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Wittmann DT, Peter FE, Strätker SM, Ortega-Rodés P, Grimm B, Hedtke B. Dual plastid targeting of protoporphyrinogen oxidase 2 in Amaranthaceae promotes herbicide tolerance. Plant Physiol 2024; 195:713-727. [PMID: 38330186 PMCID: PMC11060682 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPB) takes place in plastids and provides the chlorophyll and heme required for photosynthesis and many redox processes throughout plant development. TPB is strictly regulated, since accumulation of several intermediates causes photodynamic damage and cell death. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the last common step before TPB diverges into chlorophyll and heme branches. Land plants possess two PPO isoforms. PPO1 is encoded as a precursor protein with a transit peptide, but in most dicotyledonous plants PPO2 does not possess a cleavable N-terminal extension. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PPO1 and PPO2 localize in chloroplast thylakoids and envelope membranes, respectively. Interestingly, PPO2 proteins in Amaranthaceae contain an N-terminal extension that mediates their import into chloroplasts. Here, we present multiple lines of evidence for dual targeting of PPO2 to thylakoid and envelope membranes in this clade and demonstrate that PPO2 is not found in mitochondria. Transcript analyses revealed that dual targeting in chloroplasts involves the use of two transcription start sites and initiation of translation at different AUG codons. Among eudicots, the parallel accumulation of PPO1 and PPO2 in thylakoid membranes is specific for the Amaranthaceae and underlies PPO2-based herbicide resistance in Amaranthus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Wittmann
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska E Peter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Melissa Strätker
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Ortega-Rodés
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Lab. Fisiología Vegetal, Dpto. Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13 (Building 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Herbst J, Pang X, Roling L, Grimm B. A novel tetratricopeptide-repeat protein, TTP1, forms complexes with glutamyl-tRNA reductase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase during tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:2027-2045. [PMID: 38070484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole end-products chlorophyll and heme depends on a multifaceted control mechanism that acts primarily at the post-translational level upon the rate-limiting step of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis and upon light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). These regulatory processes require auxiliary factors that modulate the activity, stability, complex formation, and subplastidal localization of the relevant proteins. Together, they ensure optimal metabolic flow during the day and at night. As an Arabidopsis homolog of the POR-interacting tetratricopeptide-repeat protein (Pitt) first reported in Synechocystis, we characterize tetrapyrrole biosynthesis-regulating tetratricopeptide-repeat protein1 (TTP1). TTP1 is a plastid-localized, membrane-bound factor that interacts with POR, the Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase CHL27, glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), GluTR-binding protein, and FLUORESCENCE IN BLUE LIGHT. Lack of TTP1 leads to accumulation of GluTR, enhanced 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis and lower levels of POR. Knockout mutants show enhanced sensitivity to reactive oxygen species and a slower greening of etiolated seedlings. Based on our studies, the interaction of TTP1 with GluTR and POR does not directly inhibit their enzymatic activity and contribute to the control of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis. Instead, we propose that TTP1 sequesters a fraction of these proteins on the thylakoid membrane, and contributes to their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herbst
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- VIB-U Gent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoqing Pang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Roling
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wittmann D, Wang C, Grimm B. More indications for redox-sensitive cysteine residues of the Arabidopsis 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1294802. [PMID: 38317833 PMCID: PMC10839789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1294802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Redox-dependent thiol-disulfide switches of cysteine residues are one of the significant posttranslational modifications of proteins to control rapidly their stability, activity, and protein interaction. Redox control also modulates the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). Among the redox-dependent TBS enzymes, 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was previously recognized to interact with reductants, such a thioredoxins or NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C. In this report, we aim to verify the redox sensitivity of ALAD and identify the redox-reactive cysteine residues among the six cysteines of the mature protein form Arabidopsis. Based on structural modelling and comparative studies of wild-type ALAD and ALAD mutants with single and double Cys➔Ser substitutions under oxidizing and reducing conditions, we aim to predict the dimerization and oligomerisation of ALAD as well as the crucial Cys residues for disulfide bridge formation and enzyme activity. The Cys404Ser mutation led to a drastic inactivation of ALAD and redox-dependent properties of ALAD were severely impaired, when Cys71 was simultaneously mutated with Cys152 or Cys251. Cys71 is located in a flexible N-terminal arm of ALAD, which could allow intramolecular disulfide bridges with Cys residues at the surface of the remaining globule ALAD structure. As a result, we propose different roles of Cys residues for redox control, catalytic activity and Mg2+-dependent assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wittmann
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Gollan PJ, Grebe S, Roling L, Grimm B, Spetea C, Aro E. Photosynthetic and transcriptome responses to fluctuating light in Arabidopsis thylakoid ion transport triple mutant. Plant Direct 2023; 7:e534. [PMID: 37886682 PMCID: PMC10598627 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuating light intensity challenges fluent photosynthetic electron transport in plants, inducing photoprotection while diminishing carbon assimilation and growth, and also influencing photosynthetic signaling for regulation of gene expression. Here, we employed in vivo chlorophyll-a fluorescence and P700 difference absorption measurements to demonstrate the enhancement of photoprotective energy dissipation of both photosystems in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana after 6 h exposure to fluctuating light as compared with constant light conditions. This acclimation response to fluctuating light was hampered in a triple mutant lacking the thylakoid ion transport proteins KEA3, VCCN1, and CLCe, leading to photoinhibition of photosystem I. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in biotic stress and defense responses in both genotypes after exposure to fluctuating as compared with constant light, yet these responses were demonstrated to be largely upregulated in triple mutant already under constant light conditions compared with wild type. The current study illustrates the rapid acclimation of plants to fluctuating light, including photosynthetic, transcriptomic, and metabolic adjustments, and highlights the connection among thylakoid ion transport, photosynthetic energy balance, and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Gollan
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Steffen Grebe
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Present address:
Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lena Roling
- Institute of Biology/Plant PhysiologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant PhysiologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eva‐Mari Aro
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Ji S, Grimm B, Wang P. Chloroplast SRP43 and SRP54 independently promote thermostability and membrane binding of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases. Plant J 2023; 115:1583-1598. [PMID: 37269173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), which converts protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide, is the only light-dependent enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis. While its catalytic reaction and importance for chloroplast development are well understood, little is known about the post-translational control of PORs. Here, we show that cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, two components of the chloroplast signal recognition particle pathway, play distinct roles in optimizing the function of PORB, the predominant POR isoform in Arabidopsis. The chaperone cpSRP43 stabilizes the enzyme and provides appropriate amounts of PORB during leaf greening and heat shock, whereas cpSRP54 enhances its binding to the thylakoid membrane, thereby ensuring adequate levels of metabolic flux in late chlorophyll biosynthesis. Furthermore, cpSRP43 and the DnaJ-like protein CHAPERONE-LIKE PROTEIN of POR1 concurrently act to stabilize PORB. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the coordinating role of cpSPR43 and cpSRP54 in the post-translational control of chlorophyll synthesis and assembly of photosynthetic chlorophyll-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Fan T, Roling L, Hedtke B, Grimm B. FC2 stabilizes POR and suppresses ALA formation in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. New Phytol 2023; 239:624-638. [PMID: 37161708 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During photoperiodic growth, the light-dependent nature of chlorophyll synthesis in angiosperms necessitates robust control of the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the rate-limiting step in the initial stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). We are interested in dissecting the post-translational control of this process, which suppresses ALA synthesis for chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown plants. Using biochemical approaches for analysis of Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) and mutant lines as well as complementation lines, we show that the heme-synthesizing ferrochelatase 2 (FC2) interacts with protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and the regulator FLU which both promote the feedback-controlled suppression of ALA synthesis by inactivation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, thus preventing excessive accumulation of potentially deleterious tetrapyrrole intermediates. Thereby, FC2 stabilizes POR by physical interaction. When the interaction between FC2 and POR is perturbed, suppression of ALA synthesis is attenuated and photoreactive protochlorophyllide accumulates. FC2 is anchored in the thylakoid membrane via its membrane-spanning CAB (chlorophyll-a-binding) domain. FC2 is one of the two isoforms of ferrochelatase catalyzing the last step of heme synthesis. Although FC2 belongs to the heme-synthesizing branch of TBS, its interaction with POR potentiates the effects of the GluTR-inactivation complex on the chlorophyll-synthesizing branch and ensures reciprocal control of chlorophyll and heme synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Lena Roling
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Wittmann D, Geigenberger P, Grimm B. NTRC and TRX-f Coordinately Affect the Levels of Enzymes of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in a Light-Dependent Manner. Cells 2023; 12:1670. [PMID: 37371140 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation of plastid gene expression and different metabolic pathways promotes many activities of redox-sensitive proteins. We address the question of how the plastid redox state and the contributing reducing enzymes control the enzymes of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). In higher plants, this metabolic pathway serves to produce chlorophyll and heme, among other essential end products. Because of the strictly light-dependent synthesis of chlorophyll, tight control of TBS requires a diurnal balanced supply of the precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to prevent the accumulation of photoreactive metabolic intermediates in darkness. We report on some TBS enzymes that accumulate in a light intensity-dependent manner, and their contents decrease under oxidizing conditions of darkness, low light conditions, or in the absence of NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) and thioredoxin f1 (TRX-f1). Analysis of single and double trxf1 and ntrc mutants revealed a decreased content of the early TBS enzymes glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) instead of an exclusive decrease in enzyme activity. This effect was dependent on light conditions and strongly attenuated after transfer to high light intensities. Thus, it is suggested that a deficiency of plastid-localized thiol-redox transmitters leads to enhanced degradation of TBS enzymes rather than being directly caused by lower catalytic activity. The effects of the proteolytic activity of the Clp protease on TBS enzymes were studied by using Clp subunit-deficient mutants. The simultaneous lack of TRX and Clp activities in double mutants confirms the Clp-induced degradation of some TBS proteins in the absence of reductive activity of TRXs. In addition, we verified previous observations that decreased chlorophyll and heme levels in ntrc could be reverted to WT levels in the ntrc/Δ2cp triple mutant. The decreased synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in ntrc was completely restored in ntrc/Δ2cp and correlated with WT-like levels of GluTR, ALAD, and other TBS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wittmann
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Ponds NHM, Landman EBM, Whitehouse MR, Blom AW, Grimm B, Bolink SAAN. Wearable sensor-based measures of step-up transfers are supplementary to patient-reported outcome measures following total joint arthroplasty. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37272492 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2219066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the longitudinal assessment of step-up performance in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and correlation with subjective patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). METHODS In this sub-analysis of the ADAPT study, PROMs were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Block step-up (BS) transfers were assessed by wearable-derived measures of time. 76 patients undergoing TJA were included. Subgroups were formed isolating the worst performing quartile (low functioning (LF)) from the high functioning (HF), and outcomes were compared. RESULTS One-year post-surgery, WOMAC function demonstrated strong correlations to WOMAC pain (Pearson's r = 0.67-0.84) and moderate correlations to BS performance (Pearson's r = 0.31-0.54). Both WOMAC and BS significantly improved with a larger effect size for the HF subgroup (0.62 vs. 0.43; p < 0.05). Patients designated to the LF subgroup at 3 months had increased odds of representing the LF subgroup at 12 months (WOMAC = 19; BS = 4). WOMAC defined 18 LF patients at 12 months follow-up. BS performance identified 9 additional LF patients. CONCLUSIONS WOMAC function scores seem pain dominated. Measures of BS performance allow assessment of otherwise hidden residual functional impairment. Lower functioning 3 months post-surgery is predictive of longer-term impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H M Ponds
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - E B M Landman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - M R Whitehouse
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - A W Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - B Grimm
- Department of Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine, Digital Methods (HOSD), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - S A A N Bolink
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom
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9
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Geng R, Pang X, Li X, Shi S, Hedtke B, Grimm B, Bock R, Huang J, Zhou W. PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH8 interacts with tetrapyrrole biosynthesis enzymes and ClpC1 to maintain homeostasis of tetrapyrrole metabolites in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2023; 238:2545-2560. [PMID: 36967598 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS) is a dynamically and strictly regulated process. Disruptions in tetrapyrrole metabolism influence many aspects of plant physiology, including photosynthesis, programmed cell death (PCD), and retrograde signaling, thus affecting plant growth and development at multiple levels. However, the genetic and molecular basis of TBS is not fully understood. We report here PCD8, a newly identified thylakoid-localized protein encoded by an essential gene in Arabidopsis. PCD8 knockdown causes a necrotic phenotype due to excessive chloroplast damage. A burst of singlet oxygen that results from overaccumulated tetrapyrrole intermediates upon illumination is suggested to be responsible for cell death in the knockdown mutants. Genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that PCD8 interacts with ClpC1 and a number of TBS enzymes, such as HEMC, CHLD, and PORC of TBS. Taken together, our findings uncover the function of chloroplast-localized PCD8 and provide a new perspective to elucidate molecular mechanism of how TBS is finely regulated in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Geng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Pang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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10
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Schröder P, Hsu BY, Gutsche N, Winkler JB, Hedtke B, Grimm B, Schwechheimer C. B-GATA factors are required to repress high-light stress responses in Marchantia polymorpha and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ 2023. [PMID: 37254806 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
GATAs are evolutionarily conserved zinc-finger transcription factors from eukaryotes. In plants, GATAs can be subdivided into four classes, A-D, based on their DNA-binding domain, and into further subclasses based on additional protein motifs. B-GATAs with a so-called leucine-leucine-methionine (LLM)-domain can already be found in algae. In angiosperms, the B-GATA family is expanded and can be subdivided in to LLM- or HAN-domain B-GATAs. Both, the LLM- and the HAN-domain are conserved domains of unknown biochemical function. Interestingly, the B-GATA family in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the moss Physcomitrium patens is restricted to one and four family members, respectively. And, in contrast to vascular plants, the bryophyte B-GATAs contain a HAN- as well as an LLM-domain. Here, we characterise mutants of the single B-GATA from Marchantia polymorpha. We reveal that this mutant has defects in thallus growth and in gemma formation. Transcriptomic studies uncover that the B-GATA mutant displays a constitutive high-light (HL) stress response, a phenotype that we then also confirm in mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana LLM-domain B-GATAs, suggesting that the B-GATAs have a protective role towards HL stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schröder
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bang-Yu Hsu
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nora Gutsche
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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11
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Hedtke B, Strätker SM, Pulido ACC, Grimm B. Two isoforms of Arabidopsis protoporphyrinogen oxidase localize in different plastidal membranes. Plant Physiol 2023; 192:871-885. [PMID: 36806676 PMCID: PMC10231370 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All land plants encode 2 isoforms of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). While PPO1 is predominantly expressed in green tissues and its loss is seedling-lethal in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the effects of PPO2 deficiency have not been investigated in detail. We identified 2 ppo2 T-DNA insertion mutants from publicly available collections, one of which (ppo2-2) is a knock-out mutant. While the loss of PPO2 did not result in any obvious phenotype, substantial changes in PPO activity were measured in etiolated and root tissues. However, ppo1 ppo2 double mutants were embryo-lethal. To shed light on possible functional differences between the 2 isoforms, PPO2 was overexpressed in the ppo1 background. Although the ppo1 phenotype was partially complemented, even strong overexpression of PPO2 was unable to fully compensate for the loss of PPO1. Analysis of subcellular localization revealed that PPO2 is found exclusively in chloroplast envelopes, while PPO1 accumulates in thylakoid membranes. Mitochondrial localization of PPO2 in Arabidopsis was ruled out. Since Arabidopsis PPO2 does not encode a cleavable transit peptide, integration of the protein into the chloroplast envelope must make use of a noncanonical import route. However, when a chloroplast transit peptide was fused to the N-terminus of PPO2, the enzyme was detected predominantly in thylakoid membranes and was able to fully complement ppo1. Thus, the 2 PPO isoforms in Arabidopsis are functionally equivalent but spatially separated. Their distinctive localizations within plastids thus enable the synthesis of discrete subpools of the PPO product protoporphyrin IX, which may serve different cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Sarah Melissa Strätker
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Andrea C Chiappe Pulido
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
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12
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Sun T, Wang P, Rao S, Zhou X, Wrightstone E, Lu S, Yuan H, Yang Y, Fish T, Thannhauser T, Liu J, Mazourek M, Grimm B, Li L. Co-chaperoning of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Biosynthesis by ORANGE Family Proteins in Plants. Mol Plant 2023:S1674-2052(23)00140-5. [PMID: 37202926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are essential photosynthetic pigments. Plants spatiotemporally coordinate the needs of chlorophylls and carotenoids for optimal photosynthesis and fitness in response to diverse environmental and developmental cues. However, how the biosynthesis pathways of these two pigments are coordinated, particularly at posttranslational level to allow rapid control, remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the highly conserved ORANGE (OR) family proteins coordinate both pathways via posttranslationally mediating the first committed enzyme in each pathway. We demonstrate that OR family proteins physically interact with magnesium chelatase subunit I (CHLI) in addition to phytoene synthase (PSY) and concurrently stabilize CHLI and PSY enzymes. We show that loss of OR genes hinders both chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, limits light-harvesting complex assembly, and impairs thylakoid grana stacking in chloroplasts. Overexpression of OR safeguards photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and enhances thermotolerance in both Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Our findings establish a novel mechanism by which plants coordinate chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and provide a potential genetic target to generate climate-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Emalee Wrightstone
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Tara Fish
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Theodore Thannhauser
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jiping Liu
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michael Mazourek
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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13
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Youssef WA, Feil R, Saint-Sorny M, Johnson X, Lunn JE, Grimm B, Brzezowski P. Singlet oxygen-induced signalling depends on the metabolic status of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell. Commun Biol 2023; 6:529. [PMID: 37193883 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mutant screen, we identified trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase 1 (TSPP1) as a functional enzyme dephosphorylating trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) to trehalose in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The tspp1 knock-out results in reprogramming of the cell metabolism via altered transcriptome. As a secondary effect, tspp1 also shows impairment in 1O2-induced chloroplast retrograde signalling. From transcriptomic analysis and metabolite profiling, we conclude that accumulation or deficiency of certain metabolites directly affect 1O2-signalling. 1O2-inducible GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 5 (GPX5) gene expression is suppressed by increased content of fumarate and 2-oxoglutarate, intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in mitochondria and dicarboxylate metabolism in the cytosol, but also myo-inositol, involved in inositol phosphate metabolism and phosphatidylinositol signalling system. Application of another TCA cycle intermediate, aconitate, recovers 1O2-signalling and GPX5 expression in otherwise aconitate-deficient tspp1. Genes encoding known essential components of chloroplast-to-nucleus 1O2-signalling, PSBP2, MBS, and SAK1, show decreased transcript levels in tspp1, which also can be rescued by exogenous application of aconitate. We demonstrate that chloroplast retrograde signalling involving 1O2 depends on mitochondrial and cytosolic processes and that the metabolic status of the cell determines the response to 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waeil Al Youssef
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maureen Saint-Sorny
- Photosynthesis and Environment Team, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Photosynthesis and Environment Team, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Brzezowski
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Richter AS, Nägele T, Grimm B, Kaufmann K, Schroda M, Leister D, Kleine T. Retrograde signaling in plants: A critical review focusing on the GUN pathway and beyond. Plant Commun 2023; 4:100511. [PMID: 36575799 PMCID: PMC9860301 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately. Signaling during plastid biogenesis and responses of mature chloroplasts to environmental changes are designated "biogenic" and "operational" controls, respectively. A prominent example of the investigation of biogenic signaling is the screen for gun (genomes uncoupled) mutants. Although the first five gun mutants were identified 30 years ago, the functions of GUN proteins in retrograde signaling remain controversial, and that of GUN1 is hotly disputed. Here, we provide background information and critically discuss recently proposed concepts that address GUN-related signaling and some novel gun mutants. Moreover, considering heme as a candidate in retrograde signaling, we revisit the spatial organization of heme biosynthesis and export from plastids. Although this review focuses on GUN pathways, we also highlight recent progress in the identification and elucidation of chloroplast-derived signals that regulate the acclimation response in green algae and plants. Here, stress-induced accumulation of unfolded/misassembled chloroplast proteins evokes a chloroplast-specific unfolded protein response, which leads to changes in the expression levels of nucleus-encoded chaperones and proteases to restore plastid protein homeostasis. We also address the importance of chloroplast-derived signals for activation of flavonoid biosynthesis leading to production of anthocyanins during stress acclimation through sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1. Finally, a framework for identification and quantification of intercompartmental signaling cascades at the proteomic and metabolomic levels is provided, and we discuss future directions of dissection of organelle-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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15
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Jelsma J, van Kuijk SMJ, Spekenbrink-Spooren A, Grimm B, Heyligers IC, Schotanus MGM. Outcome of revised metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties: a Dutch arthroplasty register study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:4025-4032. [PMID: 34846589 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-04257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary results of metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty were satisfactory, but since 2004 data showed high failure rates. National joint replacement registries are multi-centre databases comprised of thousands of subjects and implants which allow for identifying variables predictive of implant failure. The aim of the current study was to estimate re-revision rates after revision of a primary MoM hip arthroplasty in the Dutch Arthroplasty Register (LROI) and to assess potential predictor variables of re-revision of these MoM hip arthroplasties. METHODS Eligible procedures were those with a revision for any reason except infection, after an initial primary surgery with a hip resurfacing (HRA) or large-head MoM (LH-MoM) total hip arthroplasty (THA). The probability of re-revision for both types of MoM hip arthroplasty over time was estimated using the cumulative incidence function taking mortality as a competing risk into account. A proportional sub-distribution hazards regression model was used to assess potential predictor variables of re-revision of these MoM hip arthroplasties. RESULTS A total of 3476 records of revised implants were included, of which 873 (25.2%) were MoM implants. Over the course of follow-up, 101 (11.5%) MoM implants were re-revised. During follow-up 36 (4.3%) patients who received a MoM-implant at primary arthroplasty and a revision afterwards had died. The regression model showed that for primary MoM implants a MoM articulation after revision (HR 2.48; 95% CI 1.53-4.03, p < 0.001), femoral-only revisions (HR 3.20; 95% CI 2.06-4.99, p < 0.001) and periprosthetic fractures (HR 1.98; 95% CI 1.03-3.82, p = 0.042) as reason for the first revision were statistically significant risk factors for re-revision. CONCLUSION Both types of large-head MoM hip arthroplasties have shown high revision and re-revision rates; risk factors were identified. The outcome of this study can be helpful in managing expectations of patients and orthopaedic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetse Jelsma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr. H. van der Hoffplein 1, Sittard, 6162 BG, Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - S M J van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment (KEMTA), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Spekenbrink-Spooren
- Dutch Arthroplasty Register (LROI), Bruistensingel 230, 5232 AD, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - B Grimm
- Luxembourg Institute Health, Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Digital Methods (HOSD), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - I C Heyligers
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr. H. van der Hoffplein 1, Sittard, 6162 BG, Geleen, The Netherlands.,School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M G M Schotanus
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr. H. van der Hoffplein 1, Sittard, 6162 BG, Geleen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Sinha N, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Grimm B. Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase is connected to GluTR by GluTR-binding protein and contributes to the rate-limiting step of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis. Plant Cell 2022; 34:4623-4640. [PMID: 35972388 PMCID: PMC9614494 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles play fundamental roles in crucial processes including photosynthesis, respiration, and catalysis. In plants, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the common precursor of tetrapyrroles. ALA is synthesized from activated glutamate by the enzymes glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSAAT). ALA synthesis is recognized as the rate-limiting step in this pathway. We aimed to explore the contribution of GSAAT to the control of ALA synthesis and the formation of a protein complex with GluTR. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two genes encode GSAAT isoforms: GSA1 and GSA2. A comparison of two GSA knockout mutants with the wild-type revealed the correlation of reduced GSAAT activity and ALA-synthesizing capacity in leaves with lower chlorophyll content. Growth and green pigmentation were more severely impaired in gsa2 than in gsa1, indicating the predominant role of GSAAT2 in ALA synthesis. Interestingly, GluTR accumulated to higher levels in gsa2 than in the wild-type and was mainly associated with the plastid membrane. We propose that the GSAAT content modulates the amount of soluble GluTR available for ALA synthesis. Several different biochemical approaches revealed the GSAAT-GluTR interaction through the assistance of GluTR-binding protein (GBP). A modeled structure of the tripartite protein complex indicated that GBP mediates the stable association of GluTR and GSAAT for adequate ALA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sinha
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Plant Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Plant Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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17
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Yuan J, Ma T, Ji S, Hedtke B, Grimm B, Lin R. Two chloroplast-localized MORF proteins act as chaperones to maintain tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. New Phytol 2022; 235:1868-1883. [PMID: 35615903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles have essential functions as pigments and cofactors during plant growth and development, and the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway is tightly controlled. Multiple organellar RNA editing factors (MORFs) are required for editing of a wide variety of RNA sites in chloroplasts and mitochondria, but their biochemical properties remain elusive. Here, we uncovered the roles of chloroplast-localized MORF2 and MORF9 in modulating tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lack or reduced transcripts of MORF2 or MORF9 significantly affected biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid and accumulation of Chl and other tetrapyrrole intermediates. MORF2 directly interacts with multiple tetrapyrrole biosynthesis enzymes and regulators, including NADPH:PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE B (PORB) and GENOMES UNCOUPLED4 (GUN4). Strikingly, MORF2 and MORF9 display holdase chaperone activity, alleviate the aggregation of PORB in vitro, and are essential for POR accumulation in vivo. Moreover, both MORF2 and MORF9 significantly stimulate magnesium chelatase activity. Our findings reveal a previously unknown biochemical property of MORF proteins as chaperones and point to a new layer of post-translational control of the tightly regulated tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, D-10099, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, D-10099, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, D-10099, Germany
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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18
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Wang P, Ji S, Grimm B. Post-translational regulation of metabolic checkpoints in plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4624-4636. [PMID: 35536687 PMCID: PMC9992760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis produces metabolites that are essential for critical reactions in photosynthetic organisms, including chlorophylls, heme, siroheme, phytochromobilins, and their derivatives. Due to the paramount importance of tetrapyrroles, a better understanding of the complex regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis promises to improve plant productivity in the context of global climate change. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is known to be controlled at multiple levels-transcriptional, translational and post-translational. This review addresses recent advances in our knowledge of the post-translational regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and summarizes the regulatory functions of the various auxiliary factors involved. Intriguingly, the post-translational network features three prominent metabolic checkpoints, located at the steps of (i) 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis (the rate-limiting step in the pathway), (ii) the branchpoint between chlorophyll and heme synthesis, and (iii) the light-dependent enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. The regulation of protein stability, enzymatic activity, and the spatial organization of the committed enzymes in these three steps ensures the appropriate flow of metabolites through the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway during photoperiodic growth. In addition, we offer perspectives on currently open questions for future research on tetrapyrrole biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 (Haus 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 (Haus 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Lin YP, Shen YY, Shiu YB, Charng YY, Grimm B. Chlorophyll dephytylase 1 and chlorophyll synthase: a chlorophyll salvage pathway for the turnover of photosystems I and II. Plant J 2022; 111:979-994. [PMID: 35694901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is made up of the tetrapyrrole chlorophyllide and phytol, a diterpenoid alcohol. The photosynthetic protein complexes utilize Chl for light harvesting to produce biochemical energy for plant development. However, excess light and adverse environmental conditions facilitate generation of reactive oxygen species, which damage photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and induce their turnover. During this process, Chl is released, and is thought to be recycled via dephytylation and rephytylation. We previously demonstrated that Chl recycling in Arabidopsis under heat stress is mediated by the enzymes chlorophyll dephytylase 1 (CLD1) and chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) using chlg and cld1 mutants. Here, we show that the mutants with high CLD1/CHLG ratio, by different combinations of chlg-1 (a knock-down mutant) and the hyperactive cld1-1 alleles, develop necrotic leaves when grown under long- and short-day, but not continuous light conditions, owing to the accumulation of chlorophyllide in the dark. Combination of chlg-1 with cld1-4 (a knock-out mutant) leads to reduced chlorophyllide accumulation and necrosis. The operation of CLD1 and CHLG as a Chl salvage pathway was also explored in the context of Chl recycling during the turnover of Chl-binding proteins of the two photosystems. CLD1 was found to interact with CHLG and the light-harvesting complex-like proteins OHP1 and LIL3, implying that auxiliary factors are required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Yen Shen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Bin Shiu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Siegel A, Ji S, McAvoy C, Lam V, Liang F, Kroon G, Miaou E, Griffin P, Grimm B, Wang P, Wright P, Shan S. Client Specificity of an ATP‐independent Chaperone is Regulated by a Temperature Sensitive Switch. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.00r96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Siegel
- ChemistryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA
| | - Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant PhysiologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlin
| | | | - Vinh Lam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Florida CampusThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterFL
| | | | - Gerard Kroon
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologySkaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA
| | - Emily Miaou
- ChemistryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA
| | - Patrick Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Florida CampusThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterFL
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant PhysiologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlin
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant PhysiologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlin
| | - Peter Wright
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologySkaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA
| | - Shu‐ou Shan
- ChemistryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA
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21
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Crutsen JRW, Koper MC, Jelsma J, Heymans M, Heyligers IC, Grimm B, Mathijssen NMC, Schotanus MGM. Prosthetic hip-associated cobalt toxicity: a systematic review of case series and case reports. EFORT Open Rev 2022; 7:188-199. [PMID: 35298414 PMCID: PMC8965198 DOI: 10.1530/eor-21-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic hip-associated cobalt toxicity (PHACT) is caused by elevated blood cobalt concentrations after hip arthroplasty. The aim of this study is to determine which symptoms are reported most frequently and in what type of bearing. We also try to determine the blood level of cobalt concentrations associated with toxicological symptoms. A systematic review was conducted on the 10th of July according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A methodological quality assessment (risk of bias (RoB)) was performed. Primary outcomes were the reported symptoms of cobalt toxicity and the level of cobalt concentrations in blood. These levels were associated with toxicological symptoms. A total of 7645 references were found of which 67 relevant reports describing 79 patients. The two most used bearings in which PHACT was described were metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings (38 cases) and revised (fractured) ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings where the former ceramic head was replaced by a metal head (32 cases). Of all reported symptoms, most were seen in the neurological system, of which 24% were in the sensory system and 19.3% were in central/peripheral system, followed by the cardiovascular (22.1%) system. The mean cobalt concentration for MoM-bearings was 123.7 ± 96.8 ppb and 1078.2 ± 1267.5 ppb for the revised fractured CoC-bearings. We recommend not to use a metal-based articulation in the revision of a fractured CoC bearing and suggest close follow-up with yearly blood cobalt concentration controls in patients with a MoM bearing or a revised fractured CoC bearing. Level of Evidence: Level V, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R W Crutsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M C Koper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Reinier HAGA Orthopaedic Center, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - J Jelsma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen-Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - M Heymans
- Zuyderland Academy, Centre of Knowledge and Information (KIC), Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - I C Heyligers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen-Heerlen, the Netherlands
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B Grimm
- Luxembourg Institute Health, Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine, Digital Methods (HOSD), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - N M C Mathijssen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Reinier HAGA Orthopaedic Center, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - M G M Schotanus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen-Heerlen, the Netherlands
- School of Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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22
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Ji S, Siegel A, Shan SO, Grimm B, Wang P. Chloroplast SRP43 autonomously protects chlorophyll biosynthesis proteins against heat shock. Nat Plants 2021; 7:1420-1432. [PMID: 34475529 PMCID: PMC8879858 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins (LHCPs) is coordinated with chlorophyll biosynthesis during chloroplast development. The ATP-independent chaperone known as chloroplast signal recognition particle 43 (cpSRP43) mediates post-translational LHCP targeting to the thylakoid membrane and also participates in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). How these distinct actions of cpSRP43 are controlled has remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that cpSRP43 effectively protects several TBS proteins from heat-induced aggregation and enhances their stability during leaf greening and heat shock. While the substrate-binding domain of cpSRP43 is sufficient for chaperoning LHCPs, the stabilization of TBS clients requires the chromodomain 2 of the protein. Strikingly, cpSRP54-which activates cpSRP43's LHCP-targeted function-inhibits the chaperone activity of cpSRP43 towards TBS proteins. High temperature weakens the interaction of cpSRP54 with cpSRP43, thus freeing cpSRP43 to interact with and protect the integrity of TBS proteins. Our data indicate that the temperature sensitivity of the cpSRP43-cpSRP54 complex enables cpSRP43 to serve as an autonomous chaperone for the thermoprotection of TBS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex Siegel
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Ou Shan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Zhang J, Bai Z, Ouyang M, Xu X, Xiong H, Wang Q, Grimm B, Rochaix JD, Zhang L. The DnaJ proteins DJA6 and DJA5 are essential for chloroplast iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106742. [PMID: 33855718 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe-S clusters are ancient, ubiquitous and highly essential prosthetic groups for numerous fundamental processes of life. The biogenesis of Fe-S clusters is a multistep process including iron acquisition, sulfur mobilization, and cluster formation. Extensive studies have provided deep insights into the mechanism of the latter two assembly steps. However, the mechanism of iron utilization during chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis is still unknown. Here we identified two Arabidopsis DnaJ proteins, DJA6 and DJA5, that can bind iron through their conserved cysteine residues and facilitate iron incorporation into Fe-S clusters by interactions with the SUF (sulfur utilization factor) apparatus through their J domain. Loss of these two proteins causes severe defects in the accumulation of chloroplast Fe-S proteins, a dysfunction of photosynthesis, and a significant intracellular iron overload. Evolutionary analyses revealed that DJA6 and DJA5 are highly conserved in photosynthetic organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to higher plants and share a strong evolutionary relationship with SUFE1, SUFC, and SUFD throughout the green lineage. Thus, our work uncovers a conserved mechanism of iron utilization for chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Photosynthesis Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zechen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Photosynthesis Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haibo Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Photosynthesis Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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24
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Hou Z, Pang X, Hedtke B, Grimm B. In vivo functional analysis of the structural domains of FLUORESCENT (FLU). Plant J 2021; 107:360-376. [PMID: 33901334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The control of chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis in angiosperms depends on the light-operating enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). The interruption of Chl synthesis during darkness requires suppression of the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first precursor molecule specific for Chl synthesis. The inactivation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), the first enzyme in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, accomplished the decreased ALA synthesis by the membrane-bound protein FLUORESCENT (FLU) and prevents overaccumulation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) in the dark. We set out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of FLU-mediated inhibition of ALA synthesis, and explored the role of each of the three structural domains of mature FLU, the transmembrane, coiled-coil and tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains, in this process. Efforts to rescue the FLU knock-out mutant with truncated FLU peptides revealed that, on its own, the TPR domain is insufficient to inactivate GluTR, although tight binding of the TPR domain to GluTR was detected. A truncated FLU peptide consisting of transmembrane and TPR domains also failed to inactivate GluTR in the dark. Similarly, suppression of ALA synthesis could not be achieved by combining the coiled-coil and TPR domains. Interaction studies revealed that binding of GluTR and POR to FLU is essential for inhibiting ALA synthesis. These results imply that all three FLU domains are required for the repression of ALA synthesis, in order to avoid the overaccumulation of Pchlide in the dark. Only complete FLU ensures the formation of a membrane-bound ternary complex consisting at least of FLU, GluTR and POR to repress ALA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Philippstrasse 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Pang
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Philippstrasse 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Philippstrasse 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Philippstrasse 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
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25
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Wang P, Grimm B. Connecting Chlorophyll Metabolism with Accumulation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:484-495. [PMID: 33422426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is indispensable for photosynthesis. In association with Chl-binding proteins (CBPs), it is responsible for light absorption, excitation energy transfer, and charge separation within the photosynthetic complexes. By contrast, photoexcitation of free Chl and its metabolic intermediates generates hazardous reactive oxygen species (ROS). While antagonistic activities of Chl synthesis and catabolism have been mostly elucidated, the tight synchronization of these metabolic activities with the formation and dismantling of the photosynthetic complexes is poorly understood. Recently, a set of auxiliary factors were identified to adjust metabolic activities and provide accurate amounts of Chl for pigment-protein complexes. Here, we review current knowledge of post-translational coordination of Chl formation, breakdown, and turnover with the assembly and disassembly of various CBPs and highlight future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Kleine T, Nägele T, Neuhaus HE, Schmitz-Linneweber C, Fernie AR, Geigenberger P, Grimm B, Kaufmann K, Klipp E, Meurer J, Möhlmann T, Mühlhaus T, Naranjo B, Nickelsen J, Richter A, Ruwe H, Schroda M, Schwenkert S, Trentmann O, Willmund F, Zoschke R, Leister D. Acclimation in plants - the Green Hub consortium. Plant J 2021; 106:23-40. [PMID: 33368770 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation is the capacity to adapt to environmental changes within the lifetime of an individual. This ability allows plants to cope with the continuous variation in ambient conditions to which they are exposed as sessile organisms. Because environmental changes and extremes are becoming even more pronounced due to the current period of climate change, enhancing the efficacy of plant acclimation is a promising strategy for mitigating the consequences of global warming on crop yields. At the cellular level, the chloroplast plays a central role in many acclimation responses, acting both as a sensor of environmental change and as a target of cellular acclimation responses. In this Perspective article, we outline the activities of the Green Hub consortium funded by the German Science Foundation. The main aim of this research collaboration is to understand and strategically modify the cellular networks that mediate plant acclimation to adverse environments, employing Arabidopsis, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Chlamydomonas as model organisms. These efforts will contribute to 'smart breeding' methods designed to create crop plants with improved acclimation properties. To this end, the model oilseed crop Camelina sativa is being used to test modulators of acclimation for their potential to enhance crop yield under adverse environmental conditions. Here we highlight the current state of research on the role of gene expression, metabolism and signalling in acclimation, with a focus on chloroplast-related processes. In addition, further approaches to uncovering acclimation mechanisms derived from systems and computational biology, as well as adaptive laboratory evolution with photosynthetic microbes, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Plant Metabolism, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Belen Naranjo
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molecular Plant Science, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Physiology of Plant Organelles, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Hannes Ruwe
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Felix Willmund
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Reimo Zoschke
- Translational Regulation in Plants, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
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27
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Abstract
One-helix proteins 1 and 2 (OHP1/2) are members of the family of light-harvesting-like proteins (LIL) in plants, and their potential function(s) have been initially analyzed only recently. OHP1 and OHP2 are structurally related to the transmembrane α-helices 1 and 3 of all members of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) superfamily. Arabidopsis thaliana OHPs form heterodimers which bind 6 chlorophylls (Chls) a and two carotenoids in vitro. Their function remains unclear, and therefore, a spectroscopic study with reconstituted OHP1/OHP2-complexes was performed. Steady-state spectroscopy did not indicate singlet excitation energy transfer between pigments. Thus, a light-harvesting function can be excluded. Possible pigment-storage and/or -delivery functions of OHPs require photoprotection of the bound Chls. Hence, Chl and carotenoid triplet formation and decays in reconstituted OHP1/2 dimers were measured using nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Unlike in all other photosynthetic LHCs, unquenched Chl triplets were observed with unusually long lifetimes. Moreover, there were virtually no differences in both Chl and carotenoid triplet state lifetimes under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The results indicate that both Chls and carotenoids are shielded by the proteins from interactions with ambient oxygen and, thus, protected against formation of singlet oxygen. Only a minor portion of the Chl triplets was quenched by carotenoids. These results are in stark contrast to all previously observed photoprotective processes in LHC/LIL proteins and, thus, may constitute a novel mechanism of photoprotection in the plant photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Psencik
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hey
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Lokstein
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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28
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Wittmann D, Sinha N, Grimm B. Thioredoxin-dependent control balances the metabolic activities of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Biol Chem 2020; 402:379-397. [PMID: 33068374 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plastids are specialized organelles found in plants, which are endowed with their own genomes, and differ in many respects from the intracellular compartments of organisms belonging to other kingdoms of life. They differentiate into diverse, plant organ-specific variants, and are perhaps the most versatile organelles known. Chloroplasts are the green plastids in the leaves and stems of plants, whose primary function is photosynthesis. In response to environmental changes, chloroplasts use several mechanisms to coordinate their photosynthetic activities with nuclear gene expression and other metabolic pathways. Here, we focus on a redox-based regulatory network composed of thioredoxins (TRX) and TRX-like proteins. Among multiple redox-controlled metabolic activities in chloroplasts, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is particularly rich in TRX-dependent enzymes. This review summarizes the effects of plastid-localized reductants on several enzymes of this pathway, which have been shown to undergo dithiol-disulfide transitions. We describe the impact of TRX-dependent control on the activity, stability and interactions of these enzymes, and assess its contribution to the provision of adequate supplies of metabolic intermediates in the face of diurnal and more rapid and transient changes in light levels and other environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wittmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Neha Sinha
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), 10115Berlin, Germany
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29
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Schall P, Marutschke L, Grimm B. The Flavoproteome of the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155371. [PMID: 32731628 PMCID: PMC7432721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are essential cofactors for enzymes, which catalyze a broad spectrum of vital reactions. This paper intends to compile all potential FAD/FMN-binding proteins encoded by the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Several computational approaches were applied to group the entire flavoproteome according to (i) different catalytic reactions in enzyme classes, (ii) the localization in subcellular compartments, (iii) different protein families and subclasses, and (iv) their classification to structural properties. Subsequently, the physiological significance of several of the larger flavoprotein families was highlighted. It is conclusive that plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, use many flavoenzymes for plant-specific and pivotal metabolic activities during development and for signal transduction pathways in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Thereby, often two up to several homologous genes are found encoding proteins with high protein similarity. It is proposed that these gene families for flavoproteins reflect presumably their need for differential transcriptional control or the expression of similar proteins with modified flavin-binding properties or catalytic activities.
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30
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Richter AS, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Grimm B. The genomes uncoupled-dependent signalling pathway coordinates plastid biogenesis with the synthesis of anthocyanins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190403. [PMID: 32362259 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that plants perceive, integrate and communicate abiotic stress signals through chloroplasts. During the process of acclimation plastid-derived, retrograde signals control nuclear gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues leading to complex genetic and metabolic reprogramming to preserve cellular homeostasis under challenging environmental conditions. Upon stress-induced dysfunction of chloroplasts, GENOMES UNCOUPLED (GUN) proteins participate in the repression of PHOTOSYNTHESIS-ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR GENES (PHANGs). Here, we show that the retrograde signal emitted by, or communicated through, GUN-proteins is also essential to induce the accumulation of photoprotective anthocyanin pigments when chloroplast development is attenuated. Comparative whole transcriptome sequencing and genetic analysis reveal GUN1 and GUN5-dependent signals as a source for the regulation of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The signal transduction cascade includes well-known transcription factors for the control of anthocyanin biosynthesis, which are deregulated in gun mutants. We propose that regulation of PHANGs and genes contributing to anthocyanin biosynthesis are two, albeit oppositely, co-regulated processes during plastid biogenesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Hey D, Grimm B. ONE-HELIX PROTEIN1 and 2 Form Heterodimers to Bind Chlorophyll in Photosystem II Biogenesis. Plant Physiol 2020; 183:179-193. [PMID: 32071152 PMCID: PMC7210652 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the light-harvesting complex protein family participate in multiple processes connected with light sensing, light absorption, and pigment binding within the thylakoid membrane. Amino acid residues of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins involved in pigment binding have been precisely identified through x-ray crystallography experiments. In vitro pigment-binding studies have been performed with LIGHT-HARVESTING-LIKE3 proteins, and the pigment-binding ability of cyanobacterial high-light-inducible proteins has been studied in detail. However, analysis of pigment binding by plant high-light-inducible protein homologs, called ONE-HELIX PROTEINS (OHPs), is lacking. Here, we report on successful in vitro reconstitution of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) OHPs with chlorophylls and carotenoids and show that pigment binding depends on the formation of OHP1/OHP2 heterodimers. Pigment-binding capacity was completely lost in each of the OHPs when residues of the light-harvesting complex chlorophyll-binding motif required for chlorophyll binding were mutated. Moreover, the mutated OHP variants failed to rescue the respective knockout (T-DNA insertion) mutants, indicating that pigment-binding ability is essential for OHP function in vivo. The scaffold protein HIGH CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE244 (HCF244) is tethered to the thylakoid membrane by the OHP heterodimer. We show that HCF244 stability depends on OHP heterodimer formation and introduce the concept of a functional unit consisting of OHP1, OHP2, and HCF244, in which each protein requires the others. Because of their pigment-binding capacity, we suggest that OHPs function in the delivery of pigments to the D1 subunit of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hey
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Wang P, Richter AS, Kleeberg JRW, Geimer S, Grimm B. Post-translational coordination of chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown by BCMs maintains chlorophyll homeostasis during leaf development. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1254. [PMID: 32198392 PMCID: PMC7083845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll is indispensable for life on Earth. Dynamic control of chlorophyll level, determined by the relative rates of chlorophyll anabolism and catabolism, ensures optimal photosynthesis and plant fitness. How plants post-translationally coordinate these two antagonistic pathways during their lifespan remains enigmatic. Here, we show that two Arabidopsis paralogs of BALANCE of CHLOROPHYLL METABOLISM (BCM) act as functionally conserved scaffold proteins to regulate the trade-off between chlorophyll synthesis and breakdown. During early leaf development, BCM1 interacts with GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 to stimulate Mg-chelatase activity, thus optimizing chlorophyll synthesis. Meanwhile, BCM1’s interaction with Mg-dechelatase promotes degradation of the latter, thereby preventing chlorophyll degradation. At the onset of leaf senescence, BCM2 is up-regulated relative to BCM1, and plays a conserved role in attenuating chlorophyll degradation. These results support a model in which post-translational regulators promote chlorophyll homeostasis by adjusting the balance between chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown during leaf development. Plants regulate chlorophyll levels to optimise photosynthesis. Here Wang et al. describe two paralogous thylakoid proteins, BCM1 and BCM2, which stimulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and attenuate chlorophyll degradation respectively through interaction with the Mg-chelatase-stimulating factor GUN4 and Mg-dechelatase isoform SGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius R W Kleeberg
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Wang P, Grimm B. Expression and Purification of Arabidopsis Transmembrane Protein BCM1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3758. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Shanmugabalaji V, Grimm B, Kessler F. Characterization of a Plastoglobule-Localized SOUL4 Heme-Binding Protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:2. [PMID: 32076429 PMCID: PMC7006542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heme plays an active role in primary plant metabolic pathways as well as in stress signaling. In this study, we characterized the predicted heme-binding protein SOUL4. Proteomics evidence suggests that SOUL4 is a component of Arabidopsis plastoglobules (PGs, chloroplast lipid droplets). SOUL4 contains heme-binding motifs and the recombinant protein is shown here to bind heme in vitro. Fluorescence-tagged SOUL4 colocalized with the specific PG marker Fibrillin1A (FBN1A) in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In addition, SOUL4 cofractionated with another PG marker Fibrillin2 (FBN2) in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation experiments. In vitro kinase experiments revealed that SOUL4 is phosphorylated by a yet unknown chloroplast protein kinase. Our data demonstrate that SOUL4 is a bona fide PG protein and may function in heme-buffering in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatasalam Shanmugabalaji
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Venkatasalam Shanmugabalaji,
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Richter AS, Banse C, Grimm B. The GluTR-binding protein is the heme-binding factor for feedback control of glutamyl-tRNA reductase. eLife 2019; 8:46300. [PMID: 31194674 PMCID: PMC6597238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the rate-limiting step in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in land plants. In photosynthetic eukaryotes and many bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) is the most tightly controlled enzyme upstream of ALA. Higher plants possess two GluTR isoforms: GluTR1 is predominantly expressed in green tissue, and GluTR2 is constitutively expressed in all organs. Although proposed long time ago, the molecular mechanism of heme-dependent inhibition of GluTR in planta has remained elusive. Here, we report that accumulation of heme, induced by feeding with ALA, stimulates Clp-protease-dependent degradation of Arabidopsis GluTR1. We demonstrate that binding of heme to the GluTR-binding protein (GBP) inhibits interaction of GBP with the N-terminal regulatory domain of GluTR1, thus making it accessible to the Clp protease. The results presented uncover a functional link between heme content and the post-translational control of GluTR stability, which helps to ensure adequate availability of chlorophyll and heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Banse
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Brzezowski P, Ksas B, Havaux M, Grimm B, Chazaux M, Peltier G, Johnson X, Alric J. The function of PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN IX OXIDASE in chlorophyll biosynthesis requires oxidised plastoquinone in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Commun Biol 2019; 2:159. [PMID: 31069268 PMCID: PMC6499784 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last common enzymatic step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, prior to the branching point leading to the biosynthesis of heme and chlorophyll, protoporphyrinogen IX (Protogen) is oxidised to protoporphyrin IX (Proto) by protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPX). The absence of thylakoid-localised plastid terminal oxidase 2 (PTOX2) and cytochrome b6f complex in the ptox2 petB mutant, results in almost complete reduction of the plastoquinone pool (PQ pool) in light. Here we show that the lack of oxidised PQ impairs PPX function, leading to accumulation and subsequently uncontrolled oxidation of Protogen to non-metabolised Proto. Addition of 3(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) prevents the over-reduction of the PQ pool in ptox2 petB and decreases Proto accumulation. This observation strongly indicates the need of oxidised PQ as the electron acceptor for the PPX reaction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The PPX-PQ pool interaction is proposed to function as a feedback loop between photosynthetic electron transport and chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Brzezowski
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Chazaux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Wu GZ, Meyer EH, Richter AS, Schuster M, Ling Q, Schöttler MA, Walther D, Zoschke R, Grimm B, Jarvis RP, Bock R. Control of retrograde signalling by protein import and cytosolic folding stress. Nat Plants 2019; 5:525-538. [PMID: 31061535 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between organelles and the nucleus is essential for fitness and survival. Retrograde signals are cues emitted from the organelles to regulate nuclear gene expression. GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1), a protein of unknown function, has emerged as a central integrator, participating in multiple retrograde signalling pathways that collectively regulate the nuclear transcriptome. Here, we show that GUN1 regulates chloroplast protein import through interaction with the import-related chaperone cpHSC70-1. We demonstrated that overaccumulation of unimported precursor proteins (preproteins) in the cytosol causes a GUN phenotype in the wild-type background and enhances the GUN phenotype of the gun1 mutant. Furthermore, we identified the cytosolic HSP90 chaperone complex, induced by overaccumulated preproteins, as a central regulator of photosynthetic gene expression that determines the expression of the GUN phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which protein import capacity, folding stress and the cytosolic HSP90 complex control retrograde communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Etienne H Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Plant Physiology, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja Schuster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Schöttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reimo Zoschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany.
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Vanunu M, Schall P, Reingewertz TH, Chakraborti PK, Grimm B, Barkan D. MapB Protein is the Essential Methionine Aminopeptidase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050393. [PMID: 31035386 PMCID: PMC6562599 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which causes tuberculosis disease, continues to be a major global health threat. Correct identification of valid drug targets is important for the development of novel therapeutics that would shorten the current 6-9 month treatment regimen and target resistant bacteria. Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAP), which remove the N-terminal methionine from newly synthesized proteins, are essential in all life forms (eukaryotes and prokaryotes). The MetAPs contribute to the cotranslational control of proteins as they determine their half life (N-terminal end rule) and facilitate further modifications such as acetylation and others. Mtb (and M. bovis) possess two MetAP isoforms, MetAP1a and MetAP1c, encoded by the mapA and mapB genes, respectively. Conflicting evidence was reported in the literature on which of the two variants is essential. To resolve this question, we performed a targeted genetic deletion of each of these two genes. We show that a deletion mutant of mapA is viable with only a weak growth defect. In contrast, we provide two lines of genetic evidence that mapB is indispensable. Furthermore, construction of double-deletion mutants as well as the introduction of point mutations into mapB resulting in proteins with partial activity showed partial, but not full, redundancy between mapB and mapA. We propose that it is MetAP1c (mapB) that is essentially required for mycobacteria and discuss potential reasons for its vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Vanunu
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Nutrition and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Patrick Schall
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tali-Haviv Reingewertz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Nutrition and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Pradip K Chakraborti
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdar Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Nutrition and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Hou Z, Yang Y, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Fluorescence in blue light (FLU) is involved in inactivation and localization of glutamyl-tRNA reductase during light exposure. Plant J 2019; 97:517-529. [PMID: 30362619 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent in blue light (FLU) is a negative regulator involved in dark repression of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesis and interacts with glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), the rate-limiting enzyme of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated FLU's regulatory function in light-exposed FLU-overexpressing (FLUOE) Arabidopsis lines and under fluctuating light intensities in wild-type (WT) and flu seedlings. FLUOE lines suppress ALA synthesis in the light, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content, but more strongly in low and high light than in medium growth light. This situation indicates that FLU's impact on chlorophyll biosynthesis depends on light intensity. FLU overexpressors contain strongly increased amounts of mainly membrane-associated GluTR. These findings correlate with FLU-dependent localization of GluTR to plastidic membranes and concomitant inhibition, such that only the soluble GluTR fraction is active. The overaccumulation of membrane-associated GluTR indicates that FLU binding enhances GluTR stability. Interestingly, under fluctuating light, the leaves of flu mutants contain less chlorophyll compared with WT and become necrotic. We propose that FLU is basically required for fine-tuned ALA synthesis. FLU not only mediates dark repression of ALA synthesis, but functions also to control balanced ALA synthesis under variable light intensities to ensure the adequate supply of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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Fan T, Roling L, Meiers A, Brings L, Ortega-Rodés P, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Complementation studies of the Arabidopsis fc1 mutant substantiate essential functions of ferrochelatase 1 during embryogenesis and salt stress. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:618-632. [PMID: 30242849 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferrochelatase (FC) is the final enzyme for haem formation in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and encoded by two genes in higher plants. FC2 exists predominantly in green tissue, whereas FC1 is constitutively expressed. We intended to substantiate the specific roles of FC1. The embryo-lethal fc1-2 mutant was used to express the two genomic FC-encoding sequences under the FC1 and FC2 promoter and explore the complementation of the FC1 deficiency. Apart from the successful complementation with FC1, expression of FC2 under control of the FC1 promoter (pFC1::FC2) compensates for missing FC1 but not by FC2 promoter expression. The complementing lines pFC1FC2(fc1/fc1) succeeded under standard growth condition but failed under salt stress. The pFC1FC2(fc1/fc1) line exhibited symptoms of leaf senescence, including accelerated loss of haem and chlorophyll and elevated gene expression for chlorophyll catabolism. In contrast, ectopic FC1 expression (p35S::FC1) resulted in increased chlorophyll accumulation. The limited ability of FC2 to complement fc1 is explained by a faster turnover of FC2 mRNA during stress. It is suggested that FC1-produced haem is essential for embryogenesis and stress response. The pFC1::FC2 expression readily complements the fc1-2 embryo lethality, whereas higher FC1 transcript content contributes essentially to stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Roling
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Meiers
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Brings
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Schmied J, Hou Z, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Controlled Partitioning of Glutamyl-tRNA Reductase in Stroma- and Membrane-Associated Fractions Affects the Synthesis of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:2204-2213. [PMID: 30032295 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) determines adequate amounts of metabolites for the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of ALA synthesis and was previously considered to be exclusively localized in the chloroplast stroma of light-exposed plants. To assess the intraplastidic localization of GluTR, we developed a fast separation protocol of soluble and membrane-bound proteins and reassessed the subplastidal allocation of GluTR in stroma and membrane fractions of Arabidopsis plants grown under different light regimes as well as during de-etiolation and dark incubations. Under the examined conditions, the amount of stroma-localized GluTR correlated with the ALA synthesis rate. The transfer to dark repression of ALA synthesis resulted in a loss of soluble GluTR. Arabidopsis mutants lacking one of the GluTR-interacting factors FLUORESCENT (FLU), the GluTR-binding protein (GBP) or ClpC, a chaperone of the Clp protease system, were applied to examine the amount of GluTR and its distribution to the stroma or membrane in darkness and light. Taking into consideration the different compartmental allocation of GluTR, its stability and ALA synthesis rates, the post-translational impact of these regulatory factors on GluTR activity and plastidic sublocalization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schmied
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhiwei Hou
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, McFarlane HE, Obata T, Richter AS, Lohse M, Grimm B, Persson S, Fernie AR, Giavalisco P. Inhibition of TOR Represses Nutrient Consumption, Which Improves Greening after Extended Periods of Etiolation. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:101-117. [PMID: 30049747 PMCID: PMC6130015 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon illumination, etiolated seedlings experience a transition from heterotrophic to photoautotrophic growth. During this process, the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway provides chlorophyll for photosynthesis. This pathway has to be tightly controlled to prevent the accumulation of photoreactive metabolites and to provide stoichiometric amounts of chlorophyll for its incorporation into photosynthetic protein complexes. Therefore, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to synchronize the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and chlorophyll-binding proteins. Two phytochrome-interacting factors (PIF1 and PIF3) and the DELLA proteins, which are controlled by the gibberellin pathway, are key regulators of this process. Here, we show that impairment of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) activity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), either by mutation of the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B or by treatment with TOR inhibitors, leads to a significantly reduced accumulation of the photoreactive chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide in darkness but an increased greening rate of etiolated seedlings after exposure to light. Detailed profiling of metabolic, transcriptomic, and physiological parameters revealed that the TOR-repressed lines not only grow slower, they grow in a nutrient-saving mode, which allows them to resist longer periods of low nutrient availability. Our results also indicated that RAPTOR1B acts upstream of the gibberellin-DELLA pathway and its mutation complements the repressed greening phenotype of pif1 and pif3 after etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lohse
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Targenomix, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Richter AS, Pérez‐Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ, Grimm B. Redox‐control of chlorophyll biosynthesis mainly depends on thioredoxins. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3111-3115. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Richter
- Plant Physiology Institute of Biology Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Germany
| | - Juan M. Pérez‐Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad de Sevilla Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad de Sevilla Spain
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology Institute of Biology Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Germany
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Hey D, Grimm B. ONE-HELIX PROTEIN2 (OHP2) Is Required for the Stability of OHP1 and Assembly Factor HCF244 and Is Functionally Linked to PSII Biogenesis. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:1453-1472. [PMID: 29930106 PMCID: PMC6084673 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The members of the light-harvesting complex protein family, which include the one-helix proteins (OHPs), are characterized by one to four membrane-spanning helices. These proteins function in light absorption and energy dissipation, sensing light intensity, and triggering photomorphogenesis or the binding of chlorophyll and intermediates of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two OHPs, while four homologs (named high-light-induced proteins) exist in Synechocystis PCC6803. Various functions have been assigned to high-light-induced proteins, ranging from photoprotection and the assembly of photosystem I (PSI) and PSII to regulation of the early steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis, but little is known about the function of the two plant OHPs. Here, we show that the two Arabidopsis OHPs form heterodimers and that the stromal part of OHP2 interacts with the plastid-localized PSII assembly factor HIGH CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE244 (HCF244). Moreover, concurrent accumulation of the two OHPs and HCF244 is critical for the stability of all three proteins. In particular, the absence of OHP2 leads to the complete loss of OHP1 and HCF244. We used a virus-induced gene silencing approach to minimize the expression of OHP1 or OHP2 in adult Arabidopsis plants and revealed that OHP2 is essential for the accumulation of the PSII core subunits, while the other photosynthetic complexes and the major light-harvesting complex proteins remained unaffected. We examined the potential functions of the OHP1-OHP2-HCF244 complex in the assembly and/or repair of PSII and propose a role for this heterotrimeric complex in thylakoid membrane biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hey
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Herbst J, Girke A, Hajirezaei MR, Hanke G, Grimm B. Potential roles of YCF54 and ferredoxin-NADPH reductase for magnesium protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase. Plant J 2018; 94:485-496. [PMID: 29443418 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is synthesized from activated glutamate in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway through at least 20 different enzymatic reactions. Among these, the MgProto monomethylester (MgProtoME) cyclase catalyzes the formation of a fifth isocyclic ring to tetrapyrroles to form protochlorophyllide. The enzyme consists of two proteins. The CHL27 protein is proposed to be the catalytic component, while LCAA/YCF54 likely acts as a scaffolding factor. In comparison to other reactions of chlorophyll biosynthesis, this enzymatic step lacks clear elucidation and it is hardly understood, how electrons are delivered for the NADPH-dependent cyclization reaction. The present study intends to elucidate more precisely the role of LCAA/YCF54. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines with inactivated and overexpressed YCF54 reveal the mutual stability of YCF54 and CHL27. Among the YCF54-interacting proteins, the plastidal ferredoxin-NADPH reductase (FNR) was identified. We showed in N. tabacum and A. thaliana that a deficit of FNR1 or YCF54 caused MgProtoME accumulation, the substrate of the cyclase, and destabilization of the cyclase subunits. It is proposed that FNR serves as a potential donor for electrons required in the cyclase reaction and connects chlorophyll synthesis with photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herbst
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Life Sciences Faulty, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annabel Girke
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Life Sciences Faulty, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Molecular Plant Nutrition, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Guy Hanke
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Queen Mary University of London, Fogg Building, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Life Sciences Faulty, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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Bastakis E, Hedtke B, Klermund C, Grimm B, Schwechheimer C. LLM-Domain B-GATA Transcription Factors Play Multifaceted Roles in Controlling Greening in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2018; 30:582-599. [PMID: 29453227 PMCID: PMC5894840 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll accumulation and chloroplast development are regulated at multiple levels during plant development. The paralogous LLM-domain B-GATA transcription factors GNC and GNL contribute to chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast formation in light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Whereas there is already ample knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of GNC and GNL, the identity of their downstream targets is largely unclear. Here, we identified genes controlling greening directly downstream of the GATAs by integrating data from RNA-sequencing and microarray data sets. We found that genes encoding subunits of the Mg-chelatase complex and 3,8-divinyl protochlorophyllide a 8-vinyl reductase (DVR) likely function directly downstream of the GATAs and that DVR expression is limiting in the pale-green gnc gnl mutants. The GATAs also regulate the nucleus-encoded SIGMA (SIG) factor genes, which control transcription in the chloroplast and suppress the greening defects of sig mutants. Furthermore, GNC and GNL act, at the gene expression level, in an additive manner with the GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (GLK1) and GLK2 transcription factor genes, which are also important for proper chlorophyll accumulation. We thus reveal that chlorophyll biosynthesis genes are directly controlled by LLM-domain B-GATAs and demonstrate that these transcription factors play an indirect role in the control of greening through regulating SIGMA factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Bastakis
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Klermund
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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van der Lingen MAJ, de Joode SGCJ, Schotanus MGM, Grimm B, van Nie FA, Speth LAWM, Samijo SK. Satisfied patients after shoulder arthrodesis for brachial plexus lesions even after 20 years of follow-up. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2018; 28:1089-1094. [PMID: 29453752 PMCID: PMC6060881 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-018-2152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Patients with an upper brachial plexus lesion can suffer from dysfunction, joint deformities and instability of the shoulder. The goal of this study was to determine pain, shoulder function, patient satisfaction and muscle strength in shoulder arthrodesis in patients with an upper brachial plexus lesion more than 15 years after surgery.
Methods
We retrospectively studied 12 patients with a brachial plexus lesion of mean age 46 years (27–61). At a mean of 19.8 years (15.4–30.3) after shoulder arthrodesis, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), range of motion (e.g., active and passive), patient satisfaction, strength of the affected and non-affected side (e.g., maximum isometric strength in Newton in forward and retroflexion, ab- and adduction, internal and external rotation) and position of fusion were obtained. PROMS consisted of the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; 0–100, 0 being painless) for pain and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (DASH; 0–100, 0 being the best score) for function.
Results At latest follow-up, the median VAS pain score was 49 (0–96) and 0 for, respectively, the affected and unaffected side. The DASH was 15 (8–46), meaning a reasonable to good function of the upper extremity. Active and passive retroflexion was significantly different (p = 0.028). All subjects stated that in the same situation they would undergo a shoulder arthrodesis again. The unaffected side was significantly stronger in every direction. Arthrodesis showed position of fusion of 31° (12–70) abduction, 20° (10–50) forward flexion and 22° (− 14 to 58) internal rotation. The unaffected side was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) stronger in every movement direction. Conclusion At a mean of 20 years after shoulder arthrodesis, patients with an upper brachial plexus lesion are still satisfied with a good to moderate functional improvement. Level of evidence III A retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A J van der Lingen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - S G C J de Joode
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - M G M Schotanus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - B Grimm
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - F A van Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - L A W M Speth
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - S K Samijo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Hey D, Grimm B. Requirement of ONE-HELIX PROTEIN 1 (OHP1) in early Arabidopsis seedling development and under high light intensity. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1550317. [PMID: 30489183 PMCID: PMC6296352 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1550317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant ONE-HELIX PROTEINS (OHPs) are part of the light-harvesting complex superfamily whose members are involved in various processes related to sensing and capturing light as well as light protection. We recently showed the requirement of a functional OHP1-OHP2 heterodimer for efficient D1 synthesis. Interestingly, while the ohp1 knockout mutant showed a strong defect in accumulation of the photosystem II and is hardly viable, virus-induced gene silencing of OHP1 had no detectable impact on plant growth and performance under standard growth conditions. However, in vivo labeling assays with 35S-methionine indicate a reduced D1 synthesis rate. Here, we show that VIGS-OHP1 plants are more susceptible towards elevated light intensities than control plants. This underlines an obligatory function of OHP1 for light acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hey
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- CONTACT Bernhard Grimm Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
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Schotanus MGM, Bemelmans YFL, Grimm B, Heyligers IC, Kort NP. Physical activity after outpatient surgery and enhanced recovery for total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:3366-3371. [PMID: 27492381 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to 'objectively' measure improvement of physical activity with the use of an activity monitor between patients who followed an enhanced recovery- or outpatient surgery pathway after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was hypothesized that both pathways will have comparable physical activity after TKA at 6-week follow-up. METHODS This prospective observational comparative case study was designed to investigate activity parameters (e.g. physical activity, number of steps, sit-stand transfers) of two different pathways after 6 weeks with the use of a non-invasive triaxial accelerometer activity monitor. This study included 20 patients with a mean age of 65.5 years (SD 6.1) undergoing TKA who were allocated to follow one of the two pathways: enhanced recovery (n = 10) or outpatient surgery (n = 10). Patients were monitored for 4 days pre-, 4 days during and 4 days after 5 weeks postoperatively. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and range of knee motion were obtained pre- and 6 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS The activity parameters recovered steeply during the first 4 postoperative days and continued to improve within both pathways (n.s.). Preoperative and during the first 4 days and 5 weeks postoperative, activity parameters were comparable (n.s.) between both pathways but did not reach preoperative levels of physical activity and range of motion (n.s.). PROMs improved within each pathway, and no difference between both pathways was observed (n.s.). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the early physical activity parameters of patients after TKA, following the outpatient surgery pathway, were similar to patients who followed the standard enhanced recovery pathway. The activity monitor is an added value for a more detailed and objective analysis of the physical performance in patients after TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G M Schotanus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr H vd Hoffplein 1, 6162 AG, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Y F L Bemelmans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr H vd Hoffplein 1, 6162 AG, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - B Grimm
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr H vd Hoffplein 1, 6162 AG, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - I C Heyligers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr H vd Hoffplein 1, 6162 AG, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - N P Kort
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Dr H vd Hoffplein 1, 6162 AG, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
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Da Q, Wang P, Wang M, Sun T, Jin H, Liu B, Wang J, Grimm B, Wang HB. Thioredoxin and NADPH-Dependent Thioredoxin Reductase C Regulation of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:652-666. [PMID: 28827456 PMCID: PMC5619880 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts, thioredoxin (TRX) isoforms and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) act as redox regulatory factors involved in multiple plastid biogenesis and metabolic processes. To date, less is known about the functional coordination between TRXs and NTRC in chlorophyll biosynthesis. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential functions of TRX m and NTRC in the regulation of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS) pathway. Silencing of three genes, TRX m1, TRX m2, and TRX m4 (TRX ms), led to pale-green leaves, a significantly reduced 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-synthesizing capacity, and reduced accumulation of chlorophyll and its metabolic intermediates in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The contents of ALA dehydratase, protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase, the I subunit of Mg-chelatase, Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (CHLM), and NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase were decreased in triple TRX m-silenced seedlings compared with the wild type, although the transcript levels of the corresponding genes were not altered significantly. Protein-protein interaction analyses revealed a physical interaction between the TRX m isoforms and CHLM. 4-Acetoamido-4-maleimidylstilbene-2,2-disulfonate labeling showed the regulatory impact of TRX ms on the CHLM redox status. Since CHLM also is regulated by NTRC (Richter et al., 2013), we assessed the concurrent functions of TRX m and NTRC in the control of CHLM. Combined deficiencies of three TRX m isoforms and NTRC led to a cumulative decrease in leaf pigmentation, TBS intermediate contents, ALA synthesis rate, and CHLM activity. We discuss the coordinated roles of TRX m and NTRC in the redox control of CHLM stability with its corollary activity in the TBS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingen Da
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Menglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-University Berlin, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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