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Sadaf A, Balal RM, Jaffar MT, Javed SA, Javaid MM. Influence of brassinosteroid and silicon on growth, antioxidant enzymes, and metal uptake of leafy vegetables under wastewater irrigation. Int J Phytoremediation 2023; 26:936-946. [PMID: 38630443 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2285015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Vegetable cultivation under sewage irrigation is a common practice mostly in developing countries due to a lack of freshwater. Long-term usage provokes heavy metals accumulation in soil and ultimately hinders the growth and physiology of crop plants and deteriorates the quality of food. A study was performed to investigate the role of brassinosteroid (BRs) and silicon (Si) on lettuce, spinach, and cabbage under lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contaminated sewage water. The experiment comprises three treatments (control, BRs, and Si) applied under a completely randomized design (CRD) in a growth chamber. BRs and Si application resulted in the highest increase of growth, physiology, and antioxidant enzyme activities when applied under canal water followed by distilled water and sewage water. However, BRs and Si increased the above-determined attributes under the sewage water by reducing the Pb and Cd uptake as compared to the control. It's concluded that sewerage water adversely affected the growth and development of vegetables by increasing Pb and Cd, and foliar spray of Si and BRs could have great potential to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metals and improve the growth. The long-term alleviating effect of BRs and Si will be evaluated in the field conditions at different ecological zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Sadaf
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Ayyaz Javed
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Sadiq S, Hussain M, Iqbal S, Shafiq M, Balal RM, Seleiman MF, Chater J, Shahid MA. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Biosynthesis of the Polyamine Gene Family in Citrus unshiu. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1527. [PMID: 37628578 PMCID: PMC10454681 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) contribute to diverse plant processes, environmental interaction, and stress responses. In citrus, the mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of polyamines is poorly understood. The present study aims to identify the biosynthesis of PA gene family members in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) and investigate their response against various stresses. The identified biosynthesis of PA genes in C. unshiu showed clustering in six groups, i.e., SPMS, SPDS, ACL5, ADC, ODC, and SAMDC. Syntenic analysis revealed that segmental duplication was prevalent among the biosynthesis of PA genes compared to tandem duplication. Thus, it might be the main reason for diversity in the gene family in C. unshiu. Almost all biosynthesis of PA gene family members in C. unshiu showed syntenic blocks in the genome of Arabidopsis, Citrus sinensis, Poncirus trifoliata, and Citrus reticulata. Analysis of Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) indicated the occurrence of hormones, light, defense, and environmental stress responses as well as the development and other plant mechanisms-related elements in the upstream sequence of the biosynthesis of PA genes. Expression profiling revealed that the biosynthesis of PA gene expression modulates in different organs during various developmental stages and stress in C. unshiu. This information will provide a deep understanding of genomic information and its expression in multiple tissues to better understand its potential application in functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Sadiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Chater
- Horticultural Science Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
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Shahbaz E, Ali M, Shafiq M, Atiq M, Hussain M, Balal RM, Sarkhosh A, Alferez F, Sadiq S, Shahid MA. Citrus Canker Pathogen, Its Mechanism of Infection, Eradication, and Impacts. Plants (Basel) 2022; 12:plants12010123. [PMID: 36616252 PMCID: PMC9824702 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker is a ravaging bacterial disease threatening citrus crops. Its major types are Asiatic Canker, Cancrosis B, and Cancrosis C, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii pathotype-B (XauB), and pathotype-C (XauC), respectively. The bacterium enters its host through stomata and wounds, from which it invades the intercellular spaces in the apoplast. It produces erumpent corky necrotic lesions often surrounded by a chlorotic halo on the leaves, young stems, and fruits, which causes dark spots, defoliation, reduced photosynthetic rate, rupture of leaf epidermis, dieback, and premature fruit drop in severe cases. Its main pathogenicity determinant gene is pthA, whose variants are present in all citrus canker-causing pathogens. Countries where citrus canker is not endemic adopt different methods to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the region, eradicate the pathogen, and minimize its dissemination, whereas endemic regions require an integrated management program to control the disease. The main aim of the present manuscript is to shed light on the pathogen profile, its mechanism of infection, and fruitful strategies for disease management. Although an adequate method to completely eradicate citrus canker has not been introduced so far, many new methods are under research to abate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Shahbaz
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mobeen Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atiq
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fernando Alferez
- Horticultural Science Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
| | - Saleha Sadiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hayat F, Li J, Iqbal S, Peng Y, Hong L, Balal RM, Khan MN, Nawaz MA, Khan U, Farhan MA, Li C, Song W, Tu P, Chen J. A Mini Review of Citrus Rootstocks and Their Role in High-Density Orchards. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2876. [PMID: 36365327 PMCID: PMC9656899 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfing is an important agricultural trait for intensive cultivation and effective orchard management in modern fruit orchards. Commercial citrus production relies on grafting with rootstocks that reduce tree vigor to control plant height. Citrus growers all over the world have been attracted to dwarfing trees because of their potential for higher planting density, increased productivity, easy harvest, pruning, and efficient spraying. Dwarfing rootstocks can be used to achieve high density. As a result, the use and development of dwarfing rootstocks are important. Breeding programs in several countries have led to the production of citrus dwarf rootstocks. For example, the dwarfing rootstocks 'Flying Dragon', 'FA 517', 'HTR-051', 'US-897', and 'Red tangerine' cultivated in various regions allow the design of dense orchards. Additionally, dwarf or short-stature trees were obtained using interstocks, citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) and various chemical applications. This review summarizes what is known about dwarf citrus rootstocks and the mechanisms underlying rootstock-scion interactions. Despite advances in recent decades, many questions regarding rootstock-induced scion development remain unanswered. Citrus rootstocks with dwarfing potential have been investigated regarding physiological aspects, hormonal communication, mineral uptake capacity, and horticultural performance. This study lays the foundation for future research into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying citrus dwarfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Hayat
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Yang Peng
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Leming Hong
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ummara Khan
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Caiqing Li
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Wenpei Song
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Panfeng Tu
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Javaid MM, Mahmood A, Alshaya DS, AlKahtani MDF, Waheed H, Wasaya A, Khan SA, Naqve M, Haider I, Shahid MA, Nadeem MA, Azmat S, Khan BA, Balal RM, Attia KA, Fiaz S. Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:9522. [PMID: 35681016 PMCID: PMC9184647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the germination and seedling growth behavior of a potential weed species is an important tool to manage weeds without the use of agricultural chemicals that cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. A series of experiments were directed to investigate the influence of different environmental factors (temperature, pH, NaCl, moisture stress, and seed burial depth) on germination and seedling emergence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under controlled conditions. Results suggested that 25 °C is the optimum temperature for maximum germination (95%) and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass, however, a quick decline was observed at 35 °C. Seed germination was unaffected by pH levels ranging from 5 to 10. The 92% seed germination was recorded where no salt stress was applied and germination was reduced by 87% at 250 mMNaCl concentration. Seed germination was unaffected by osmotic potential ranges from 0 to − 0.4 MPa thereafter declined and completely inhibited at − 0.8 or − 1.0 MPa. No seed emerged at the soil surface or a soil depth of 6 or 7 cm and 90% emergence occurred at 1 cmsoil depth. The germination and seedlings parameters like time to initial germination, mean germination time, time taken to 50% germination and germination index, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot are significantly affected with the environmental factors. The information obtained in this study will be helpful to develop better management strategies for germination and the emergence of perennial ryegrass in areas where it has the ability to rapidly colonize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mansoor Javaid
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Athar Mahmood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Dalal S Alshaya
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muneera D F AlKahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasnain Waheed
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Allah Wasaya
- College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-Campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan
| | - Sher Aslam Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Maria Naqve
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Imran Haider
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center Quincy 32351, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Muhammad Ather Nadeem
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Saira Azmat
- Agriculture Extension and Adaptive Research, Agriculture Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-Campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan.
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Iqbal Z, Sarkhosh A, Balal RM, Gómez C, Zubair M, Ilyas N, Khan N, Shahid MA. Silicon Alleviate Hypoxia Stress by Improving Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidants and Regulating Nutrient Uptake in Muscadine Grape ( Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.). Front Plant Sci 2021; 11:618873. [PMID: 33643333 PMCID: PMC7902783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flooding induces low oxygen (hypoxia) stress to plants, and this scenario is mounting due to hurricanes followed by heavy rains, especially in subtropical regions. Hypoxia stress results in the reduction of green pigments, gas exchange (stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration), and photosynthetic activity in the plant leaves. In addition, hypoxia stress causes oxidative damage by accelerating lipid peroxidation due to the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaf and root tissues. Furthermore, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant activity increase, whereas micronutrient uptake decreases under hypoxia stress. Plant physiology and development get severely compromised by hypoxia stress. This investigation was, therefore, aimed at appraising the effects of regular silicon (Si) and Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) to mitigate hypoxia stress in muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.) plants. Our results demonstrated that hypoxia stress reduced muscadine plants' growth by limiting the production of root and shoot dry biomass, whereas the root zone application of both Si and SiNP effectively mitigated oxidative and osmotic cell damage. Compared to Si, SiNP yielded better efficiency by improving the activity of enzymatic antioxidants [including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)], non-enzymatic antioxidants [ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents], and accumulation of organic osmolytes [proline and glycinebetaine (GB)]. SiNP also regulated the nutrient profile of the plants by increasing N, P, K, and Zn contents while limiting Mn and Fe concentration to a less toxic level. A negative correlation between antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation rates was observed in SiNP-treated plants under hypoxia stress. Conclusively, SiNP-treated plants combat hypoxia more efficiently stress than conventional Si by boosting antioxidant activities, osmoprotectant accumulation, and micronutrient regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Celina Gómez
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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Shahid MA, Balal RM, Khan N, Zotarelli L, Liu GD, Sarkhosh A, Fernández-Zapata JC, Martínez Nicolás JJ, Garcia-Sanchez F. Selenium impedes cadmium and arsenic toxicity in potato by modulating carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 180:588-599. [PMID: 31132554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have already determined that selenium (Se) is very effective in alleviating cell oxidative damage caused by various abiotic stresses in plants. Past studies have also indicated other physiological pathways by which Se may benefit plants. In order to better understand the full array of potential applications for Se in agriculture, this study investigated the influence of Se on carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) metabolism in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Sante) grown under cadmium (Cd) and/or arsenic (As) toxicity. Potato plants were grown in a growth chamber and fertigated with Hoagland nutrient solution with or without Se (9 μM). After 48-d of growth under Cd (40 μM) and/or As (40 μM) stress, carbohydrate and N metabolism in leaves, roots and stolons were measured. For carbohydrate metabolism, various sugars-i.e., sucrose, starch, glucose, fructose, and total soluble sugar contents (TSSC)-and the activities of enzymes associated with sucrose metabolism and glycolysis-i.e., acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI), sucrose-synthetase (SS), sucrose phosphatesynthetase (SPS), fructokinase (FK), hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvatekinase (PK)-were measured. For N metabolism, NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ contents along with the enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase (NRA), nitrite reductase (NiRA), glutamine-synthetase (GS), and glutamate-synthetase (GOGAT) were measured. Overall, Cd and/or As treatments had reduced plant growth relative to those plants grown without heavy metal toxicity, due to hindered photosynthesis and alterations in N metabolism and glycolysis. Regarding N metabolism, heavy metal toxicity caused a reduction in NO3- and NO2- content and NRA and NiRA enzymatic activity and enhanced NH4+ content and GDH activity in leaves, roots and stolons. Regarding glycolysis, the activity of enzymes of glycolysis-i.e., FK, HK, PFK, and PK-were also reduced. In the C metabolism study, plants combatted Cd and As toxicity naturally by an adaptation mechanism which caused an increase in soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) by increasing NI, SS and SSP enzymatic activity. Supplementation with Se in the Cd and/or As treatments in the carbohydrate and N metabolism studies improved plant growth. Selenium supplementation in the Cd and As treatments decreased Cd and/or As content in the plant tissue and alleviating the Cd- and/or As-induced toxicity by enhancing the C-metabolism adaptation mechanism. Applying Se to Cd and As treatments also decreased nitrogen losses by hindering Cd- and As-induced changes in the N-metabolism. Se also limited Cd and As accumulation in the plant tissue by the antagonistic effect between Cd/Se and As/Se in the roots. The results of this study indicate that in the presence of Cd and/or As. soil toxicity, Se may be a powerful tool for promoting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticulture Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA.
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Lincoln Zotarelli
- Horticulture Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Guodong David Liu
- Horticulture Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticulture Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Juan C Fernández-Zapata
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Garcia-Sanchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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