touvleliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Broekmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- REDs-Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences, ISSUL-Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Wittmann DT, Peter FE, Straetker SM, Ortega-Rodés P, Grimm B, Hedtke B. Dual plastid targeting of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase 2 in Amaranthaceae promotes herbicide tolerance. Plant Physiol 2024:kiae062. [PMID: 38330186 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPB) takes place in plastids and provides the chlorophyll and heme required for photosynthesis and many redox processes throughout plant development. TPB is strictly regulated, since accumulation of several intermediates causes photodynamic damage and cell death. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) catalyses the last common step before TPB diverges into chlorophyll and heme branches. Land plants possess two PPO isoforms. PPO1 is encoded as a precursor protein with a transit peptide, but in most dicotyledonous plants PPO2 does not possess a cleavable N-terminal extension. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PPO1 and PPO2 localize in chloroplast thylakoids and envelope membranes, respectively. Interestingly, PPO2 proteins in Amaranthaceae contain an N-terminal extension that mediates their import into chloroplasts. Here, we present multiple lines of evidence for dual targeting of PPO2 to thylakoid and envelope membranes in this clade and demonstrate that PPO2 is not found in mitochondria. Transcript analyses revealed that dual targeting in chloroplasts involves the use of two transcription start sites and initiation of translation at different AUG codons. Among eudicots, the parallel accumulation of PPO1 and PPO2 in thylakoid membranes is specific for the Amaranthaceae and underlies PPO2-based herbicide resistance in Amaranthus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Wittmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12) 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska E Peter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12) 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Melissa Straetker
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12) 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Ortega-Rodés
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12) 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Lab. Fisiología Vegetal, Dpto. Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12) 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12) 10115 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Ren J, Lu H, Lu S, Huang Z. Impacts of sulfamethoxazole stress on vegetable growth and rhizosphere bacteria and the corresponding mitigation mechanism. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1303670. [PMID: 38390364 PMCID: PMC10882545 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1303670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are an important pharmaceutical class excessively used by humans. Its presence in the soil can impact plant growth and induce antibiotic resistance. This research studies the effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on plant growth, rhizosphere bacteria composition, and resistance genes. Two sets of vegetables (basil, cilantro, and spinach) were treated separately with water and SMX solution. The plant growth data and soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that SMX increased spinach leaf length (34.0%) while having no significant impacts on basil and cilantro. On the other hand, SMX improved the bacterial diversity in all samples. The shifts in the abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria could indirectly affect vegetable stem and leaf length. SMX also significantly increased the abundance of resistance genes Sul1 and Sul2. A further study into the correlation between bacteria highlights the importance of Shingomonas and Alfipia for inhibiting the spread of key resistance gene hosts, namely, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Agrobacterium. This research provides insight into SMX's impact on vegetable growth and microbial diversity. It also points out important microbial interactions that could potentially be utilized to mitigate ARG proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- Lake Forest Academy, Lake Forest, IL, United States
| | - Hongbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanggen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
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10
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Ji N, Liu Z, She H, Xu Z, Zhang H, Fang Z, Qian W. A Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals the Genetic Mechanisms of Nutrient Accumulation in Spinach. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:172. [PMID: 38397162 PMCID: PMC10887921 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinach is a significant source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. These nutrients make it delicious and beneficial for human health. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the accumulation of nutrients in spinach remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, oxalate, nitrate, crude fiber, soluble sugars, manganese, copper, and iron in 62 different spinach accessions. Additionally, 3,356,182 high-quality, single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found using resequencing and used in a genome-wide association study. A total of 2077 loci were discovered that significantly correlated with the concentrations of the nutritional elements. Data mining identified key genes in these intervals for four traits: chlorophyll, oxalate, soluble sugar, and Fe. Our study provides insights into the genetic architecture of nutrient variation and facilitates spinach breeding for good nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ji
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Helong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, China
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Wu H, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Meng Q, Xu Z, Zhang H, Qian W, She H. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics Associated with Different Bolting Periods in Spinacia oleracea. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:36. [PMID: 38254926 PMCID: PMC10815260 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bolting is a symbol of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. Late bolting can effectively prolong the commercial value of spinach and is of great importance for spinach breeding. Bolting has complex regulatory networks, and current research on spinach bolting is relatively weak, with specific regulatory pathways and genes unclear. To clarify the regulatory characteristics and key genes related to bolting in spinach, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis. In this study, 18 samples from three periods of bolting-tolerant spinach material 12S3 and bolting-susceptible material 12S4 were analyzed using RNA-seq on, resulting in 10,693 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment and co-expression trend analysis indicated that most DEGs were enriched in the photoperiod pathway, the hormone signaling pathway, and the cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthetic pathways. According to the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), SpFT (SOV4g003400), SOV4g040250, and SpGASA1 (SOV6g017600) were likely to regulate bolting through the gibberellin and photoperiod pathways, and SpELF4 (SOV1g028600) and SpPAT1 (SOV4g058860) caused differences in early and late bolting among different cultivars. These results provide important insights into the genetic control of bolting in spinach and will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of bolting in leafy vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Helong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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12
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Ramezani M, Thompson D, Moreno M, Joshi V. Biochemical repercussions of light spectra on nitrogen metabolism in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea) under a controlled environment. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1283730. [PMID: 38179482 PMCID: PMC10765523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1283730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Selecting appropriate light spectra of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optimal nutrient composition fertilizers has become integral to commercial controlled environment agriculture (CEA) platforms. Methods This study explored the impact of three LED light regimes (BR: Blue17%, Green 4%, Red 63%, Far-Red 13% and infrared 3%, BGR; Blue 20%, Green 23%, Red 47%, Far-Red 8% and infrared 2%; and GR; Blue 25%, Green 41%, Red 32%, and Far-Red 2%) and nitrogen levels (3.6 and 14.3 mM N) on spinach (Spinacea oleracea). Results Under limited nitrogen (3.6 mM), BGR light increased the fresh shoot (32%) and root (39%) biomass than BR, suggesting additional green light's impact on assimilating photosynthates under suboptimal nitrogen availability. Reduced chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoid accumulation, electron transport rate (ETR), and higher oxalates under limited nitrogen availability highlighted the adverse effects of red light (BR) on spinach productivity. Increased activities of nitrogen-associated enzymes (GOGAT; Glutamate synthase, GDH; NADH-Glutamate dehydrogenase, NR; Nitrate reductase, and GS; Glutamine synthetase) in spinach plants under BGR light further validated the significance of green light in nitrogen assimilation. Amino acid distributions remained unchanged across the light spectra, although limited nitrogen availability significantly decreased the percent distribution of glutamine and aspartic acid. Conclusion Overall, this study demonstrated the favorable impacts of additional green light on spinach productivity, as demonstrated under BGR, than GR alone in response to nitrogen perturbation. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these impacts still need to be unveiled. Nevertheless, these outcomes provided new insights into our understanding of light spectra on spinach nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazzameh Ramezani
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
| | - Dalton Thompson
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
| | - Matte Moreno
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
| | - Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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13
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Sadaf A, Balal RM, Jaffar MT, Javed SA, Javaid MM. Influence of brassinosteroid and silicon on growth, antioxidant enzymes, and metal uptake of leafy vegetables under wastewater irrigation. Int J Phytoremediation 2023; 26:936-946. [PMID: 38630443 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2285015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Vegetable cultivation under sewage irrigation is a common practice mostly in developing countries due to a lack of freshwater. Long-term usage provokes heavy metals accumulation in soil and ultimately hinders the growth and physiology of crop plants and deteriorates the quality of food. A study was performed to investigate the role of brassinosteroid (BRs) and silicon (Si) on lettuce, spinach, and cabbage under lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contaminated sewage water. The experiment comprises three treatments (control, BRs, and Si) applied under a completely randomized design (CRD) in a growth chamber. BRs and Si application resulted in the highest increase of growth, physiology, and antioxidant enzyme activities when applied under canal water followed by distilled water and sewage water. However, BRs and Si increased the above-determined attributes under the sewage water by reducing the Pb and Cd uptake as compared to the control. It's concluded that sewerage water adversely affected the growth and development of vegetables by increasing Pb and Cd, and foliar spray of Si and BRs could have great potential to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metals and improve the growth. The long-term alleviating effect of BRs and Si will be evaluated in the field conditions at different ecological zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Sadaf
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Ayyaz Javed
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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14
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Li N, Zhou J, Zhang W, Liu W, Wang B, She H, Mirbahar AA, Li S, Zhang Y, Gao W, Qian W, Deng C. A rapid method for assembly of single chromosome and identification of sex determination region based on single-chromosome sequencing. New Phytol 2023; 240:892-903. [PMID: 37533136 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The sex-determining-region (SDR) may offer the best prospects for studying sex-determining gene, recombination suppression, and chromosome heteromorphism. However, current progress of SDR identification and cloning showed following shortcomings: large near-isogenic lines need to be constructed, and a relatively large population is needed; the cost of whole-genome sequencing and assembly is high. Herein, the X/Y chromosomes of Spinacia oleracea L. subsp. turkestanica were successfully microdissected and assembled using single-chromosome sequencing. The assembly length of X and Y chromosome is c. 192.1 and 195.2 Mb, respectively. Three large inversions existed between X and Y chromosome. The SDR size of X and Y chromosome is c. 13.2 and 24.1 Mb, respectively. MSY region and six male-biased genes were identified. A Y-chromosome-specific marker in SDR was constructed and used to verify the chromosome assembly quality at cytological level via fluorescence in situ hybridization. Meanwhile, it was observed that the SDR located on long arm of Y chromosome and near the centromere. Overall, a technical system was successfully established for rapid cloning the SDR and it is also applicable to rapid assembly of specific chromosome in other plants. Furthermore, this study laid a foundation for studying the molecular mechanism of sex chromosome evolution in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hongbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar
- Date Palm Research Institute, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, 66020, Pakistan
| | - Shufen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wujun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanliang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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15
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Ewais O, Abdel-Tawab H, El-Fayoumi H, Aboelhadid SM, Al-Quraishy S, Falkowski P, Abdel-Baki AAS. Administration of Ethanolic Extract of Spinacia oleracea Rich in Omega-3 Improves Oxidative Stress and Goblet Cells in Broiler Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella. Molecules 2023; 28:6621. [PMID: 37764396 PMCID: PMC10534835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the anticoccidial activity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) whole-plant extract against Eimeria tenella, both in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, one hundred 8-day-old broiler chicks of both sexes were divided into four groups (n = 25 in each group). Chicks in the first group served as the negative control (non-treated-non-infected). Chicks in the second group were challenged at 18 days old with 5 × 104E. tenella sporulated oocysts. The third group was challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts at 18 days old after receiving spinach extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg at 8 days old. The fourth group received 0.2 mg/kg diclazuril (Coxiril® 0.2%) in their diet two days before being orally infected with 5 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts and this continued till day 10 post-infection (PI). The growth performance, clinical symptoms, oocyst shedding, histological findings, and biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy on day 8 PI when the infection was at its peak. A gas chromatography examination revealed that omega-3 fatty acids were the main constituents of the spinach extract, followed by oleic acid, palmitic acid, and phytol, with amounts of 23.37%, 17.53%, 11.26%, and 7.97%, respectively. The in vitro investigation revealed that the spinach extract at concentrations of 10% and 5% inhibited the oocyst sporulation by 52.1% and 45.1%, respectively. The 5% concentration was selected for the in vivo trial based on the results of the in vitro study. The infected-untreated group showed high levels of OPG; lower body weight; a greater number of parasite stages; few goblet cells; decreased SOD, CAT, and GPX levels; and increased MDA and NO levels. The spinach-treated group, on the other hand, showed a significant decrease in oocyst output per gram of feces (OPG), increased body weight, decreased parasitic stages, and a nearly normal number of goblet cells. Additionally, it reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In conclusion, spinach produced significant antioxidant effects, increased body weight, reduced the number of oocysts and parasite stages in the caecum, and restored the number of goblet cells relative to those of an uninfected control. Furthermore, spinach extract inhibits the sporulation percentage of E. tenella oocysts. The ethanolic extract of S. oleracea (whole plant) contained high concentrations of fatty acids, palmitic acid, Phytol, betulin, and ursolic aldehyde, all of which are known to regulate the antioxidant pathway and modulate inflammatory processes and may be the main reason for its anticoccidial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Ewais
- Department of Parasitology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.A.-T.); (A.-A.S.A.-B.)
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Parasitology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.A.-T.); (A.-A.S.A.-B.)
| | - Huda El-Fayoumi
- Department of Parasitology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.A.-T.); (A.-A.S.A.-B.)
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Piotr Falkowski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic for Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki
- Department of Parasitology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.A.-T.); (A.-A.S.A.-B.)
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16
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Batson AM, Woodhall JW, du Toit LJ. Real-Time PCR Assays for Races of the Spinach Fusarium Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. Plant Dis 2023; 107:2633-2642. [PMID: 36734942 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2658-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of spinach, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, is a significant limitation for producers of vegetative spinach and spinach seed crops during warm temperatures and/or on acid soils. Identification of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, and distinction of isolates of the two known races, entails time-intensive pathogenicity tests. In this study, two real-time PCR assays were developed: one for a candidate effector gene common to both races of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, and another for a candidate effector gene unique to isolates of race 2. The assays were specific to isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (n = 44) and isolates of race 2 (n = 23), respectively. Neither assay amplified DNA from 10 avirulent isolates of F. oxysporum associated with spinach, 57 isolates of other formae speciales and Fusarium spp., or 7 isolates of other spinach pathogens. When the assays were used to detect DNA extracted from spinach plants infected with an isolate of race 1, race 2, or a 1:1 mixture of both races, the amount of target DNA detected increased with increasing severity of wilt. Plants infected with one or both isolates could be distinguished based on the ratio in copy number for each target locus. The real-time PCR assays enable rapid diagnosis of Fusarium wilt of spinach and will facilitate research on the epidemiology and management of this disease, as well as surveys on the prevalence of this understudied pathogen in regions of spinach and/or spinach seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Batson
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273
| | - James W Woodhall
- University of Idaho Parma Research and Extension Center, Parma, ID 83360
| | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273
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17
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Guo LL, Wang JJ, Zu JM, Wang PS, Yang YJ. Effects of microplastics on seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of Spinacia oleracea under alkali stress. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2023; 34:2536-2544. [PMID: 37899121 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202309.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics, a type of new environmental pollutant, have received much attention for their negative effects on organisms and environment. We examined the effects of microplastics on seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) under alkali stress, taking polystyrene microspheres with a diameter of 100 nm (200, 400, 800, 1600 mg·L-1) as the microplastic treatment, and mixed NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 as alkaline salt solution (5, 10, 20, 40 mmol·L-1) according to the molar ratio of 1:1. The results showed that the presence of MPs (≥400 mg·L-1) inhibited seed germination, and that the length of roots and shoots increased at low while decreased at high concentration of MPs. Different concentrations of alkali alone could inhibit seed germination, root and bud elongation. With the increases of MPs concentration, SOD activity of spinach seedlings gradually decreased, while POD activity firstly increased and then decreased, and chlorophyll content increased at low concentration (200 mg·L-1) and decreased significantly at medium and high concentration (≥400 mg·L-1). Different alkali stresses reduced chlorophyll content of spinach seedlings, and the effects on SOD and POD were 'promotion at low concentration and inhibition at high'. In the treatments of microplastics (200, 800 mg·L-1) and alkali (5, 20 mmol·L-1) combined exposure, germination of spinach seeds was inhibited, and chlorophyll content decreased. The activities of SOD and POD in spinach seedlings were reduced under the combined exposure except the treatment of 200 mg·L-1 MPs and 5 mmol·L-1 alkali. Compared to the alkali stress, the combination of low concentration of MPs (200 mg·L-1) and alkali could improve germination rate, germination index, germination vigor and vigor index of seeds, and significantly promoted the elongation of roots and shoots, while the addition of high concentration of MPs (800 mg·L-1) reduced the germination rate, germination index, germination vigor and vigor index of seeds and inhibited the growth of roots and buds. The different concentrations of combined exposure inhibited the activities of SOD and POD and decreased the content of chlorophyll in spinach seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Guo
- Department of Life Science, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing-Mei Zu
- Department of Life Science, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Pin-Su Wang
- Department of Life Science, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Jie Yang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
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18
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Mallor C, Bertolín JR, Paracuellos P, Juan T. Nutraceutical Potential of Leafy Vegetables Landraces at Microgreen, Baby, and Adult Stages of Development. Foods 2023; 12:3173. [PMID: 37685105 PMCID: PMC10486669 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceutical compounds present in leafy vegetables have gained substantial attention due to the health benefits they offer beyond their nutritional value. The biosynthesis, composition, and concentration of these compounds vary widely among leafy vegetables and carry the influence of genetic, agronomic, and environmental factors. Recently, micro-vegetables are gaining importance among consumers worldwide and are used in gastronomy at different development stages. Another tendency is the utilization of local genetic resources as an integral component of agricultural biodiversity crucial for sustainable production. The present study identifies the nutraceutical potential of 10 leafy vegetables at the microgreen, baby, and adult development stages using local genetic resources from the Spanish Vegetable Genebank (CITA, Aragón). Specifically, two landraces for each of the following crops were used: chard (Beta vulgaris), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), borage (Borago officinalis), and chicory (Cichorium intybus). The results reinforce the value of traditional local genetics and demonstrate the potential of these leafy vegetables as a source of functional compounds (fatty acids, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and tocopherols). The observed variability depending on the crop and the developmental stage recommends the necessity of having a varied diet, since each leafy vegetable product offers a unique nutritional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mallor
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.R.B.); (T.J.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Bertolín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.R.B.); (T.J.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Paracuellos
- Basque Culinary Center (BCC), Paseo Juan Avelino Barriola, 101, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Teresa Juan
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.R.B.); (T.J.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Flamminii F, Minetti S, Mollica A, Cichelli A, Cerretani L. The Effect of Washing, Blanching and Frozen Storage on Pesticide Residue in Spinach. Foods 2023; 12:2806. [PMID: 37509898 PMCID: PMC10379809 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a representative green leafy vegetable commonly consumed fresh or as a ready-to-cook frozen product, with increasing consumption because of its many health-related properties. Among leafy vegetables, spinach poses a major concern in terms of pesticide residue detection due to common phytotechnical practices. In this study, spinach leaves were treated in the open field with three commercial pesticide formulations containing propamocarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, fluopicolide and chlorantraniliprole at the highest concentration. The effects of the successive processing steps of washing, blanching, freezing and frozen storage were evaluated on the levels of the four pesticide residues and the degradation product (propamocarb n-desmethyl). The washing step caused a reduction of fluopicolide and chlorantraniliprole of -47% and -43%, respectively, while having a mild effect on lambda-cyhalothrin content (+5%). A two-minute blanching step allowed for the reduction of pesticides content ranging from -41% to -4% with respect to the washed sample. Different behaviors were depicted for longer blanching times, mainly for propamocarb, reaching -56% after 10 min of treatment. Processing factors higher than 1 were reported mainly for lambda-cyhalothrin and fluopicolide. Frozen storage led to a slight increase in the pesticide content in samples treated for 6 and 10 min. The optimal blanching treatment for spinach, submitted to freezing and frozen storage, seems to be 2 min at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Flamminii
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Minetti
- Società Abruzzese Lavorazione Prodotti Agricoli (S.A.L.P.A.) S.A.C.arl, Via Nazionale, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cerretani
- Società Abruzzese Lavorazione Prodotti Agricoli (S.A.L.P.A.) S.A.C.arl, Via Nazionale, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
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20
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Simon A, Mazhar S, Khokhlova E, Leeuwendaal N, Phipps C, Deaton J, Rea K, Colom J. Solarplast ®-An Enzymatically Treated Spinach Extract. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2678. [PMID: 37514292 PMCID: PMC10384499 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world we are constantly bombarded by environmental and natural stimuli that can result in oxidative stress. Antioxidant molecules and enzymes help the human body scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage. Most organisms possess intrinsic antioxidant activity, but also benefit from the consumption of antioxidants from their diet. Leafy green vegetables such as spinach are a well-researched rich source of dietary antioxidant molecules. However, plant cell walls are difficult to digest for many individuals and the bio-accessibility of nutrients and antioxidants from these sources can be limited by the degree of digestion and assimilation. Through a specific enzymatic process, Solarplast® contains organic spinach protoplasts without the cell wall, which may facilitate higher yield and efficacy of beneficial antioxidant molecules. In this study, analytical techniques coupled to in vitro bioassays were used to determine the potential antioxidant activity of Solarplast® and determine its antioxidant enzymatic capabilities. Solarplast® demonstrated superior antioxidant activity when compared to frozen spinach leaves in TOC, FRAP and TEAC antioxidant assays. Several antioxidant enzymes were also increased in Solarplast®, when compared to frozen spinach. As a functional readout, Solarplast® attenuated hydrogen peroxide-, ethanol- and acetaminophen-induced increases in oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in both intestinal (HT-29) and liver (HepG2) cell lines. These findings suggest that Solarplast® may represent a non-GMO, plant-based food supplement to help reduce oxidative stress in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Simon
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahneela Mazhar
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Natasha Leeuwendaal
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher Phipps
- ADM Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard, Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - John Deaton
- ADM Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard, Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - Kieran Rea
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
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21
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Qi F, Liu X, Deng Z, Lu Y, Chen Y, Geng H, Zhang Q, Rao Q, Song W. Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables. Foods 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37509747 PMCID: PMC10378639 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of the rational and standardized use of pesticides is important for the sustainable development of agriculture while maintaining a high quality. The insecticides thiamethoxam and fenvalerate and the vegetables spinach, cabbage, and lettuce were used here as study objects. Descriptive analysis and primary reaction kinetic equations were used to analyze the changes in metabolic residues of the two insecticides after different numbers of application in three vegetables. The effects of pesticide residue levels on the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values of vegetables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to build discrimination models of the vegetables with different pesticide residues based on stable isotopes. The results showed that the first degradation residues of thiamethoxam and fenvalerate in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce conformed to primary reaction kinetic equations, but the degradation half-lives were long, and accumulation occurred in the second application. The differences in the four stable isotope ratios in the control group of the three vegetables were statistically significant, and two-thirds of the stable isotope ratios in the three vegetables with different numbers of pesticide applications were significantly different. The δ13C and δ15N values of spinach, the δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H values of cabbage, and the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values of lettuce were significantly correlated with different residues of thiamethoxam and/or fenvalerate applications. The control groups of the three vegetables, spinach-thiamethoxam-first, spinach-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-fenvalerate-first, and lettuce-thiamethoxam-first, were fully identified by PLS-DA models, while the identification models of other vegetables containing pesticide residues still need to be further improved. The results provide technical support for identifying the rational use of pesticides in vegetables and provide a reference method for guaranteeing the authenticity of green and organic vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- College of Food Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhongsheng Deng
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qicai Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
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22
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Popov M, Kubeš J, Vachová P, Hnilička F, Zemanová V, Česká J, Praus L, Lhotská M, Kudrna J, Tunklová B, Štengl K, Krucký J, Turnovec T. Effect of Arsenic Soil Contamination on Stress Response Metabolites, 5-Methylcytosine Level and CDC25 Expression in Spinach. Toxics 2023; 11:568. [PMID: 37505533 PMCID: PMC10383220 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimental spinach plants grown in soil with (5, 10 and 20 ppm) arsenic (As) contamination were sampled in 21 days after As(V) contamination. Levels of As in spinach samples (from 0.31 ± 0.06 µg g-1 to 302.69 ± 11.83 µg g-1) were higher in roots and lower in leaves, which indicates a low ability of spinach to translocate As into leaves. Species of arsenic, As(III) and As(V), were represented in favor of the As (III) specie in contaminated variants, suggesting enzymatic arsenate reduction. In relation to predominant As accumulation in roots, changes in malondialdehyde levels were observed mainly in roots, where they decreased significantly with growing As contamination (from 11.97 ± 0.54 µg g-1 in control to 2.35 ± 0.43 µg g-1 in 20 ppm As). Higher values in roots than in leaves were observed in the case of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Despite that, a change in 5-mC by As contamination was further deepened in leaves (from 0.20 to 14.10%). In roots of spinach, expression of the CDC25 gene increased by the highest As contamination compared to the control. In the case of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total phenolic acids content and total antioxidant capacity were higher levels in leaves in all values, unlike the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Popov
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubeš
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vachová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - František Hnilička
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanová
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Česká
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Praus
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lhotská
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kudrna
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Tunklová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Štengl
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Krucký
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Turnovec
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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23
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Karasawa Y, Miyano K, Yamaguchi M, Nonaka M, Yamaguchi K, Iseki M, Kawagoe I, Uezono Y. Therapeutic Potential of Orally Administered Rubiscolin-6. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9959. [PMID: 37373107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubiscolins are naturally occurring opioid peptides derived from the enzymatic digestion of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase protein in spinach leaves. They are classified into two subtypes based on amino acid sequence, namely rubiscolin-5 and rubiscolin-6. In vitro studies have determined rubiscolins as G protein-biased delta-opioid receptor agonists, and in vivo studies have demonstrated that they exert several beneficial effects via the central nervous system. The most unique and attractive advantage of rubiscolin-6 over other oligopeptides is its oral availability. Therefore, it can be considered a promising candidate for the development of a novel and safe drug. In this review, we show the therapeutic potential of rubiscolin-6, mainly focusing on its effects when orally administered based on available evidence. Additionally, we present a hypothesis for the pharmacokinetics of rubiscolin-6, focusing on its absorption in the intestinal tract and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Karasawa
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Medical Affairs, Viatris Pharmaceuticals Japan Inc., Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyano
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Miki Nonaka
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masako Iseki
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Izumi Kawagoe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Supportive and Palliative Care Research Support Office, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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24
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Yuliandra T, Touvleliou K, Torre XDL, Botrè F, Loke S, Isenmann E, Valder S, Diel P, Parr MK. Urinary excretion of ecdysterone and its metabolites following spinach consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023:e2200518. [PMID: 37161586 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The phytosteroid ecdysterone is present in spinach. In this study, the urinary elimination of ecdysterone and its metabolites in humans was investigated following spinach consumption of two different culinary preparations. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight participants (4 male, 4 female) ingested 950 (27.1) g sautéed spinach (average (±SD)) and 912 (70.6) g spinach smoothie as second intervention after washout. Post-administration urines were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. After intake of both preparations, ecdysterone and two metabolites, 14-deoxy-ecdysterone, and 14-deoxy-poststerone, were excreted in urine. The maximum concentration of ecdysterone was ranging from 0.09 - 0.41 μg/mL after sautéed spinach and 0.08 - 0.74 μg/mL after smoothie ingestion. The total excreted amount (mean% (±SD)) in the urine as a parent drug plus the metabolites was only 1.4 (1.0) for both sautéed spinach and smoothie. The apparent sex related differences in 14-deoxy-poststerone excretion will need further investigations. CONCLUSION Only a small proportion of ecdysterone from spinach was excreted into urine. No significant differences were found in concentration and recovered amount (%) of ecdysterone, 14-deoxy-ecdysterone, and 14-deoxy-poststerone in urine between sautéed spinach and smoothie ingestion. A discrimination between ecdysterone from food or preparations will be challenging based on urinary concentrations only at least for later post-administration samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Yuliandra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantina Touvleliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- REDs - Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Loke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Isenmann
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Valder
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Ortega AD. Real-Time Assessment of Intracellular Metabolites in Single Cells through RNA-Based Sensors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050765. [PMID: 37238635 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the concentration of particular cellular metabolites reports on the actual utilization of metabolic pathways in physiological and pathological conditions. Metabolite concentration also constitutes the readout for screening cell factories in metabolic engineering. However, there are no direct approaches that allow for real-time assessment of the levels of intracellular metabolites in single cells. In recent years, the modular architecture of natural bacterial RNA riboswitches has inspired the design of genetically encoded synthetic RNA devices that convert the intracellular concentration of a metabolite into a quantitative fluorescent signal. These so-called RNA-based sensors are composed of a metabolite-binding RNA aptamer as the sensor domain, connected through an actuator segment to a signal-generating reporter domain. However, at present, the variety of available RNA-based sensors for intracellular metabolites is still very limited. Here, we go through natural mechanisms for metabolite sensing and regulation in cells across all kingdoms, focusing on those mediated by riboswitches. We review the design principles underlying currently developed RNA-based sensors and discuss the challenges that hindered the development of novel sensors and recent strategies to address them. We finish by introducing the current and potential applicability of synthetic RNA-based sensors for intracellular metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Darío Ortega
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Coudron W, De Frenne P, Verheyen K, Gobin A, Boeckaert C, De Cuypere T, Lootens P, Pollet S, De Swaef T. Usefulness of cultivar-level calibration of AquaCrop for vegetables depends on the crop and data availability. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1094677. [PMID: 36968371 PMCID: PMC10034377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1094677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a result of climate change, climatic extremes are expected to increase. For high-value crops like vegetables, irrigation is a potentially economically viable adaptation measure in western Europe. To optimally schedule irrigation, decision support systems based on crop models like AquaCrop are increasingly used by farmers. High value vegetable crops like cauliflower or spinach are grown in two distinct growth cycles per year and, additionally, have a high turnover rate of new varieties. To successfully deploy the AquaCrop model in a decision support system, it requires a robust calibration. However, it is not known whether parameters can be conserved over both growth periods, nor whether a cultivar dependent model calibration is always required. Furthermore, when data are collected from farmers' fields, there are constraints in data availability and uncertainty. We collected data from commercial cauliflower and spinach fields in Belgium in 2019, 2020 and 2021 during different growing periods and of different cultivars. With the use of a Bayesian calibration, we confirmed the need for a condition or cultivar specific calibration for cauliflower, while for spinach, splitting the data per cultivar or pooling the data together did not improve uncertainty on the model simulations. However, due to uncertainties arising from field specific soil and weather conditions, or measurement errors from calibration data, real time field specific adjustments are advised to simulations when using AquaCrop as decision support tool. Remotely sensed or in situ ground data may be invaluable information to reduce uncertainty on model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Coudron
- Plant Science Unit, Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Anne Gobin
- Remote Sensing, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Boeckaert
- Vlaams Kenniscentrum Water (VLAKWA), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Tim De Cuypere
- Department of Outdoor Horticulture And Precision Agriculture, Inagro, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium
| | - Peter Lootens
- Plant Science Unit, Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Sabien Pollet
- Department of Outdoor Horticulture And Precision Agriculture, Inagro, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium
| | - Tom De Swaef
- Plant Science Unit, Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
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27
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Neelissen J, Leanderson P, Jonasson L, Chung RWS. The Effects of Dairy and Plant-Based Liquid Components on Lutein Liberation in Spinach Smoothies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030779. [PMID: 36771485 PMCID: PMC9920929 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a dietary lipophilic compound with anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously shown that dairy fat can improve the lutein content in spinach smoothies. It is, however, unclear whether fat concentrations and fermentation status in dairy products affect lutein liberation in smoothies. Moreover, plant-based milks vary in fat, protein, and fiber content which may affect lutein dissolution. This study aimed to provide translatable information to consumers by comparing lutein liberation in spinach smoothies made with different dairy or plant-based liquids in domestic settings. The smoothies were digested in vitro, and liberated lutein was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). High-fat and medium-fat cow's milk, as well as coconut milk with and without additives, were found to significantly improve lutein liberation by 36%, 30%, 25%, and 42%, respectively, compared to blending spinach with water alone. Adjustment models suggested that the effects of cow's milk and coconut milk were derived from fat and protein, respectively. On the other hand, soymilk with and without additives showed significantly reduced lutein liberation by 40% and 61%, respectively. To summarize, only 4 out of 14 tested liquids increased lutein liberation in spinach smoothies. The results highlight the importance of testing food companions for lipophilic active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Neelissen
- Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Leanderson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rosanna W. S. Chung
- Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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28
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Kwiatkowska D, Grucza K, Chajewska K, Konarski P, Wojtkowiak K, Drapała A, Wicka M. Ecdysterone: Possible sources of origin in urine. Drug Test Anal 2022. [PMID: 36480213 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Ecdysterone (crustecdysone; beta-ecdysone; 20-hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring steroid hormone belonging to the ecdysteroid class. The presented study investigated the possible concentration range of ecdysterone in urine after consumption of various preparations of spinach, drinking tea (made from Rhapoiticum Carthamoides) and topical use of a cream containing Cyanotis arachnoides. It is very important to establish reference ranges reflecting concentrations compatible with dietary habits and common uses of care products. The data obtained in the research may be used in the interpretation of results of routine analyses. In addition, elimination time and observed concentrations provided by the studies conducted by the Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory can be used by WADA. In the case of spinach, peak elimination occurred within the first few hours, followed by a rapid decline. As for the other plants, instead of clear peak concentrations, gradual elimination was observed. Individual differences were observed between volunteers depending on route of administration. Differences in ecdysterone elimination following ingestion of spinach-based and other plant products were observed too. The highest observed ecdysterone concentration was related to the paste consumption, and it was 691 ng/ml. Finally, our findings were compared with the data collected for the samples routinely tested as part of the monitoring program. During 2.5 years, the presence of ecdysterone was confirmed in as many as 507 samples out of 11 191 total samples tested. The concentration range was very wide, from 1 ng/ml (which is the LOD for this method in the Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory) to over 2000 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Warsaw, Poland
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Chen Z, Meng J. Critical Assessment of Short-Read Assemblers for the Metagenomic Identification of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens Using Simulated Bacterial Communities. Microorganisms 2022; 10. [PMID: 36557669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics offers the highest level of strain discrimination of bacterial pathogens from complex food and water microbiota. With the rapid evolvement of assembly algorithms, defining an optimal assembler based on the performance in the metagenomic identification of foodborne and waterborne pathogens is warranted. We aimed to benchmark short-read assemblers for the metagenomic identification of foodborne and waterborne pathogens using simulated bacterial communities. Bacterial communities on fresh spinach and in surface water were simulated by generating paired-end short reads of Illumina HiSeq, MiSeq, and NovaSeq at different sequencing depths. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Indiana SI43 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were included in the simulated communities on fresh spinach and in surface water, respectively. ABySS, IDBA-UD, MaSuRCA, MEGAHIT, metaSPAdes, and Ray Meta were benchmarked in terms of assembly quality, identifications of plasmids, virulence genes, Salmonella pathogenicity island, antimicrobial resistance genes, chromosomal point mutations, serotyping, multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome phylogeny. Overall, MEGHIT, metaSPAdes, and Ray Meta were more effective for metagenomic identification. We did not obtain an optimal assembler when using the extracted reads classified as Salmonella or P. aeruginosa for downstream genomic analyses, but the extracted reads showed consistent phylogenetic topology with the reference genome when they were aligned with Salmonella or P. aeruginosa strains. In most cases, HiSeq, MiSeq, and NovaSeq were comparable at the same sequencing depth, while higher sequencing depths generally led to more accurate results. As assembly algorithms advance and mature, the evaluation of assemblers should be a continuous process.
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Gao S, Lu T, She H, Xu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, Qian W. Fine Mapping and Identification of a Candidate Gene of Downy Mildew Resistance, RPF2, in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314872. [PMID: 36499197 PMCID: PMC9737595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew is a major threat to the economic value of spinach. The most effective approach to managing spinach downy mildew is breeding cultivars with resistance genes. The resistance allele RPF2 is effective against races 1-10 and 15 of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. Spinaciae (P. effusa) and is widely used as a resistance gene. However, the gene and the linked marker of RPF2 remain unclear, which limit its utilization. Herein, we located the RPF2 gene in a 0.61 Mb region using a BC1 population derived from Sp39 (rr) and Sp62 (RR) cultivars via kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers. Within this region, only one R gene, Spo12821, was identified based on annotation information. The amino acid sequence analysis showed that there were large differences in the length of the LRR domain between the parents. Additionally, a molecular marker, RPF2-IN12821, was developed based on the sequence variation in the Spo12821, and the evaluation in the BC1 population produced a 100% match with resistance/susceptibility. The finding of the study could be valuable for improving our understanding of the genetic basis of resistance against the downy mildew pathogen and breeding resistance lines in the future.
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Eltahawy AMAE, Awad ESAM, Ibrahim AH, Merwad ARMA, Desoky ESM. Integrative application of heavy metal-resistant bacteria, moringa extracts, and nano-silicon improves spinach yield and declines its contaminant contents on a heavy metal-contaminated soil. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1019014. [PMID: 36457524 PMCID: PMC9705991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microorganism-related technologies are alternative and traditional methods of metal recovery or removal. We identified and described heavy metal-resistant bacteria isolated from polluted industrial soils collected from various sites at a depth of 0-200 mm. A total of 135 isolates were screened from polluted industrial soil. The three most abundant isolate strains resistant to heavy metals were selected: Paenibacillus jamilae DSM 13815T DSM (LA22), Bacillus subtilis ssp. spizizenii DSM 15029T DSM (MA3), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa A07_08_Pudu FLR (SN36). A test was conducted to evaluate the effect of (1) isolated heavy metal-resistant bacteria (soil application), (2) a foliar spray with silicon dioxide nanoparticles (Si-NPs), and (3) moringa leaf extract (MLE) on the production, antioxidant defense, and physio-biochemical characteristics of spinach grown on heavy metal-contaminated soil. Bacteria and MLE or Si-NPs have been applied in single or combined treatments. It was revealed that single or combined additions significantly increased plant height, shoot dry and fresh weight, leaf area, number of leaves in the plant, photosynthetic pigments content, total soluble sugars, free proline, membrane stability index, ascorbic acid, relative water content, α-tocopherol, glycine betaine, glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e., peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase) compared with the control treatment. However, applying bacteria or foliar spray with MLE or Si-NPs significantly decreased the content of contaminants in plant leaves (e.g., Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cu), malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, superoxide radical ( O 2 · - ) , and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Integrative additions had a more significant effect than single applications. It was suggested in our study that the integrative addition of B. subtilis and MLE as a soil application and as a foliar spray, respectively, is a critical approach to increasing spinach plant performance and reducing its contaminant content under contaminated soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - El-Sayed A. M. Awad
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Ibrahim
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - El-Sayed M. Desoky
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Marcos P, Whyte P, Burgess C, Ekhlas D, Bolton D. Detection and Genomic Characterisation of Clostridioides difficile from Spinach Fields. Pathogens 2022; 11:1310. [PMID: 36365061 PMCID: PMC9695345 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile infections, data on the reservoirs and dissemination routes of this bacterium are limited. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of C. difficile isolates in spinach fields. C. difficile was detected in 2/60 (3.3%) of spinach and 6/60 (10%) of soil samples using culture-based techniques. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis identified the spinach isolates as belonging to the hypervirulent clade 5, sequence type (ST) 11, ribotypes (RT) 078 and 126 and carried the genes encoding toxins A, B and CDT. The soil isolates belonged to clade 1 with different toxigenic ST/RT (ST19/RT614, ST12/RT003, ST46/RT087, ST16/RT050, ST49/RT014/0) strains and one non-toxigenic ST79/RT511 strain. Antimicrobial resistance to erythromycin (one spinach isolate), rifampicin (two soil isolates), clindamycin (one soil isolate), both moxifloxacin and rifampicin (one soil isolate), and multi-drug resistance to erythromycin, vancomycin and rifampicin (two soil isolates) were observed using the E test, although a broader range of resistance genes were detected using WGS. Although the sample size was limited, our results demonstrate the presence of C. difficile in horticulture and provide further evidence that there are multiple sources and dissemination routes for these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Marcos
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Burgess
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
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Czarnowska-Kujawska M, Starowicz M, Barišić V, Kujawski W. Health-Promoting Nutrients and Potential Bioaccessibility of Breads Enriched with Fresh Kale and Spinach. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36360034 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bread is a staple food and can be a potential product to be enriched with various deficient nutrients. The objective of the study was to characterize the nutritional properties of toasted bread enriched with 10% and 20% of kale and wholemeal bread with 20% and 40% of spinach. The supplementation increased the phenolic content up to 2−3 times in the bread with the addition of 20% spinach and 40% kale. The highest antioxidant properties were noticed in extracts of bread with 20% kale. The in vitro digestion released the hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidative compounds, leading to higher bioaccessibility of the breads enriched with these selected green vegetables. Even more than a 2-fold increase in folate content was observed in breads with the greatest addition of kale (20%) and spinach (40%), from 18.1 to 45.3 µg/100 g and from 37.2 to 83.2 µg/100 g, respectively, compared to the non-enriched breads. Breads with spinach showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher contents of all of the tested minerals, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, and P, whereas kale enriched breads showed most of them. The results suggest that the addition of fresh green vegetables can enhance the daily supply of micronutrients and significantly increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant status.
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Bhattarai G, Olaoye D, Mou B, Correll JC, Shi A. Mapping and selection of downy mildew resistance in spinach cv. whale by low coverage whole genome sequencing. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1012923. [PMID: 36275584 PMCID: PMC9583407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a popular leafy vegetable crop and commercial production is centered in California and Arizona in the US. The oomycete Peronospora effusa causes the most important disease in spinach, downy mildew. A total of nineteen races of P. effusa are known, with more than 15 documented in the last three decades, and the regular emergence of new races is continually overcoming the genetic resistance to the pathogen. This study aimed to finely map the downy mildew resistance locus RPF3 in spinach, identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with the resistance, refine the candidate genes responsible for the resistance, and evaluate the prediction performance using multiple machine learning genomic prediction (GP) methods. Segregating progeny population developed from a cross of resistant cultivar Whale and susceptible cultivar Viroflay to race 5 of P. effusa was inoculated under greenhouse conditions to determine downy mildew disease response across the panel. The progeny panel and the parents were resequenced at low coverage (1x) to identify genome wide SNP markers. Association analysis was performed using disease response phenotype data and SNP markers in TASSEL, GAPIT, and GENESIS programs and mapped the race 5 resistance loci (RPF3) to 1.25 and 2.73 Mb of Monoe-Viroflay chromosome 3 with the associated SNP in the 1.25 Mb region was 0.9 Kb from the NBS-LRR gene SOV3g001250. The RPF3 locus in the 1.22-1.23 Mb region of Sp75 chromosome 3 is 2.41-3.65 Kb from the gene Spo12821 annotated as NBS-LRR disease resistance protein. This study extended our understanding of the genetic basis of downy mildew resistance in spinach cultivar Whale and mapped the RPF3 resistance loci close to the NBS-LRR gene providing a target to pursue functional validation. Three SNP markers efficiently selected resistance based on multiple genomic selection (GS) models. The results from this study have added new genomic resources, generated an informed basis of the RPF3 locus resistant to spinach downy mildew pathogen, and developed markers and prediction methods to select resistant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehendra Bhattarai
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dotun Olaoye
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Beiquan Mou
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - James C. Correll
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Batson AM, Gyawali S, du Toit LJ. Shedding Light on Races of the Spinach Fusarium Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. Phytopathology 2022; 112:2138-2150. [PMID: 35621310 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two pathogenicity groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), were described recently based on virulence of isolates on proprietary spinach inbreds. In this study, a wide range in severity of wilt was observed for 68 spinach cultivars inoculated with an isolate of each pathogenicity group, with 22 (32.4%) cultivars displaying differential responses to the isolates. In a second set of trials, seven spinach cultivars were inoculated with five isolates of each pathogenicity group. The cultivars had similar wilt responses to isolates within each group. In both sets of trials, the most severe wilt developed on cultivars inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates when daylength was shorter and light intensity lower. To test whether light intensity exacerbates severity of Fusarium wilt, three spinach cultivars were inoculated with two isolates of each pathogenicity group and grown with or without shading. Shaded plants developed more severe wilt than nonshaded plants. This difference in wilt severity was greatest for plants inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates. We propose naming isolates of pathogenicity groups 1 and 2 as races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, respectively, and recommend the cultivars Kiowa (susceptible to both races) and Magnetic (susceptible to race 2 and highly resistant to race 1) as differentials. Results of this study should help breeders screen spinach germplasm for resistance to both races of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Batson
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
| | - Sanjaya Gyawali
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
| | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273, U.S.A
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Liang H, Wang C, Lu X, Sai C, Liang Y. Dynamic Changes in Soil Phosphorus Accumulation and Bioavailability in Phosphorus-Contaminated Protected Fields. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12262. [PMID: 36231562 PMCID: PMC9564468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil phosphorus accumulation resulting in a high risk of phosphorus pollution is due to high multiple vegetable cropping indexes and excessive fertilizer input in protected fields. Therefore, this study explored the bioavailability of soil-accumulated phosphorus to improve fertilization and reduce the risk of soil phosphorus contamination in protected fields. A field trial was performed in Yanbian Prefecture, China to study the phosphorus bioavailability after continuous spinach planting without phosphate fertilizer applications. Results indicated that with increasing numbers of planting stubbles, soil inorganic phosphorus and occluded phosphorus changed little, while water-soluble and loose phosphorus, aluminum-phosphate, iron-phosphate, and calcium-phosphorus decreased first and then increased. Soil available phosphorus declined linearly. For planting spinach in protected fields, the threshold of soil phosphorus deficiency is 200 mg kg-1. A soil phosphorus supply potential model was established between x (the soil available phosphorus) and y (the numbers of planting stubbles): y = 6.759 + 0.027x, R = 0.99, which can be used to predict how planting stubbles are needed to raise the soil available phosphorus above the critical value of phosphorus deficiency for spinach. These results will provide the theoretical guidance for rational phosphorus fertilizer applications and control agricultural, non-point pollution sources in protected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Liang
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xinrui Lu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunmei Sai
- College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Yunjiang Liang
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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Park M, Kim H, Kim M, Im MH. Reduction in residual cyantraniliprole levels in spinach after various washing and blanching methods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948671. [PMID: 35967805 PMCID: PMC9370550 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are used to protect crops from pests and diseases. However, as many pesticides are toxic to humans, it is necessary to assess methods that can remove pesticide residues from agricultural products before human consumption. Spinach is consumed immediately after a relatively simple washing and heating process in the Republic of Korea. Cyantraniliprole is used as a systemic insecticide during spinach cultivation, which means it might remain in the crop after processing. Consequently, it is important to assess whether residues can be reduced to levels that are harmless to the human body after processing. This study investigated lowering the residual cyantraniliprole levels in spinach after washing and blanching. The amount of cyantraniliprole residue in the spinach samples sprayed with cyantraniliprole during cultivation was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). The time of each washing and blanching method was set at 1, 3, and 5 min. The residual levels of cyantraniliprole decreased by 15.1–54.6% and 60.1–93.5% based on the washing and blanching methods employed. The most effective washing method to lower residual cyantraniliprole levels was steeping with a neutral detergent, resulting in cyantraniliprole reduction by 42.9–54.6%. When spinach was blanched after steeping washing with a neutral detergent, the largest removal rates of 77.9 and 91.2% were observed after 1 and 3 min of blanching, respectively. Blanching for 5 min after steeping and running washing exhibited the highest reduction rate of 93.5%. Therefore, a considerable amount of cyantraniliprole residue in spinach could be removed by washing or blanching. Based on the results of this study, blanching after steeping washing can be implemented as an effective method of lowering pesticide concentrations in spinach and other crops, thereby reducing their potential toxicity to humans upon consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Park
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyenogsan, South Korea
| | - Hyeonjun Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyenogsan, South Korea
| | - Myungheon Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyenogsan, South Korea
| | - Moo-Hyeog Im
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyenogsan, South Korea
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Gao Y, Li H, Song Y, Zhang F, Yang Z. The Response of Thiols to Cadmium Stress in Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.). Toxics 2022; 10. [PMID: 36006108 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the thiol species for the high cadmium (Cd) tolerance of spinach and provide information for the improvement of soil utilization. The spinach was cultured in aqueous solution with concentrations of Cd ranging from 1 to 9 mg/L. The time responses of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs, PC2-PC4) in the tissues of spinach were monitored via HPLC−MS/MS, and the concentrations of Cd in the roots, shoots and leaves were detected by ICP−OES. Data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Spearman correlation to assess the relationships among the types of thiols and the changes between types of thiols and Cd. As Cd stress increased, Cd concentrations in tissues also increased. The total thiol contents responded to Cd stresses with correlations r ranging from 0.394 (root), 0.520 (shoot) to 0.771 (leaf) (p < 0.01). GSH and PC3 were dominant on most of the days under Cd stress. The correlation r between improvements in GSH and increments of Cd concentration in roots was −0.808 (p < 0.01), and r between changes in PC3 and changes in Cd concentrations in leaves was −0.503 (p < 0.01). No correlation can be found between GSH and the subtypes of PCs in shoots, but strong positive correlations within the subtypes of PCs. Thiols can be produced in different tissues of spinach, while the shoots are only a transport tissue for GSH.
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Batson AM, Spawton KA, Katz R, du Toit LJ. Cladosporium Leaf Spot Caused by Cladosporium variabile in Winter High Tunnel Production of Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea) in Maine, United States. Plant Dis 2022; 106:PDIS11212424PDN. [PMID: 35100834 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2424-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Batson
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273
| | - K A Spawton
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273
| | - R Katz
- Johnny's Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME 04901
| | - L J du Toit
- Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA 98273
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John VC, Verma AK, Krishnani KK, Chandrakant MH, Varghese T, Pathak MS. Effect of potassium supplementation on osmoregulatory and stress response of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) with Spinacia oleracea L. in aquaponics. J Fish Biol 2022; 101:249-261. [PMID: 35593382 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of different potassium supplementation dosages on the physiological responses of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus reared in an aquaponic system with Spinacia oleracea L. for 60 days. The system comprised of a rectangular fish tank of 168 l capacity (water volume = 100 l) with nutrient film technique (NFT)-based hydroponic component with fish to plant ratio of 2.8 kg m-3 : 28 plants m-2 in all the treatments. The osmoregulatory and stress parameters of P. hypophthalmus at four different potassium dosages of T1 (90 mg l-1 ), T2 (120 mg l-1 ), T3 (150 mg l-1 ) and T4 (180 mg l-1 ) were compared with C (control, 0 mg l-1 ) to examine the potassium level to be applied to aquaponics. The water quality parameters and fish production were found to have no adverse impact due to potassium supplementation. The spinach yield during two harvests, i.e., before and after potassium supplementation, revealed that the yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after supplementation with the highest yield in T3 and T4. The osmoregulatory parameters such as plasma osmolality, Na+ , K+ ATPase activity in gill and plasma ionic profile (Cl- , Ca2+ and Na+ ) showed an insignificant variation (P > 0.05) between control and treatments except for higher plasma potassium concentration (1.98 ± 0.19 mmol l-1 ) in T4. The stress and antioxidant enzyme analysis exhibited significantly higher plasma glucose and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in gill and liver in T4, whereas cortisol and catalase showed an insignificant difference (P > 0.05). The experimental findings demonstrated that the potassium dosage up to 150 mg l-1 could be suggested as optimum for P. hypophthalmus and spinach aquaponics without impairing the health and oxidative status of P. hypophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venisza Cathy John
- Aquaculture Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Verma
- Aquaculture Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Tincy Varghese
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
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Badar Z, Shanableh A, El-Keblawy A, Mosa KA, Semerjian L, Mutery AA, Hussain MI, Bhattacharjee S, Tsombou FM, Ayyaril SS, Ahmady IM, Elnaggar A, Mousa M, Semreen MH. Assessment of Uptake, Accumulation and Degradation of Paracetamol in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) under Controlled Laboratory Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11131626. [PMID: 35807584 PMCID: PMC9269112 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and persistence of pharmaceuticals in the food chain, particularly edible crops, can adversely affect human and environmental health. In this study, the impacts of the absorption, translocation, accumulation, and degradation of paracetamol in different organs of the leafy vegetable crop spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. Spinach plants were exposed to 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 200 mg/L paracetamol in 20% Hoagland solution at the vegetative phase in a hydroponic system. Exposed plants exhibited pronounced phytotoxic effects during the eight days trial period, with highly significant reductions seen in the plants' morphological parameters. The increasing paracetamol stress levels adversely affected the plants' photosynthetic machinery, altering the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and PSII), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b and carotenoid contents), and composition of essential nutrients and elements. The LC-MS results indicated that the spinach organs receiving various paracetamol levels on day four exhibited significant uptake and translocation of the drug from roots to aerial parts, while degradation of the drug was observed after eight days. The VITEK® 2 system identified several bacterial strains (e.g., members of Burkhulderia, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas and Kocuria) isolated from spinach shoots and roots. These microbes have the potential to biodegrade paracetamol and other organic micro-pollutants. Our findings provide novel insights to mitigate the risks associated with pharmaceutical pollution in the environment and explore the bioremediation potential of edible crops and their associated microbial consortium to remove these pollutants effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarreen Badar
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.E.-K.); (S.S.A.); (A.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Abdallah Shanableh
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.E.-K.); (S.S.A.); (A.E.); (M.M.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ali El-Keblawy
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.E.-K.); (S.S.A.); (A.E.); (M.M.)
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.M.); (A.A.M.); (F.M.T.); (I.M.A.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt
| | - Kareem A. Mosa
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.M.); (A.A.M.); (F.M.T.); (I.M.A.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Lucy Semerjian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Abdullah Al Mutery
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.M.); (A.A.M.); (F.M.T.); (I.M.A.)
- Human Genetics and Stem Cells Research Group, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Sourjya Bhattacharjee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - François Mitterand Tsombou
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.M.); (A.A.M.); (F.M.T.); (I.M.A.)
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sefeera Sadik Ayyaril
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.E.-K.); (S.S.A.); (A.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Islam M. Ahmady
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.M.); (A.A.M.); (F.M.T.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Attiat Elnaggar
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.E.-K.); (S.S.A.); (A.E.); (M.M.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
| | - Muath Mousa
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (A.E.-K.); (S.S.A.); (A.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Thomas MS, Huang L, Garcia C, Sakaki JR, Blesso CN, Chun OK, Fernandez ML. The Effects of Eggs in a Plant-Based Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 35745278 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the inclusion of whole eggs in plant-based diets (PBD) increased plasma choline, lutein, and zeaxanthin in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether this dietary pattern would protect against oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, two common characteristics of MetS. We recruited 24 men and women with MetS, who, after following a PBD for 2 weeks (baseline), were randomly allocated to consume either two whole eggs with 70 g of spinach/day (EGG) or the equivalent amount of egg substitute with spinach (SUB) as breakfast for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout, they were allocated to the alternate breakfast. We measured biomarkers of oxidation and inflammation at baseline and at the end of each intervention. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, monocyte protein attractant-1, liver enzymes, and C-reactive protein, as well as total antioxidant capacity, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity, and other biomarkers of oxidation were not different at the end of EGG or SUB or when compared to baseline. However, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) during the EGG and baseline compared to SUB. In addition, the increases in dietary lutein and zeaxanthin previously observed had a strong positive correlation with PON-1 activity (r = 0.522, p < 0.01) only during the EGG period, whereas plasma zeaxanthin was negatively correlated with MDA (r = −0.437, p < 0.01). The number of participants with MetS was reduced from 24 during screening to 21, 13, and 17 during the BL, EGG, and SUB periods, respectively, indicating that eggs were more effective in reversing the characteristics of MetS. These data suggest that adding eggs to a PBD does not detrimentally affect inflammation or oxidative stress; on the contrary, eggs seem to provide additional protection against the biomarkers that define MetS.
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Rashid M, Yousaf Z, Din A, Munawar M, Aftab A, Riaz N, Younas A, Alaraidh IA, Okla MK, AbdElgawad H. Assessment of Mineral Nutrient Efficiency in Genetically Diverse Spinach Accessions by Biochemical and Functional Marker Strategies. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:889604. [PMID: 35707614 PMCID: PMC9189916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leafy vegetable crops are considered as a natural source of mineral nutrients that could decrease the risk factor of many growth issues in children and adults. Spinach is globally considered as the most desirable leafy crop, due to its taste and nutrient richness along with greater nitrate contents and better nitrogen use efficiency. To evaluate the mineral nutrient efficiency of this crop, thirty genetically diverse spinach accessions were analyzed through nutritional and functional marker strategies. The accession 163,310 from Pakistan was found to be rich in minerals (sodium, calcium, potassium, zinc, and manganese) and nitrates. However, the oxalate contents were lesser in the accessions that had greater quantity of nutrients. These represented a negative correlation between mineral availability and oxalate accumulation in the leaves. To study the relationship of oxalates and minerals in the accessions, a functional marker analysis was performed, based on the genes involved in oxalate metabolism and disease resistance in spinach. High level of genetic polymorphism was observed among the accessions represented with 115 polymorphic bands out of 130 bands. Heat map clustering represented the accessions from Asian countries (Pakistan, India, China, and Iran) as the most adaptable accessions to the local environment. The correlation between nutritional and genetic analysis also revealed the nutrient richness of these accessions along with good oxalate metabolism and disease resistance. Hence, these accessions could be considered as useful genotypes in future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Rashid
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Din
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muneeb Munawar
- Vegetable Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Arusa Aftab
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Riaz
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Younas
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A. Alaraidh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Thomas MS, Puglisi M, Malysheva O, Caudill MA, Sholola M, Cooperstone JL, Fernandez ML. Eggs Improve Plasma Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Following a Plant-Based Diet-A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102138. [PMID: 35631279 PMCID: PMC9147178 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based (PB) diets are considered a healthy dietary pattern; however, eggs are not always included in this dietary regime. We hypothesized that the addition of two eggs per day would increase HDL cholesterol as well as plasma lutein, zeaxanthin and choline in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this randomized controlled crossover intervention, we recruited 30 participants (49.3 ± 8 y) with MetS who followed a PB diet for 13 weeks. A registered dietitian advised all subjects on food selection and followed them through the intervention to ensure compliance. Participants underwent a 2-week washout with no eggs or spinach (a source of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin) and were randomly allocated to consume spinach (70 g) with either two eggs (EGG) or the equivalent amount of egg substitute (SUB) for breakfast for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout, they were allocated the alternate breakfast. A total of 24 participants (13 women/11 men) finished the intervention. Plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, anthropometrics, plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, choline and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were assessed at baseline and the end of each intervention. When we compared individuals consuming the EGG versus the SUB breakfast, we observed a lower body weight (p < 0.02) and a higher HDL cholesterol (p < 0.025) after the EGG diet. There were no differences in plasma LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, or blood pressure. The number of large HDL particles measured by NMR was higher after EGG (p < 0.01) as compared to SUB. Plasma choline was higher in both treatments (p < 0.01) compared to baseline (8.3 ± 2.1 μmol/L). However, plasma choline values were higher in EGG (10.54 ± 2.8 μmol/L) compared to SUB (9.47 ± 2.7 μmol/L) p < 0.025. Both breakfasts increased plasma lutein compared to baseline (p < 0.01), while plasma zeaxanthin was only increased in the egg intervention (p < 0.01). These results indicate that consuming a plant-based diet in combination with whole eggs increases plasma HDL cholesterol, choline and zeaxanthin, important biomarkers in subjects with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu S. Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (M.S.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Puglisi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (M.S.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Olga Malysheva
- Department of Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14860, USA; (O.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marie A. Caudill
- Department of Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14860, USA; (O.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Sholola
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (J.L.C.)
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (M.S.T.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Kandolf S, Grishkovskaya I, Belačić K, Bolhuis DL, Amann S, Foster B, Imre R, Mechtler K, Schleiffer A, Tagare HD, Zhong ED, Meinhart A, Brown NG, Haselbach D. Cryo-EM structure of the plant 26S proteasome. Plant Commun 2022; 3:100310. [PMID: 35576154 PMCID: PMC9251434 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeted proteolysis is a hallmark of life. It is especially important in long-lived cells that can be found in higher eukaryotes, like plants. This task is mainly fulfilled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Thus, proteolysis by the 26S proteasome is vital to development, immunity, and cell division. Although the yeast and animal proteasomes are well characterized, there is only limited information on the plant proteasome. We determined the first plant 26S proteasome structure from Spinacia oleracea by single-particle electron cryogenic microscopy at an overall resolution of 3.3 Å. We found an almost identical overall architecture of the spinach proteasome compared with the known structures from mammals and yeast. Nevertheless, we noticed a structural difference in the proteolytic active β1 subunit. Furthermore, we uncovered an unseen compression state by characterizing the proteasome's conformational landscape. We suspect that this new conformation of the 20S core protease, in correlation with a partial opening of the unoccupied gate, may contribute to peptide release after proteolysis. Our data provide a structural basis for the plant proteasome, which is crucial for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kandolf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Grishkovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarina Belačić
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Derek L Bolhuis
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sascha Amann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brent Foster
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Richard Imre
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Schleiffer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hemant D Tagare
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ellen D Zhong
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anton Meinhart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David Haselbach
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Li N, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Meng Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Gao W, Deng C. Identification of Sex Differentiation-Related microRNAs in Spinach Female and Male Flower. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4090. [PMID: 35456907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determination and differentiation is an important biological process for unisexual flower development. Spinach is a model plant to study the mechanism of sex determination and differentiation of dioecious plant. Till now, little is known about spinach sex determination and differentiation mechanism. MicroRNAs are key factors in flower development. Herein, small RNA sequencing was performed to explore the roles of microRNAs in spinach sex determination and differentiation. As a result, 92 known and 3402 novel microRNAs were identified in 18 spinach female and male flower samples. 74 differentially expressed microRNAs were identified between female and male flowers, including 20 female-biased and 48 male-biased expression microRNAs. Target prediction identified 22 sex-biased microRNA-target pairs, which may be involved in spinach sex determination or differentiation. Among the differentially expressed microRNAs between FNS and M03, 55 microRNAs were found to reside in sex chromosome; one of them, sol-miR2550n, was functionally studied via genetic transformation. Silencing of sol-miR2550n resulted in abnormal anther while overexpression of sol-miR2550n induced early flowering, indicating sol-miR2550n was a male-promoting factor and validating the reliability of our small RNA sequencing data. Conclusively, this work can supply valuable information for exploring spinach sex determination and differentiation and provide a new insight in studying unisexual flower development.
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Meng Q, Liu Z, Feng C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wang X, Wu J, She H, Qian W. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Identification of Candidate Genes Controlling Bolting in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:850810. [PMID: 35432424 PMCID: PMC9006512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinach is a typical light-sensitive plant. Long days can induce early bolting, thereby influencing the regional adaptation, quality, and vegetative yield of spinach. However, the genes and genetic mechanisms underlying this trait in spinach remain unclear. In this study, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) qBT1.1, was mapped on chromosome 1 using a BC1 population (BC1a) derived from 12S3 (late-bolting recurrent lines) and 12S4 (early bolting lines) with specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) markers and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers. The qBT1.1 locus was further confirmed and narrowed down to 0.56 Mb by using a large BC1 (BC1b) population and an F2 population using the above KASP markers and the other 20 KASP markers. Within this region, two putative genes, namely, SpFLC and SpCOL14, were of interest due to their relationship with flower regulatory pathways. For SpCOL14, we found multiple variations in the promoter, and the expression pattern was consistent with bolting stages. SpCOL14 was therefore assumed to the best candidate gene for bolting. Overall, our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of bolting in spinach and contribute to the breeding of diverse spinach germplasms for adaptation to different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunda Feng
- Ilera Healthcare LLC, Waterfall, PA, United States
| | - Helong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing She
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang Y, Qin S, Wang X, Cao J, Li J. Dissipation Behavior and Acute Dietary Risk Assessment of Thiamethoxam and Its Metabolite Clothianidin on Spinach. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 35408608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin residues pose a potential threat to human health. This study aims to investigate the residue behavior and acute dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam and clothianidin on spinach. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). At spike levels from 0.01 to 5 mg kg−1, the average recoveries of both analytes were in the range of 94.5−105.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.8−10.9%. The dissipation behavior of thiamethoxam followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of ≤1.6 days. Clothianidin appeared readily as a plant metabolite with highest level exhibited during 3 to 5 days after application. Temperature and light may be two main factors for degradation of thiamethoxam. Besides, acute risk assessment of thiamethoxam and clothianidin was evaluated with risk quotients (RQs) <100%, which suggested a low health risk for all consumer groups of Chinese residents.
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Ngugi MM, Gitari HI, Muui CW, Gweyi-Onyango JP. Growth tolerance, concentration, and uptake of heavy metals as ameliorated by silicon application in vegetables. Int J Phytoremediation 2022; 24:1543-1556. [PMID: 35246005 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2045251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are among the heavy metals with phytotoxic and toxic effects on vegetables resulting in a significant decrease in crop yields. On the contrary, silicon (Si) has beneficial effects in enhancing plants' tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses such as that imposed by heavy metals. This study evaluated the effects of Pb and Cd on the growth, biomass, and ameliorative mechanism of Si on concentration and uptake by leafy vegetables: spinach, kale, and amaranth. The greenhouse experiment treatments were Pb, Pb + Si, Cd, Cd + Si, Si, and control. These were arranged as a split-plot in a complete randomized design (CRD): main plots constituted vegetable species and treatments as subplots. The field experiment was carried in the Kenyatta University Research Farm, and treatments included Si application and control, arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Cadmium application reduced root biomass by 53-70% while Pb reduced it by 54-61% when compared with control. Silicon fertilization enhanced biomass tolerance by three-folds' and significantly (p < 0.001) reduced concentration and uptake of Pb and Cd. Results indicated a strong negative correlation between Cd concentrations and growth parameters (r = 0.8). The study recommends Si application to enhance leafy vegetables' tolerance to Pb and Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses M Ngugi
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harun I Gitari
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine W Muui
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph P Gweyi-Onyango
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ashraf H, Batool T, Anjum T, Illyas A, Li G, Naseem S, Riaz S. Antifungal Potential of Green Synthesized Magnetite Nanoparticles Black Coffee-Magnetite Nanoparticles Against Wilt Infection by Ameliorating Enzymatic Activity and Gene Expression in Solanum lycopersicum L. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:754292. [PMID: 35308392 PMCID: PMC8928266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.754292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato plants are prone to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Fusarium wilt is one of the most devasting diseases of tomatoes caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causing high yield and economic losses annually. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are one of the potent candidates to inhibit fungal infection by improving plant growth parameters. Spinach has been used as a starting material to synthesize green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Various extracts, i.e., pomegranate juice, white vinegar, pomegranate peel, black coffee (BC), aloe vera peel, and aspirin, had been used as reducing/stabilizing agents to tune the properties of the Fe3O4 NPs. After utilizing spinach as a precursor and BC as a reducing agent, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed cubic magnetite (Fe3O4) phase. Spherical-shaped nanoparticles (∼20 nm) with superparamagnetic nature indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) monographs, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray gives good elemental composition in Fe3O4 NPs. A characteristic band of Fe-O at ∼ 561 cm-1 was exhibited by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the binding energies of Fe 2p3/2 (∼710.9 eV) and Fe 2p1/2 (∼724.5 eV) while, Raman bands at ∼310 cm-1 (T2 g ), ∼550 cm-1 (T2 g ), and 670 cm-1 (A1 g ) indicated the formation of Fe3O4 NPs synthesized using BC extract. The in vitro activity of BC-Fe3O4 NPs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum both at the third and seventh day after incubation, in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo studies also exhibited a substantial reduction in disease severity and incidence by improving plant growth parameters after treatment with different concentrations of BC-Fe3O4 NPs. The increasing tendency in enzymatic activities had been measured after treatment with different concentrations of NPs both in roots and shoot of tomato plants as compared to the control. Correspondingly, the upregulation of PR-proteins and defense genes are in line with the results of the enzymatic activities. The outcome of the present findings suggests that Fe3O4 NPs has the potential to control wilt infection by enhancing plant growth. Hence, Fe3O4 NPs, being non-phytotoxic, have impending scope in the agriculture sector to attain higher yield by managing plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ashraf
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Batool
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Illyas
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Guihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shahzad Naseem
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saira Riaz
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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