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Kumar A, Singh N. Embracing nutritional, physical, pasting, textural, sensory and phenolic profile of functional muffins prepared by partial incorporation of lyophilized wheatgrass, fenugreek and basil microgreens juice powder. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:4286-4295. [PMID: 38308402 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muffins are delightful baked food products that have earned a prominent place in the daily diet of a majority of people around the world. The incorporation of microgreens juice powder (MJP) into muffins boosts their nutritional value. The influence of the incorporation of wheatgrass, fenugreek and basil MJP at 1.5% and 3.0% levels on the nutritional composition, physical properties, pasting, sensory, textural and phenolic profile of functional muffins was evaluated. RESULTS The results indicated a significant increase in the protein content, ash content, dietary fiber and total phenolic content of MJP incorporated muffins. The incorporation of MJP to the muffins led to a gradual reduction in the L*, a* and b* values. Baking characteristic such as bake loss decreased significantly as a result of MJP incorporation. Furthermore, the incorporation of various MJPs resulted in a significant decrease in the peak viscosity of the flour-MJP blends. Regarding texture, the hardness and chewiness of the muffins increased progressively with an increase in the level of MJP incorporation. The highest hardness (10.15 N) and chewiness (24.45 mJ) were noted for 3% fenugreek MJP incorporated muffins (FK 3.0). The sensory score of MJP incorporated muffins was acceptable and satisfactory. Additionally, 3% basil MJP incorporated muffins (BL 3.0) marked the dominant presence of majority of the detected phenolic acids such as ferulic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, isothymosin and rosamarinic acid. The highest concentration of p-coumaric acid (11.95 mg kg-1), vanillic acid (26.07 mg kg-1) and kaempferol (8.04 mg kg-1) was recorded for FK 3.0 muffin. CONCLUSION MJP incorporated muffins revealed the pool of phenolic acids and the reduced bake loss is of industrial interest. The present study concludes that wheatgrass, fenugreek and basil MJP can be incorporated by up to 3% into baked products as a source of functional ingredients for health benefits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
| | - Narpinder Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
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Ren J, Lu H, Lu S, Huang Z. Impacts of sulfamethoxazole stress on vegetable growth and rhizosphere bacteria and the corresponding mitigation mechanism. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1303670. [PMID: 38390364 PMCID: PMC10882545 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1303670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are an important pharmaceutical class excessively used by humans. Its presence in the soil can impact plant growth and induce antibiotic resistance. This research studies the effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on plant growth, rhizosphere bacteria composition, and resistance genes. Two sets of vegetables (basil, cilantro, and spinach) were treated separately with water and SMX solution. The plant growth data and soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that SMX increased spinach leaf length (34.0%) while having no significant impacts on basil and cilantro. On the other hand, SMX improved the bacterial diversity in all samples. The shifts in the abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria could indirectly affect vegetable stem and leaf length. SMX also significantly increased the abundance of resistance genes Sul1 and Sul2. A further study into the correlation between bacteria highlights the importance of Shingomonas and Alfipia for inhibiting the spread of key resistance gene hosts, namely, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Agrobacterium. This research provides insight into SMX's impact on vegetable growth and microbial diversity. It also points out important microbial interactions that could potentially be utilized to mitigate ARG proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- Lake Forest Academy, Lake Forest, IL, United States
| | - Hongbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanggen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
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Hallmann E, Rusaczonek A, Muszyńska E, Ziółkowski D, Kuliński S, Jasek J, Ponder A. A Long-Term Study on Chemical Compounds and Their Location in Sweet Basil Leaves from Organic and Conventional Producers. Foods 2024; 13:383. [PMID: 38338517 PMCID: PMC10855304 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compound profiles in organic and conventional sweet basil were analyzed by HPLC, and the enzymatic status and antioxidant status of plants cultivated with the two systems were also examined. Fluorescence microscopy was used for the determination of compounds' locations in the basil leaves. The experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Organic and conventional basil samples were obtained directly from Polish herb producers. The results showed that the chemical profiles of organic and conventional basil leaves are different. Not only the cultivation method but also the experimental year had a significant impact on the antioxidant content in basil leaves. Organic basil contained significantly more dry matter (11.97 g 100 g-1 FW) compared to conventional one (10.54 g 100 g-1 FW) and a higher tendency for total phenolic compounds (5.24 mg g -1 DW) accumulation. The higher bioactive compound content reflects the antioxidant activity (61.0%, 54.33%, and 46%) in organic basil compared to conventional (46.87%, 38.055, and 39.24%) with respect to the analysis method (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP). Catalase activity (39 µmol H2O2 min-1 mg-1) in organic basil was higher compared to conventional (23.19 µmol H2O2 min-1 mg-1) ones. The obtained results are very unique and could be used by herb producers as a key for high-quality basil production. The higher concentration of bioactive compounds in organic basil gives a better nutraceutical status to this popular herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
- Bioeconomy Research Institute, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Daniel Ziółkowski
- Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kuliński
- The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Rd, Box 1341, Wanstead BB11000, Barbados;
| | - Jakub Jasek
- Independent Public Health Care, Henryka Sienkiewicza 7, 09-100 Płońsk, Poland;
| | - Alicja Ponder
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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Lobiuc A, Stoleru V, Gheorghiţă R, Burducea M. The Effect of Municipal Biosolids on the Growth, Physiology and Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds in Ocimum basilicum L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:448. [PMID: 38203619 PMCID: PMC10779201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous development of drinking water networks is leading to the production of increasing amounts of waste water and sewage sludge. Secondary-treated sewage sludge is called biosolids and can be used as fertilizers in agriculture due to its rich nutrient content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biosolids mixed with an eroded soil on the morphology, physiology and synthesis of bioactive compounds in basil. The study was performed in pots under laboratory-controlled conditions. In total, four substrates were tested: S1 biosolids 100%, S2 biosolids 15% + eroded soil 85%, S3 eroded soil 100% and S4 control (commercial growing substrate). At the morphological level, a significant increase in plant height, number of branches, fresh biomass and dry biomass was found in the S2 variant. At the physiological level, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content did not vary significantly, but the quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was significantly higher at S1 and S2. The oxidative status evaluated by determining the activity of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes was better in S2 and S3 compared to S3. Regarding the synthesis of bioactive compounds (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid), it was stimulated in S1 and S2. In conclusion, biosolids application stimulated the stress response mechanisms in basil plants by increasing the quantum yield chlorophyll fluorescence and catalase activity, alleviating the negative effects of eroded soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Lobiuc
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Vasile Stoleru
- Department of Horticulture Technologies, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Roxana Gheorghiţă
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Marian Burducea
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
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Maurer D, Sadeh A, Chalupowicz D, Barel S, Shimshoni JA, Kenigsbuch D. Hydroponic versus soil-based cultivation of sweet basil: impact on plants' susceptibility to downy mildew and heat stress, storability and total antioxidant capacity. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:7809-7815. [PMID: 37453104 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, hydroponically cultivated basil has gained extensive popularity over soil-based cultivation. Evidence for potential differences between both cultivation methods, in terms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, storage properties and shelf-life, is still lacking and the potential effect of cultivation method on the antioxidant capacity has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to determine which of the two basil cultivation methods produces plants that are more resilient to downy mildew and external heat treatment and that exhibit better storage and shelf-life performance. RESULTS Hydroponically grown basil was significantly more affected by browning than the soil-grown basil at the end of the storage and end of the shelf-life period. Under both cultivation methods, the extent of browning increased significantly between the end of the storage and end of the shelf-life period, by a factor of 1.4. Moreover, hydroponically grown plants were significantly more sensitive to heat treatment than soil-grown basil. However, the soil-grown basil exhibited significantly greater susceptibility to downy mildew than the hydroponically grown basil. At harvest, and at the end of the storage period, the antioxidant capacity of hydroponically cultivated basil was significantly greater than that of soil-grown basil. CONCLUSIONS Hydroponically cultivated basil exhibited greater resistance to downy mildew, but less resilience to heat and browning during storage and a shelf-life period, resulting in poorer storage and shelf-life performance as compared to soil-cultivated basil. The greater total antioxidant capacity of the hydroponically cultivated basil seems to be the major cause for the observed phenomena. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Alona Sadeh
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Daniel Chalupowicz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shimon Barel
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Jakob A Shimshoni
- Department of Food Science, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - David Kenigsbuch
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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McGrath MT. Efficacy of Organic Fungicides for Downy Mildew in Field-Grown Sweet Basil. Plant Dis 2023; 107:2467-2473. [PMID: 36724027 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-22-2424-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is a common, widespread disease affecting basil leaves. No tolerance for disease symptoms, especially on leaves for fresh consumption, necessitates management. Six replicated experiments were conducted between 2010 and 2016 with field-grown basil of a susceptible cultivar exposed to naturally occurring, wind-dispersed sporangiospores of Peronospora belbahrii to evaluate fungicides approved for use on organically produced crops and products in development. Products tested currently registered for use on basil in the U.S. and labeled for downy mildew were Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus), Companion (Bacillus subtilis), Cueva (copper octanoate), Double Nickel (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Forticept EP #1 (thyme oil), Milagrum Plus (Bacillus subtilis), Organocide (sesame oil), Oso (polyoxin D zinc salt), OxiDate (hydrogen dioxide), Procidic (citric acid), Regalia (Reynoutria sachalinensis extract), Stargus (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), and Trilogy (neem oil). Most are biopesticides. A conventional fungicide, Revus (mandipropamid), was included in most experiments as a positive control. Applications were made weekly to foliage with a backpack sprayer starting before symptoms were seen, except in 2013 when disease onset was early and 2015 when applications were made twice weekly. Organic treatments tested in 2013 started with a soil drench application around the base of plants two days after transplantation. Fungicide efficacy was assessed based on incidence of symptomatic leaves rather than disease severity because there is no tolerance for disease on fresh-market herbs. None were effective based on weekly severity assessments or AUDPC values, confirming results from other researchers that downy mildew cannot be effectively managed with organic fungicides applied to susceptible basil cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Tuttle McGrath
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, SIPS, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901
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7
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Rodeo AJD, Mitcham EJ. Chilling temperatures and controlled atmospheres alter key volatile compounds implicated in basil aroma and flavor. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1218734. [PMID: 37465380 PMCID: PMC10352081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Use of basil in its fresh form is increasingly popular due to its unique aromatic and sensory properties. However, fresh basil has a short shelf life and high chilling sensitivity resulting in leaf browning and loss of characteristic aroma. Moderate CO2 atmospheres have shown potential in alleviating symptoms of chilling injury in basil during short-term storage but its effect on the flavor volatiles is unclear. Moreover, studies on basil volatile profile as impacted by chilling temperatures are limited. We investigated the response of two basil genotypes to low temperatures and atmosphere modification, with emphasis on the volatile organic compounds responsible for basil aroma and flavor. Leaves were stored for 6 days at 5, 10, or 15°C combined with three different CO2 atmospheres (0.04%, 5% or 10%). Basil volatile profile was assessed using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Leaves suffered severe chilling injury and greater loss of aroma volatiles at 5°C compared to 10°C and 15°C. More than 70 volatiles were identified for each genotype, while supervised multivariate analysis revealed 26 and 10 differentially-accumulated volatiles for 'Genovese' and 'Lemon' basil, respectively, stored at different temperatures. Storage in 5% CO2 ameliorated the symptoms of chilling injury for up to 3 days in 'Genovese', but not in 'Lemon' basil. Both chilling temperatures and controlled atmospheres altered key volatile compounds implicated in basil aroma and flavor, but temperature had a bigger influence on the observed changes in volatile profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlan James D. Rodeo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth J. Mitcham
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Christofi A, Margariti G, Salapatas A, Papageorgiou G, Zervas P, Karampiperis P, Koukourikos A, Tarantilis PA, Kaparakou EH, Misiakos K, Makarona E. Determining the Nutrient Content of Hydroponically-Cultivated Microgreens with Immersible Silicon Photonic Sensors: A Preliminary Feasibility Study. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5937. [PMID: 37447788 PMCID: PMC10346951 DOI: 10.3390/s23135937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens have gained attention for their exceptional culinary characteristics and high nutritional value. The present study focused on a novel approach for investigating the easy extraction of plant samples and the utilization of immersible silicon photonic sensors to determine, on the spot, the nutrient content of microgreens and their optimum time of harvest. For the first time, it was examined how these novel sensors can capture time-shifting spectra caused by the molecules' dynamic adhesion onto the sensor surface. The experiment involved four types of microgreens (three types of basil and broccoli) grown in a do-it-yourself hydroponic installation. The sensors successfully distinguished between different plant types, showcasing their discriminative capabilities. To determine the optimum harvest time, this study compared the sensor data with results obtained through standard analytical methods. Specifically, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two basil varieties were juxtaposed with the sensor data, and this study concluded that the ideal harvest time for basil microgreens was 14 days after planting. This finding highlights the potential of the immersible silicon photonic sensors for potentially replacing time-consuming analytical techniques. By concentrating on obtaining plant extracts, capturing time-shifting spectra, and assessing sensor reusability, this research paves the way for future advancements in urban farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristi Christofi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (G.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Georgia Margariti
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (G.P.); (K.M.)
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece
| | - Alexandros Salapatas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (G.P.); (K.M.)
| | - George Papageorgiou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (G.P.); (K.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Petros A. Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (P.A.T.); (E.H.K.)
| | - Eleftheria H. Kaparakou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (P.A.T.); (E.H.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (G.P.); (K.M.)
| | - Eleni Makarona
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 41 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (G.P.); (K.M.)
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Carril P, Ghorbani M, Loppi S, Celletti S. Effect of Biochar Type, Concentration and Washing Conditions on the Germination Parameters of Three Model Crops. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2235. [PMID: 37375860 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been recognized as a promising and efficient material for soil amendment. However, its effects on seed germination are variable due to its alkaline pH and/or the presence of phytotoxic substances. In this study, two types of biochar (B1 and B2) were mixed with soil at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%, w:w), and both the solid and liquid fractions of these mixtures were tested on the germination of basil, lettuce and tomato seeds. Furthermore, solid fractions subjected to a pre-washing treatment (B1W and B2W) were also investigated for their effects on seed germination. Three germination parameters were then measured: seed germination number (GN), radicle length (RL) and germination index (GI). Biochar B2W at 10% increased both RL and GI in basil by 50% and 70%, respectively, while B1 at 25% increased these parameters in tomato by 25%. No effects or negative effects were recorded for lettuce. Liquid fractions (L1 and L2) generally hampered seed germination, suggesting the presence of potentially water-soluble phytotoxic compounds in biochar. These results point to biochar as a suitable component for germination substrates and highlight that germination tests are critical to select the best performing biochar according to the target crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carril
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Majid Ghorbani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Celletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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10
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Petrea ȘM, Simionov IA, Antache A, Nica A, Oprica L, Miron A, Zamfir CG, Neculiță M, Dima MF, Cristea DS. An Analytical Framework on Utilizing Various Integrated Multi-Trophic Scenarios for Basil Production. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:540. [PMID: 36771624 PMCID: PMC9920146 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aim to improve the overall sustainability of aquaponic basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)-sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) integrated recirculating systems. We implement new AI methods for operational management together with innovative solutions for plant growth bed, consisting of Rapana venosa shells (R), considered wastes in the food processing industry. To this end, the ARIMA-supervised learning method was used to develop solutions for forecasting the growth of both fish and plant biomass, while multi-linear regression (MLR), generalized additive models (GAM), and XGBoost were used for developing black-box virtual sensors for water quality. The efficiency of the new R substrate was evaluated and compared to the consecrated light expended clay aggregate-LECA aquaponics substrate (H). Considering two different technological scenarios (A-high feed input, B-low feed input, respectively), nutrient reduction rates, plant biomass growth performance and additionally plant quality are analysed. The resulting prediction models reveal a good accuracy, with the best metrics for predicting N-NO3 concentration in technological water. Furthermore, PCA analysis reveals a high correlation between water dissolved oxygen and pH. The use of innovative R growth substrate assured better basil growth performance. Indeed, this was in terms of both average fresh weight per basil plant, with 22.59% more at AR compared to AH, 16.45% more at BR compared to BH, respectively, as well as for average leaf area (LA) with 8.36% more at AR compared to AH, 9.49% more at BR compared to BH. However, the use of R substrate revealed a lower N-NH4 and N-NO3 reduction rate in technological water, compared to H-based variants (19.58% at AR and 18.95% at BR, compared to 20.75% at AH and 26.53% at BH for N-NH4; 2.02% at AR and 4.1% at BR, compared to 3.16% at AH and 5.24% at BH for N-NO3). The concentration of Ca, K, Mg and NO3 in the basil leaf area registered the following relationship between the experimental variants: AR > AH > BR > BH. In the root area however, the NO3 were higher in H variants with low feed input. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in basil roots and aerial parts and the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of experimental variants revealed that the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the BH variant (0.348% and 0.169%, respectively in the roots, 0.512% and 0.019%, respectively in the aerial parts), while the methanolic extract obtained from the roots of the same variant showed the most potent antioxidant activity (89.15%). The results revealed that an analytical framework based on supervised learning can be successfully employed in various technological scenarios to optimize operational management in an aquaponic basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)-sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) integrated recirculating systems. Also, the R substrate represents a suitable alternative for replacing conventional aquaponic grow beds. This is because it offers better plant growth performance and plant quality, together with a comparable nitrogen compound reduction rate. Future studies should investigate the long-term efficiency of innovative R aquaponic growth bed. Thus, focusing on the application of the developed prediction and forecasting models developed here, on a wider range of technological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ștefan-Mihai Petrea
- Food Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street, No. 111, 800008 Galaţi, Romania
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Nicolae Bălcescu Street, 59–61, 800001 Galati, Romania
| | - Ira Adeline Simionov
- Food Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street, No. 111, 800008 Galaţi, Romania
- Department of Automatic Control and Electrical Engineering, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galaţi, Romania
| | - Alina Antache
- Food Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street, No. 111, 800008 Galaţi, Romania
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurelia Nica
- Food Science, Food Engineering, Biotechnology and Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street, No. 111, 800008 Galaţi, Romania
| | - Lăcrămioara Oprica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Street Number 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Gabriela Zamfir
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Nicolae Bălcescu Street, 59–61, 800001 Galati, Romania
| | - Mihaela Neculiță
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Nicolae Bălcescu Street, 59–61, 800001 Galati, Romania
| | - Maricel Floricel Dima
- Institute for Research and Development in Aquatic Ecology, Fishing and Aquaculture, 54 Portului Street, 800211 Galati, Romania
- Faculty of Enginnering and Agronomy in Braila, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street, No. 111, 800008 Galaţi, Romania
| | - Dragoș Sebastian Cristea
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Nicolae Bălcescu Street, 59–61, 800001 Galati, Romania
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11
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Díaz-Montaña EJ, Aparicio-Ruiz R, Morales MT. Effect of Flavorization on Virgin Olive Oil Oxidation and Volatile Profile. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020242. [PMID: 36829801 PMCID: PMC9952243 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatile compounds of virgin olive oil (VOO) have an important role from a sensory point of view as they are responsible for the aroma of the oil. Once the oil is obtained, auto-oxidation is the main process contributing to its deterioration, modifying the volatiles profile and aroma. The addition of aromatic herbs to VOO is a traditional technique to change the flavor and to preserve the oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the volatile profile and sensory properties of flavoring VOO with rosemary and basil herbs and its impact on the evolution of the oxidative process during a six-month shelf-life study at 15.7 ± 3.6 °C and exposed to 500 ± 100 lx of light for 12 h each day. The determination of quality parameters, volatiles concentrations and VOO sensory properties and their comparison with the flavored VOO samples showed that the addition of basil or rosemary herbs, in addition to retarding the oxidation of the oil, allowed the discrimination of the flavored samples due to the migration of compounds from herbs to the oil. The aroma of basil olive oil (BOO) samples was mainly due to β-pinene, ocimene and 1,8-cineol compounds while for rosemary olive oil (ROO) samples, their aroma was mainly due to the concentrations of camphene, β-myrcene, α-terpinolene, limonene and 1,8-cineol. From the antioxidant standpoint, the effect of the herbs was more noticeable from the third month onwards.
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Ziarno M, Kozłowska M, Ratusz K, Hasalliu R. Effect of the Addition of Selected Herbal Extracts on the Quality Characteristics of Flavored Cream and Butter. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36765999 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbs have been used for centuries in order to enrich food as preservatives, flavorings, and medicinal agents. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the addition of selected herbal extracts (dried leaves of Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Ocimum basilicum L.) on selected parameters of fermented flavored cream (counts of starter culture bacteria and pH value) and the resulting flavored butter (water content, water distribution, butter plasma pH, butter fat acidity, and oxidative stability), preceded by a study of the activity of the herbal extracts against starter lactic acid bacteria determined using the well diffusion method. The extracts did not inhibit the starter lactic acid bacteria at a fixed level. The presence of the herbal extracts contributed to a shorter fermentation course and influenced the counts of starter culture bacteria during fermentation and refrigerated storage (at 5 °C) for 21 days. The extract additives did not affect the water content or the degree of its dispersion, the butter plasma pH, or the butter fat acidity. The positive effect of the rosemary and thyme extract addition was only noted when analyzing the oxidative stability of the milk fat of the butter.
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13
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Qasem A, Assaggaf H, Mrabti HN, Minshawi F, Rajab BS, Attar AA, Alyamani RA, Hamed M, Mrabti NN, Baaboua AE, Omari NE, Alshahrani MM, Awadh AAA, Sheikh RA, Ming LC, Goh KW, Bouyahya A. Determination of Chemical Composition and Investigation of Biological Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. Molecules 2023; 28:614. [PMID: 36677672 PMCID: PMC9866482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Ocimum basilicum L., as well as to evaluate the antibacterial, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, and the EOs and aqueous extracts of O. basilicum. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacterial strains, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, using the well diffusion and microdilution methods, whereas the antidiabetic activity was assessed in vitro using two enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the other hand, the dermatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities were studied by testing tyrosinase and lipoxygenase inhibition activity, respectively. The results showed that the chemical composition of O. basilicum EO (OBEO) is dominated by methyl chavicol (86%) and trans-anethol (8%). OBEO exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, demonstrated by considerable diameters of the inhibition zones and lower MIC and MBC values. In addition, OBEO exhibited significant inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 50.51 ± 0.32 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 39.84 ± 1.2 μg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, OBEO significantly inhibited lipoxygenase activity (IC50 = 18.28 ± 0.03 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 24.8 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Moreover, tyrosinase was considerably inhibited by OBEO (IC50 = 68.58 ± 0.03 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 118.37 ± 0.05 μg/mL). The toxicological investigations revealed the safety of O. basilicum in acute and chronic toxicity. The finding of in silico analysis showed that methyl chavicol and trans-anethole (main compounds of OBEO) validate the pharmacokinetics of these compounds and decipher some antibacterial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Qasem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- Laboratoires TBC, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, B.P. 8359006 Lille, France
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bodour S. Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar A. Attar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema A. Alyamani
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidal Naceiri Mrabti
- Engineering Materials, Modeling and Environmental Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Aicha El Baaboua
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Abdelmalek-Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryan Adnan Sheikh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
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Du P, Yuan H, Chen Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Huang M, Jiangfang Y, Su R, Chen Q, Lai J, Guan L, Ding Y, Hu H, Luo J. Identification of Key Aromatic Compounds in Basil (Ocimum L.) Using Sensory Evaluation, Metabolomics and Volatilomics Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13. [PMID: 36677010 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basil (Ocimum L.) is widely used as a flavor ingredient, however research on basil flavor is limited. In the current study, nine basil species were selected, including Ocimum basilicum L.var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth., Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum basilicum cinnamon, Ocimum gratissimum var. suave, Ocimum tashiroi, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum ct linalool, and Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum, and their fragrance and flavor characteristics were assessed by sensory evaluation. The results indicated that Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum var. suave have a strong clove smell and exhibited a piquant taste. Metabolomics and volatilomics analyses measured 100 nonvolatile metabolites and 134 volatiles. Differential analysis showed that eugenol, γ-terpinene, germacrene D and malic acid were among the most varied metabolites in basil species. Combined with sensory evaluation results, correlation analysis revealed that β-pinene and γ-cadinene contributed to the piquant smell, while eugenol and germacrene D contributed to the clove smell, and malic acid and L-(−)-arabitol contributed to the sweet flavor in basil. This study provided comprehensive flavor chemistry profiles of basil species and could be used as a guide for basil flavor improvement. The better understanding of objective sensory attributes and chemical composition of fresh basil could introduce the improved cultivars with preponderant traits, which is also in accordance with the various demands of breeders and growers, food producers, and consumers.
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15
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Abdelkhalek A, El-Gendi H, Alotibi FO, Al-Askar AA, Elbeaino T, Behiry SI, Abd-Elsalam KA, Moawad H. Ocimum basilicum-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Induces Innate Immune Responses against Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Squash. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11202707. [PMID: 36297731 PMCID: PMC9609463 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) causes a significant threat to crop output sustainability and human nutrition worldwide, since it is one of the most prevalent plant viruses infecting most kinds of plants. Nowadays, different types of nanomaterials are applied as a control agent against different phytopathogens. However, their effects against viral infections are still limited. In the current study, the antiviral activities of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) mediated by aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum against cucumber mosaic virus in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) were investigated. The prepared Ag-NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta potential distribution techniques. DLS, SEM, and TEM analyses showed that the Ag-NPs were spherical, with sizes ranging from 26.3 to 83 nm with an average particle size of about 32.6 nm. FTIR identified different functional groups responsible for the capping and stability of Ag-NPs. The zeta potential was reported as being -11.1 mV. Under greenhouse conditions, foliar sprays of Ag-NPs (100 µg/mL) promoted growth, delayed disease symptom development, and significantly reduced CMV accumulation levels of treated plants compared to non-treated plants. Treatment with Ag-NPs 24 h before or after CMV infection reduced CMV accumulation levels by 92% and 86%, respectively. There was also a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates, free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant enzymes (PPO, SOD, and POX), as well as total phenolic and flavonoid content. Furthermore, systemic resistance was induced by significantly increasing the expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 and PR-5) and polyphenolic pathway genes (HCT and CHI). These findings suggest that Ag-NPs produced by O. basilicum could be used as an elicitor agent and as a control agent in the induction and management of plant viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City 21934, Egypt
| | - Hamada El-Gendi
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt
| | - Fatimah O. Alotibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Toufic Elbeaino
- Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari (CIHEAM-IAMB), Via Ceglie 9, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Said I. Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Hassan Moawad
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Chu HTT, Vu TN, Dinh TTT, Do PT, Chu HH, Tien TQ, Tong QC, Nguyen MH, Ha QT, Setzer WN. Effects of Supplemental Light Spectra on the Composition, Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oil. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175599. [PMID: 36080366 PMCID: PMC9457840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different supplemental light spectra and doses (duration and illuminance) on the essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in the net-house in Vietnam during four months. Ten samples of basil aerial parts were hydrodistilled to obtain essential oils which had the average yields from 0.88 to 1.30% (v/w, dry). The oils analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS showed that the main component was methyl chavicol (87.4−90.6%) with the highest values found in the oils of basil under lighting conditions of 6 h/day and 150−200 µmol·m−2·s−1. Additional lighting conditions caused the significant differences (p < 0.001) in basil biomass and oil production with the highest values found in the oils of basil under two conditions of (1) 71% Red: 20% Blue: 9.0% UVA in at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 in 6 h/day and (2) 43.5% Red: 43.5% Blue: 8.0% Green: 5.0% Far-Red at 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 in 6 h/day. The oils of basil in some formulas showed weak inhibitory effects on only the Bacillus subtilis strain. Different light spectra affect the biomass and essential oil production of basil, as well as the concentrations of the major components in the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Thu Chu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.T.T.C.); (T.N.V.)
| | - Thi Nghiem Vu
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Institute of Materials Science, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.T.T.C.); (T.N.V.)
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Dinh
- Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Phat Tien Do
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Tran Quoc Tien
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Institute of Materials Science, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Quang Cong Tong
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
- Institute of Materials Science, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Manh Hieu Nguyen
- Institute of Materials Science, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Quyen Thi Ha
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Ha Noi 10053, Vietnam
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Copolovici L, Copolovici DM, Moisa C, Lupitu A. Antagonist Temperature Variation Affects the Photosynthetic Parameters and Secondary Metabolites of Ocimum basilicum L. and Salvia officinalis L. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11141806. [PMID: 35890439 PMCID: PMC9322130 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the main challenges for actual and future generations. Global warming affects plants and animals and is responsible for considerable crop loss. This study studied the influence of antagonist successive stresses, cold-heat and heat-cold, on two medicinal plants Ocimum basilicum L. and Salvia officinalis L. The photosynthetic parameters decreased for plants under the variation of subsequent stress. Net assimilation rates and stomatal conductance to water vapor are more affected in the case of plants under cold-heat consecutive stress than heat-cold successive stress. Emissions of volatile organic compounds have been enhanced for plants under successive stress when compared with control plants. Chlorophyll concentrations for plants under successive stress decreased for basil and sage plants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were not affected by the successive stresses when compared with the plants under only one type of treatment.
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Fang Y, Li S, Xu Q, Wang J, Yang Y, Mi Y, Jin Z, Desneux N, Wang S. Optimizing the Use of Basil as a Functional Plant for the Biological Control of Aphids by Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Greenhouses. Insects 2022; 13:552. [PMID: 35735889 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Functional plants can be deployed at the field, farm, and landscape scale, where they are beneficial to natural enemies, thus contributing to improved pest control. To explore how non-crop plants can augment the biological control of pests, this study aimed to assess how basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), as a functional plant, affected the lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that in the presence of the target prey (peach aphid; Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), both the vegetative and flowering stages of basil enhanced C. pallens (early-age) fecundity and longevity as compared to a control treatment in the laboratory. Similarly, lacewing colonization patterns were modulated by the basil planting density and spatial arrangement in the greenhouse. Under high density intercrop basil arrangements, C. pallens colonization rates were the highest, the populations persisted longer in the crop, and the aphid numbers declined more rapidly. This work showed how basil enhanced the fitness attributes of a generalist predatory lacewing and benefitted aphid biological control in a short time. It can inform the development of economically sound management strategies to attain pest control with minimum inputs. Abstract Effective biological control agents that can provide sustainable pest control need to be researched in further detail; functional plants (or non-crop insectary plants), in particular, are garnering increased research interest. Much remains to be learned as to how non-crop plants can augment biological control in greenhouse systems. In this study, we combined laboratory and greenhouse assays to assess the extent to which basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) affected the biological control of aphids by the predatory lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In the presence of the target prey (peach aphid; Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), both the vegetative and flowering stages of basil enhanced C. pallens longevity and (early-age) fecundity as compared to a control treatment. When basil plants were established near aphid infested eggplants (Solanum melongena L.), the C. pallens colonization rate improved by 72–92% in the short-term. Lacewing colonization patterns were modulated by the basil planting density and spatial arrangement (i.e., perimeter planting vs. intercropping). Under high density intercrop arrangements, C. pallens colonization rates were highest, its populations persisted longer in the crop, and the aphid numbers declined more rapidly. Our work shows how basil enhanced the key fitness attributes of a generalist predatory lacewing and benefitted aphid biological control in a greenhouse setting.
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Vlaicu PA, Untea AE, Turcu RP, Saracila M, Panaite TD, Cornescu GM. Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Basil, Thyme and Sage Plant Additives and Their Functionality on Broiler Thigh Meat Quality. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081105. [PMID: 35454692 PMCID: PMC9029320 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat industries across the world are constantly focusing to find natural low-cost additives for the development of novel meat products to meet consumer demand for improving the health benefits. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the bioactive compounds of some herbal plants, namely basil, thyme, sage, and their functionality on broiler chicken thigh meat quality. Chemical composition, as well as total antioxidant activity, polyphenols, vitamin E lutein and zeaxanthin and the fatty acids of the plants, were analyzed. According to findings, total polyphenols was 21.53 mg gallic acid/g in basil, 31.73 mg gallic acid/g in thyme and 38.87 mg gallic acid/g in sage. The antioxidant capacity was 19.91 mM Trolox in basil, 54.09 mM Trolox in thyme and 54.09 mM Trolox in sage. Lutein and zeaxanthin from basil was 267.91 mg/kg, 535.79 mg/kg in thyme and 99.89 mg/kg, and vitamin E ranged from 291.71 mg/kg in basil to 379.37 mg/kg in thyme and 148.07 mg/kg in sage, respectively. After, we developed a trial on 120 unsexed broiler chickens (n = 30) which were separated into four groups with six replications of five chickens each: control (C); 1% basil (B); 1% thyme (T) and 1% sage (S). The B, T and S groups deposited significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentration of zinc, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and vitamin E in meat samples compared with the C group. In the experimental groups, the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the thigh muscles were significantly improved (p < 0.05). The tested plants exhibited a significant (p = 0.0007) hypocholesterolemic effect in the meat of the B (45.90 mg/g), T (41.60 mg/g) and S (48.80 mg/kg) experimental groups compared with the C (60.50 mg/g) group. These results support the application of the studied plants as natural sources of additives which could be effective in improving meat quality, from the human consumption perspective.
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Larsen DH, Li H, Shrestha S, Verdonk JC, Nicole CCS, Marcelis LFM, Woltering EJ. Lack of Blue Light Regulation of Antioxidants and Chilling Tolerance in Basil. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:852654. [PMID: 35463427 PMCID: PMC9021895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue light, measuring from 400 to 500 nm, is generally assumed to increase the content of antioxidants in plants independent of the species. Blue light stimulates the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and their subclass anthocyanins from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids are strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and may lessen the symptoms of abiotic stresses such as chilling. We tested the hypothesis that a high percentage of blue light induces the accumulation of antioxidants and that this effect depends on the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 400-700 nm). The effect may be more pronounced at a lower PPFD. We investigated the changes in primary and secondary metabolites of basil in response to the percentage of blue light (9, 33, 65, and 100%) applied either as a 5-day End-Of-Production (EOP) treatment or continuous throughout the growth cycle in the green cv. Dolly. We also studied if the response to the percentage of blue light (9 or 90%) was dependent on the total PPFD (100 or 300 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD) when applied as a 5-day EOP treatment in the green cv. Dolly and the purple cv. Rosie. For both green and purple basil, it was found that the percentage of blue light had little effect on the levels of antioxidants (rosmarinic acid, total ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins) at harvest and no interactive effect with PPFD was found. Antioxidants generally decreased during postharvest storage, wherein the decrease was more pronounced at 4 than at 12°C. Chilling injury, as judged from a decrease in F v /F m values and from the occurrence of black necrotic areas, was not affected by the percentage of blue light. Particularly, chilling tolerance in the purple cultivar was increased in plants grown under higher PPFD. This may be related to the increased levels of soluble sugar and starch in leaves from high PPFD treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe H. Larsen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hua Li
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Samikshya Shrestha
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Julian C. Verdonk
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. Woltering
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Turrini F, Farinini E, Leardi R, Grasso F, Orlandi V, Boggia R. A Preliminary Color Study of Different Basil-Based Semi-Finished Products during Their Storage. Molecules 2022; 27:2059. [PMID: 35408458 PMCID: PMC9000349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basil-based semi-finished products, which are mainly used as an intermediate to produce the typical pesto sauce, are prepared and exported all over the world. Color is a fundamental organoleptic requirement for the acceptability of these semi-finished products by the manufacturers of the pesto sauce. Some alternative formulations, which adjust the typical industrial recipe by both changing the preservative agent (ascorbic acid, citric acid, or a mixture of both) and introducing a preliminary thermic treatment (blast chilling), were evaluated. In this work, a fast and non-destructive spectrophotometric analysis, to monitor the color variations in these food products during their shelf-life, was proposed. The raw diffuse reflectance spectra (380-900 nm) obtained by a UV-visible spectrophotometer, endowed with an integrating sphere, together with the CIELab parameters (L*, a*, b*) automatically obtained from these, were considered, and elaborated using multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis). From this preliminary study, blast chilling, together with the use of ascorbic acid, proved to be the best solution to better preserve the color of these products during their shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Turrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (E.F.); (R.L.); (F.G.); (V.O.); (R.B.)
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22
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Braglia R, Costa P, Di Marco G, D'Agostino A, Redi EL, Scuderi F, Gismondi A, Canini A. Phytochemicals and quality level of food plants grown in an aquaponics system. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:844-850. [PMID: 34231921 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond nutrition, fruits and vegetables can be considered as natural sources of bioactive molecules, for which beneficial effects on human health are widely recognised. To improve food quality, soilless growing systems could represent a good strategy for promoting a sustainable food production chain, although the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of their products should be investigated in depth. The main quality traits and the volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites of Solanum lycopersicum L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss and Ocimun basilicum L. grown in an aquaponics system and in organic farming were quantified and compared. RESULTS On a fresh basis, soil-grown P. crispum and O. basilicum showed significantly higher total phenolics and antioxidant activity compared to aquaponic crops, whereas, on a dry basis, both plants showed opposite results. Soil-grown S. lycopersicum was significantly richer in total phenolics, whereas the aquaponic type showed a higher antioxidant activity. Aquaponics induced the accumulation of resveratrol in P. crispum, rosmarinic acid and myricetin in O. basilicum, and lycopene in S. lycopersicum. Among the volatile compounds, in O. basilicum, linalool was the main constituent in both treatments, whereas τ-cadinol represented the second constituent in aquaponic crops. The volatile profiles of P. crispum did not differ significantly between the two cultivation methods. CONCLUSION The overall quality of organic and aquaponics cultures appeared to be comparable. The results showed that aquaponic farming method can be an innovative, rapid and sustainable way of producing quality food. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Di Marco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico L Redi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Scuderi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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Sathasivam R, Choi M, Radhakrishnan R, Kwon H, Yoon J, Yang SH, Kim JK, Chung YS, Park SU. Effects of various Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains on hairy root induction and analyses of primary and secondary metabolites in Ocimum basilicum. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:983776. [PMID: 36325544 PMCID: PMC9619037 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The hairy root (HR) culture system is an excellent alternative strategy to the whole plant system for producing valuable compounds. However, selection of suitable Agrobacterium strain for the successful induction of HR is an essential step for enhanced production of beneficial secondary metabolites. In this study, we examined the transformation efficiency of various A. rhizogenes strains (ATCC 13333, ATCC 15834, A4, R1000, R1200, and R1601) for transgenic HRs induction in Ocimum basilicum. Among the tested strains, the R1601 was found to be one of the most promising strain for mass production of HR in terms of transformation efficiency (94%) and the number and length of HR (8.4 ± 0.52 and 1.68 ± 0.14 cm). The HR induced by the same strain exhibited highest levels of rosmarinic acid level (62.05 ± 4.94 µg/g DW) and total phenolic content (62.3 ± 4.95 µg/g DW). A total of 55 metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The PCA and PLS-DA plot of the identified metabolites showed that HR induced by A4 and ATCC 15834 displayed variation in primary and secondary metabolite contents. Analysis of the metabolic pathway identified a total of 56 pathways, among which 35 were found to be impacted. A heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that HR induced by different Agrobacterium strains exhibited differential metabolites profiles. In conclusion, Agrobacterium strains R1601 is one of the best and most promising strains for inducing mass HR production and enhanced levels of secondary metabolites in O. basilicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minsol Choi
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ramalingam Radhakrishnan
- Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, TN, India
| | - Haejin Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Yoon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So Hwi Yang
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yong Suk Chung
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong Suk Chung, ; Sang Un Park,
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong Suk Chung, ; Sang Un Park,
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Głuchowski A, Czarniecka-Skubina E, Tambor K, Jariené E. Fresh Basil Infusion: Effect of Sous-Vide Heat Treatment on Their Volatile Composition Profile, Sensory Profile, and Color. Molecules 2021; 27:5. [PMID: 35011238 PMCID: PMC8746197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs, including basil, are used to enhance the flavor of food products around the world. Its potential is influenced by the quality of fresh herbs and processing practices, wherein conditions of heat treatment play an important role. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of sous-vide heat treatment on the volatile compounds profile, sensory quality, and color of basil infusions. The material used for research was aqueous basil infusion prepared conventionally at 100 °C, and using the sous-vide method (65, 75, and 85 °C). The composition of volatile compounds was identified by GC/MS analysis, the sensory profile was assessed using a group of trained panelists, while the color was instrumentally assessed in the CIE Lab system. No significant differences were found in the intensity of the taste and aroma of basil infusions at different temperatures. Seventy headspace volatile compounds were identified in the analyzed samples, ten of which exceeded 2% of relative area percentage. The most abundant compounds were eucalyptol (27.1%), trans-ocimene (11.0%), β-linalool (9.2%), and β-myrcene (6.7%). Most of the identified compounds belonged to the terpenes and alcohols groups. Our findings show that the conventional herbal infusion was more like a sous-vide infusion prepared at the lowest temperature SV65, while SV75 and SV85 were similar to each other but different from the conventional. However, a smaller number of volatile compounds in the samples heated at higher temperatures of sous-vide were identified. The sous-vide samples showed a higher content of alkanes. The sous-vide method (p ≤ 0.05) resulted in darker, less green, and less yellow basil leaves than fresh and traditionally steeped ones. Long heat treatment under vacuum at higher temperatures causes a pronounced change in the aroma composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Głuchowski
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 02-778 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 02-778 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Krzysztof Tambor
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 02-778 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Elvyra Jariené
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Mangus University, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Proz MDLÁ, da Silva MAS, Rodrigues E, Bender RJ, Rios ADO. Effects of indoor, greenhouse, and field cultivation on bioactive compounds from parsley and basil. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:6320-6330. [PMID: 33966275 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic herbs are an important source of bioactive compounds. Different cultivation systems should give each plant a specific amount of those compounds, which should be of a particular quality. In this study, the effects of three cultivation systems (indoor, greenhouse, and organic field) on the composition of bioactive compounds in parsley (Petroselinum crispum cv. 'Flat Leaf'), green basil (Ocimum basilicum var. minimum cv. 'Greek'), and purple basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. 'Red Rubin') were evaluated. RESULTS β-Carotene and lutein were the carotenoids with the highest concentration in the three plants in all the cultivation systems. Overall, parsley proved to be a source of flavonoids. The major phenolic compound found in basil plants was rosmarinic acid, whereas most anthocyanins were derived from cyanidin aglycone. Among the three plants studied, the highest vitamin C content was found in parsley from the field. This was 2.6 and 5.4 times higher than the indoor and greenhouse cultivation, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggest that different cultivation systems influence and modulate the concentration of bioactive compounds in plants differently, varying according to their class, and that, above all, an indoor system is an effective cultivation system for the production of bioactive compounds. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel de Los Ángeles Proz
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Magnólia Aparecida Silva da Silva
- Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Agronomy University of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renar João Bender
- Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Agronomy University of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Oliveira Rios
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Danh LT, Giao BT, Duong CT, Nga NTT, Tien DTK, Tuan NT, Huong BTC, Nhan TC, Trang DTX. Use of Essential Oils for the Control of Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Post-Harvest Mangoes of Cat Hoa Loc Variety. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:719. [PMID: 34564536 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. makes heavy losses for post-harvest mangoes of Cat Hoa Loc variety during storage, packaging, and transportation. The synthetic fungicides are commonly used to control the disease, but they are not safe for consumers’ health and environment. This study was aimed to investigate the use of essential oils (EOs) as the safe alternative control. Pathogen was isolated from the infected Cat Hoa Loc mangoes and identified by morphology and DNA sequencing of the ITS region. Six EOs (cinnamon, basil, lemongrass, peppermint, coriander, and orange) were chemically analyzed by GC–MS. The antifungal activity of EOs was studied in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the isolated pathogen was Colletotrichum acutatum. Cinnamon, basil, and lemongrass EOs effectively inhibited the growth of C. acutatum in descending order of cinnamon, basil, and lemongrass. However, they (except basil oil) severely damaged fruit peels. The antifungal activity was closely related to the main compounds of EOs. Basil EOs effectively controlled anthracnose development on Cat Hoa Loc mangoes artificially infected with C. acutatum, and its effectiveness was comparable to that of fungicide treatment. Consequently, basil EOs can be used as a biocide to control anthracnose on post-harvest Cat Hoa Loc mangoes.
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D’Alessandro A, Ballestrieri D, Strani L, Cocchi M, Durante C. Characterization of Basil Volatile Fraction and Study of Its Agronomic Variation by ASCA. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133842. [PMID: 34202506 PMCID: PMC8270316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basil is a plant known worldwide for its culinary and health attributes. It counts more than a hundred and fifty species and many more chemo-types due to its easy cross-breeds. Each species and each chemo-type have a typical aroma pattern and selecting the proper one is crucial for the food industry. Twelve basil varieties have been studied over three years (2018–2020), as have four different cuts. To characterize the aroma profile, nine typical basil flavour molecules have been selected using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with an olfactometer (GC–MS/O). The concentrations of the nine selected molecules were measured by an ultra-fast CG e-nose and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to detect possible differences among the samples. The PCA results highlighted differences between harvesting years, mainly for 2018, whereas no observable clusters were found concerning varieties and cuts, probably due to the combined effects of the investigated factors. For this reason, the ANOVA Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) methodology was applied on a balanced a posteriori designed dataset. All the considered factors and interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in explaining differences between the basil aroma profiles, with more relevant effects of variety and year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Strani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Marina Cocchi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-2058-554
| | - Caterina Durante
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.)
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Kljak K, Carović-Stanko K, Kos I, Janječić Z, Kiš G, Duvnjak M, Safner T, Bedeković D. Plant Carotenoids as Pigment Sources in Laying Hen Diets: Effect on Yolk Color, Carotenoid Content, Oxidative Stability and Sensory Properties of Eggs. Foods 2021; 10:721. [PMID: 33805547 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a supplementation diet for hens consisting of dried basil herb and flowers of calendula and dandelion for color, carotenoid content, iron-induced oxidative stability, and sensory properties of egg yolk compared with commercial pigment (control) and marigold flower. The plant parts were supplemented in diets at two levels: 1% and 3%. In response to dietary content, yolks from all diets differed in carotenoid profile (p < 0.001). The 3% supplementation level resulted in a similar total carotenoid content as the control (21.25 vs. 21.79 μg/g), but by 3-fold lower compared to the 3% marigold (66.95 μg/g). The tested plants did not achieve yolk color fan values as the control (13.47) or 3% marigold (11.47), and among them, calendula had the highest values (9.73). Despite the low carotenoid content in diets supplemented with basil herb, iron-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was low as for marigold (on average 106.83 vs. 92.68 ng/g after 250 min). The treatments differed in sensory color scores for fresh and hard-boiled yolks and flavor while other sensory properties were similar. In conclusion, the supplementation of plants in a hen diet may result in yolks containing carotenoids and other compounds showing a high antioxidant effect.
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Jakovljević D, Momčilović J, Bojović B, Stanković M. The Short-Term Metabolic Modulation of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. 'Genovese') after Exposure to Cold or Heat. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10030590. [PMID: 33801088 PMCID: PMC8004128 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chilling stress in spring and mid-season heat stress are important environmental stresses that can significantly affect plant productivity. The objectives of this study were to understand the effects of cold (4 and 10 °C) or heat (30 and 40 °C) stress on biochemical and physiological traits in leaves and roots of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. 'Genovese') young plants. After short-time exposure to mild and severe temperature stresses, both photosynthetic pigments' and protein, as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense components in basil leaves and roots, were quantified and compared with the control non-stressed plants. It was shown that both cold and heat treatment increase the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. Chilling correlated with higher content of soluble proteins in leaves, whereas the concentration of these osmoprotectants in roots was higher under both cold and heat stress. For all tested antioxidant enzymes, higher activity was measured in leaves, and activity was related to temperature stress. SOD, CAT, A-POX, and P-POX activities was induced under heat stress, while the higher activity of SOD, CAT, P-POX, and G-POX was recorded under cold stress, compared to the control. In addition to the induced activity of enzymatic components, the content of secondary metabolites including total phenolics, flavonoids, and total anthocyanins, was several times higher compared to the non-stressed plants. Furthermore, total phenolic content was higher in roots than in leaves. Significant positive correlation can be seen among photosynthetic pigments, SOD, total phenolics, and flavonoids under severe temperature stress (4 or 40 °C) in basil leaves, while for roots, positive correlation was found in the content of secondary metabolites and activity of CAT or peroxidases. Obtained results are discussed in terms of phenotyping of O. basilicum cv. 'Genovese' response to heat and chilling stress, which should contribute to a better understanding of merged responses to cold and heat tolerance of this valuable crop.
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Martínez-Hernández GB, Taboada-Rodríguez A, Garre A, Marín-Iniesta F, López-Gómez A. The Application of Essential Oil Vapors at the End of Vacuum Cooling of Fresh Culinary Herbs Promotes Aromatic Recovery. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030498. [PMID: 33652559 PMCID: PMC7996559 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aroma is an important quality parameter of fresh culinary herbs that may be highly affected after postharvest treatments. The innovative technology of vapor essential oil (EO) application under vacuum conditions may recover aroma lost during the postharvest processing of plant products like aromatic herbs. Hence, this study assessed the aroma recovery effect of vapor EOs applied during vacuum cooling on curly parsley and dill. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles of these aromatic herbs were studied by static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the VOCs sorption kinetics onto the SPME stir-bar coating were modeled by the Baranyi model. At the pilot plant scale, the total VOCs contents of parsley and dill (whose extractability was increased by 10-20% after a single vacuum process) were enhanced by 4.5- and 2-fold, respectively, when vapor EOs were applied. In particular, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene and carvone (parsley) increased by 18.7- and 7.3-fold, respectively, while dill ether (the characteristic VOC of dill) augmented by 2.4-fold after vapor EOs were applied under vacuum conditions. The aroma recovery of culinary herbs was successfully validated at an industrial level in an installation developed by our group to apply vapor EOs within a vacuum cooling system, reaching total VOC recoveries of 4.9- and 2.3-fold in parsley and dill, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Benito Martínez-Hernández
- Food Safety and Refrigeration Engineering Group, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Amaury Taboada-Rodríguez
- Group of Research Food Biotechnology-BTA, Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Bromatology, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Garre
- Food Microbiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulgencio Marín-Iniesta
- Group of Research Food Biotechnology-BTA, Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Bromatology, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Gómez
- Biotechnological Processes Technology and Engineering Lab, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edif I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
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Kordi S, Salmasi SZ, Kolvanagh JS, Weisany W, Shannon DA. Intercropping System and N 2 Fixing Bacteria Can Increase Land Use Efficiency and Improve the Essential Oil Quantity and Quality of Sweet Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.). Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:610026. [PMID: 33424906 PMCID: PMC7786103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping fodder plants with medicinal plants, in addition to enhancing productivity, can remarkably reduce the population of weeds, pests and diseases and for naturally meeting of livestock medicinal needs. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate biological yield, essential oil (EO) composition and yield of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) treated with N2 fixing bacteria in additive intercropping with forage maize during the 2018 and 2019. Treatments were arranged in factorial split-plot-in time in randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors were 100% chemical fertilizer (N), N2 fixing bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter chroococcum), integration of N2 fixing bacteria + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer and control. The cropping pattern factor included of sole cropping basil and the additive intercropping of maize + 25% basil, maize + 50% basil, maize + 75% basil, and maize + 100% basil. The results indicated that the highest essential oil yield (30.8 kg ha-1) and essential oil percentage (0.75%) were obtained in sole cropping with A. brasilense and A. chroococcum + 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer application in second harvest in 2019. In both cropping systems, the N2 fixing bacteria application significantly increased fresh and dry yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) as compared to control plants. In both years of experiments could remarkably vary depending on type of treatment. In both years, eight constituents including methyl chavicol (17.24-51.28%), Z-citral (neral) (8.33-24.3%), geranial (10.2-31.3%), (E)-caryophyllene (1.05-5.64%), α-trans-bergamotene (0.53-1.7%), α-humulene (0.4-1.69%), germacrene-D (0.2-1.88%), and (Z)-α- bisabolene (1.16-3.86%) were the main constituents of EO. The highest content of methyl chavicol was found through sole cropping of sweet basil with nitrogen chemical fertilizer followed by sole cropping of sweet basil with an integration of A. brasilense and A. chroococcum + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer in 2018 and 2019. Intercropping system and N2 fixing bacteria can be effective in reducing chemical fertilizer consumption and environmental pollution and achieving the sustainable agriculture goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Kordi
- Department of Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Zehtab Salmasi
- Department of Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Weria Weisany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dennis A. Shannon
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Larsen DH, Woltering EJ, Nicole CCS, Marcelis LFM. Response of Basil Growth and Morphology to Light Intensity and Spectrum in a Vertical Farm. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:597906. [PMID: 33424894 PMCID: PMC7793858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vertical farming is becoming increasingly popular for production of leafy vegetables and herbs, with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as one of the most popular herbs. In basil most research has focused on increasing secondary metabolites with light spectra. However, knowledge about the effect of light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) and spectra on growth and morphology is key for optimizing quality at harvest. The impact of PPFD and spectrum on plant growth and development is species dependent and currently few studies in basil are available. Understanding the response to End-Of-Production (EOP) light of growth and morphology is important for successful vertical farming. We performed a comprehensive series of experiments, where the effects of EOP PPFD, fraction of blue and their interaction on the growth and morphology were analyzed in two green and one purple basil cultivar. In addition, the impact of different EOP intensities and duration of far-red were investigated. We found that increasing the PPFD increased fresh mass, dry matter content and plant height in all three cultivars. The responses were linear or quadratic depending on the cultivar. A high fraction of blue (>90%) increased plant height and decreased the dry mass partitioning to the leaves. The only interaction found between the fraction of blue and overall PPFD was on plant height in the green cultivar whereas other growth parameters and morphology responded stronger to PPFD than to the fraction of blue light. Plant dry matter production was increased with the addition of far-red. Far-red EOP intensity treatments enhanced the fraction of dry mass partitioned to the leaves, whereas a prolonged far-red treatment enhanced partitioning to the stem. Both plant fresh mass and dry matter content were improved by applying high PPFD shortly before harvest. Light spectra were found to be of less importance than PPFD with respect to plant dry matter content. Light use efficiency (LUE) based on fresh mass decreased with increasing PPFD whereas LUE based on dry mass increased with increasing PPFD, when given as EOP treatments. The overall physiological mechanisms of the light intensity and spectral effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe H. Larsen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. Woltering
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Postharvest Technology, Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Faur A, Watz C, Moacă EA, Avram Ş, Borcan F, Pinzaru I, Iftode A, Nicolov M, Popovici RA, Raica M, Szuhanek CA, Dehelean C. Correlations on Phenolic Screening Related to In Vitro and In Ovo Assessment of Ocimum basilicum L. Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts Used as Skin Active Ingredient. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225442. [PMID: 33233640 PMCID: PMC7699777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was aimed to evaluate the phenolic composition parameters of two hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (OB) obtained from the aerial part (without leaves) and leaves, in order to determine their contribution to the antioxidant activity (AOA). Both hydro-alcoholic extracts have proven to be rich in polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavonols and tannins. Therefore, the leaves’ extracts reveal an inhibition percentage of 89%, almost comparable with the standard reference (95%). To complete the toxicological profile, the study also assessed the potential cytotoxicity of basil hydro-alcoholic extracts on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), skin human fibroblasts (1BR3), mice epidermis (JB6Cl41-5a) and primary human melanocytes (HEMa) cells, correlated to A375 antitumor in vitro activity. The extracts did not induce significant cytotoxic effect on any of the selected normal cell lines but showed relevant activity on A375 cells. Considering the low values obtained regarding the irritative effects in the chorionallantoic membrane of the egg on blood vessels, we can emphasize that both extracts can be considered as biocompatible ingredients. Regarding the potential activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts on human skin, the decrease of erythema values after the application of extracts was a relevant observation which indicates the anti-inflammatory potential of Ocimum basilicum L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Faur
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Claudia Watz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-745-762-600
| | - Ştefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
| | - Andrada Iftode
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
| | - Mirela Nicolov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Ramona Amina Popovici
- Department of Management, Legislation and Communication in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Camelia A. Szuhanek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (A.I.); (C.D.)
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Motesharezadeh B, Ghorbani S, Alikhani HA, Fatemi R, Ma Q. Investigation of Different Selenium Sources and Supplying Methods for Selenium Enrichment of Basil Vegetable (A Case Study under Calcareous and Non-calcareous Soil Systems). Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2020; 12:73-82. [PMID: 32525790 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411666200611101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) is a crucial component of selenoaminoacids and selenoproteins. Therefore, Se-enriched agricultural products can reduce health complications induced by Se deficiency. OBJECTIVE This research was carried out to investigate the effects of Se bio-enrichment on Basil grown in calcareous and non-calcareous soil systems and also to evaluate the changes in Se concentration in the soil after harvesting. METHODS The experiment executed in two calcareous and one non-calcareous soil systems, and different Se application methods (control, soil application, seed inoculation, foliar application, and soil + foliar application) were administered. Selenobacteria, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), derived from the soil was used as a biofertilizer, compared to the other Se sources. RESULTS The results showed that both soil types and the methods of Se application had significant effects (P ˂ 0.01) on root and shoot dry weights and concentrations of P, K, Zn, Fe, and Se in both of the root and shoot. Shoot dry weight of plants treated with foliar Se was maximum in the calcareous soil. Compared to the control treatment, foliar application of Se increased shoot Se content in both calcareous and non-calcareous soils by 242% and 204%, respectively. Furthermore, the increase in shoot Se concentration in calcareous soil induced by Se application increased the concentration of other nutrients in the shoot and root. Plant growth parameters and concentrations of nutrients were significantly increased by using selenobacter inoculum. CONCLUSION The application of Se-containing compounds can improve vegetable quality. Considering the daily requirement of the human body for minerals and nutrients, enriching basil with Se can play an important role in community health. Moreover, some patents have reported the effectiveness of endophyte bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Motesharezadeh
- Soil Science Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Soil Science Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Alikhani
- Soil Science Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Fatemi
- Agronomy Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Qifu Ma
- Land Management Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Beigi S, Azizi M, Iriti M. Application of Super Absorbent Polymer and Plant Mucilage Improved Essential Oil Quantity and Quality of Ocimum basilicum var. Keshkeni Luvelou. Molecules 2020; 25:E2503. [PMID: 32481510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major factors limiting the production of medicinal plants in arid and semi-arid areas is water deficit or drought stress. One-third of the land in the world is arid and semi-arid and is inhabited by nearly 4 × 108 people. Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) is a valuable medicinal plant that is sensitive to water deficit, and water shortage negatively affects sweet basil yield and quality. Water availability in the root zone of basil could ameliorate the negative effects of water shortage. To the best of our knowledge, although the effects of hydrophilic polymers (HPs) have been studied in different agricultural crops, the effects of HP application in medicinal plants have not been previously investigated. This investigation was conducted to explore the effects on water use efficiency when using Stockosorb® (STS) and psyllium seed mucilage (PSM) as hydrophilic polymers (HPs) and the effects of these HPs on essential oil quality, quantity, and yield. The research was set up in a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replications. We used two HPs, STS (industrial) and PSM (herbal), with two methods of application (mixed with soil, mixed with soil + root) at four concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% (w/w)). Results showed that the STS and PSM significantly increased the dry herb yield (both shoot and root) in comparison to the control, and the improving effect was higher when these HPs were mixed with soil + root. The highest dry herb yield (6.74 and 3.68 g/plant for shoot and root, respectively) was detected in the PSM at 0.1% mixed with soil + root. There was not any significant difference in dry herb yield among PSM (0.1%), PSM (0.2%), and STS (0.2%) when mixed with soil + root. Soil application of PSM and soil + root application of STS at a concentration of 0.3% increased the Essential Oil (EO) content almost three-fold in comparison to the control (0.5% and 0.52% to 0.18% v/w, respectively). The maximum essential oil yield was recorded in plants treated with STS (0.2% in) or PSM (0.1%) by soil + root application (0.21 and 0.19 mL/plant, respectively). PSM at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% (mixed with soil + root) showed the highest water use efficiency (1.91 and 1.82 g dry weight (DW)/L H2O, respectively). STS mixed with soil also significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) in comparison to the control. The application of these HPs improved the quality of sweet basil essential oil by increasing the linalool and decreasing the eugenol, epi-α-cadinol, and trans-α-bergamotene content.
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Kumar S, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. In Vitro Assessment of the Interaction Potential of Ocimum basilicum (L.) Extracts on CYP2B6, 3A4, and Rifampicin Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32425779 PMCID: PMC7204527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocimum basilicum L. or basilicum is a common culinary herb, used as a traditional medicine for various medical conditions including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, in Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanol, ethanol, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of the dried leaves and inflorescence of O. basilicum, on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) CYP2B6 and 3A4, as well as esterase-mediated metabolism of rifampicin to 25-O-desacetyl rifampicin (25ODESRIF). Human liver microsomes (HLM) were used to evaluate inhibition and CYP2B6/3A4 mRNA expression HepG2 assays were used to measure induction. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents likely involved in causing the observed effect were analyzed using biochemical tests and LC-MS. The aqueous and methanolic extracts showed reversible and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP2B6 with TDI-IC50s 33.35 μg/ml (IC50 shift-fold >1.5) and 4.93 μg/ml (IC50 shift-fold >7) respectively, while the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited 25ODESRIF formation (IC50s 31 μg/ml, 8.94 μg/ml). In HepG2 assays, the methanolic and ethanolic extracts moderately induced CYP2B6, 3A4 mRNA with 38%-, 28%-fold shift, and 22%-, 44%-fold shift respectively. LC-MS full scans identified phenols rosmarinic acid [m/z 359 (M-H)-, approximately 2298 mg/L in aqueous extract] and caftaric acid along with flavones salvigenin [m/z 329 (M+H)+, approximately 1855 mg/L in ethanolic extract], eupatorin [m/z 345 (M+H)+, 668.772 mg/L in ethanolic extract], rutin [m/z 609 (M-H)-] and isoquercetin [m/z 463 (M-H)-] and other compounds—linalool [m/z 153 (M-H)-], hydroxyjasmonic acid [m/z 225 (M-H)-], eucommiol [m/z 187 (M-H)-] and trihydroxy octadecenoic acid [m/z 329 (M-H)-, 530 mg/L in ethanolic extract]. The putative gastrointestinal tract (GIT) concentration for all extracts was calculated as 2,400 μg/ml and hepatic circulation concentrations were estimated at 805.68 μg/ml for the aqueous extract, and 226.56 μg/ml for methanolic extract. Based on the putative GIT concentration, estimated hepatic circulation concentration [I] and inhibition constant Ki, the predicted percentile of inhibition in vivo was highest for the aqueous extract on CYP2B6 (96.7%). The observations indicated that O. basilicum extracts may have the potential to cause clinically relevant herb-drug interactions (HDI) with CYP2B6 and rifampicin metabolism in vivo, if sufficient hepatic concentrations are reached in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saneesh Kumar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patrick J Bouic
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Synexa Life Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Fundisa African Academy of Medicines Development, Cape Town, South Africa
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Sikora M, Złotek U, Kordowska-Wiater M, Świeca M. Effect of Basil Leaves and Wheat Bran Water Extracts on Antioxidant Capacity, Sensory Properties and Microbiological Quality of Shredded Iceberg Lettuce during Storage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E355. [PMID: 32344615 PMCID: PMC7222371 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of basil leaf (BLE) and wheat bran (WBE) extracts (potent anti-browning agents), on the phenolic content, antioxidant potential, microbiological quality, and consumer quality of shredded lettuce during storage were studied. Treatment of lettuce with increasing concentrations of BLE proportionally increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant properties. Compared to the control, the treatment enhanced the antiradical properties. This was especially visible during the analysis of the chemical extracts, while this effect was not retained in the potentially bioaccessible fraction. In the lettuce stored for 8 days, the highest reducing potential and ability to quench radicals were observed in samples treated with 1% BLE-33 mg Trolox equivalent/g d.m. and 2.8 mg Trolox equivalent/g d.m., respectively. Compounds exhibiting antiradical properties were easily bioaccessible in vitro. There was no negative effect of the treatments on the consumer quality. Most importantly, after 8 days of storage, lettuce treated with the studied extract, except 10% WBE, had higher microbiological quality. After 8-day storage, the coliforms count was reduced by 84% and 88% in samples treated with 0.5% BLE and 10% WBE, respectively. In conclusion, treatments of shredded lettuce with BLE and WBE maintain or even improve its quality during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Sikora
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (U.Z.)
| | - Urszula Złotek
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (U.Z.)
| | - Monika Kordowska-Wiater
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Świeca
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Str. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (U.Z.)
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Abdelrahman N, El-Banna R, Arafa MM, Hady MM. Hypoglycemic efficacy of Rosmarinus officinalis and/or Ocimum basilicum leaves powder as a promising clinico-nutritional management tool for diabetes mellitus in Rottweiler dogs. Vet World 2020; 13:73-79. [PMID: 32158154 PMCID: PMC7020113 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.73-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim This study examined the impact of dietary fortification with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and/or basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves powder on glycemic status of dogs. Materials and Methods Forty-five Rottweiler dogs were assigned to five experimental groups and fed an experimentally processed extruded basal diet that was either fortified or not fortified. G1 was fed the basal diet without any fortification (negative control); G2 was consumed the basal diet supplemented with a commercially available synthetic palatant (positive control); G3 was provided with rosemary fortified (at 0.05%) basal diet; G4 was provided with a basil fortified (at 0.05%) basal diet; and G5 was offered a rosemary and basil fortified (each at 0.025%) basal diet. Results G4 and G5 exhibited a positive impact on growth performance traits. Dogs in G3, G4, and G5 showed significant decreases in serum glucose levels in comparison to dogs of the control groups (G1 and G2). It was clear that the inclusion level of 0.05% of basil leaves powder showed the greatest hypoglycemic action. Indeed, G4 dogs showed a reduction in blood glucose at a percentage of approximately 31% followed by G5 and G3 groups (16.25% and 14%, respectively). Furthermore, basil leaves inhibited the amylase enzyme activity. Both insulin and cortisol levels in G4 dogs were increased and reduced compared to controls, respectively. In addition, dietary fortification with rosemary and/or basil significantly increased glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels, while values for malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased. Conclusion It could be concluded that dietary fortification of dog diet with rosemary and/or basil leaves powder at 0.05% separately or 0.025% in combination might be used as promising modulators of blood glucose levels as well as clinico-nutritional management tools for the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Malnutrition Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ramadan El-Banna
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Arafa
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Malnutrition Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha M Hady
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Lazarević B, Carović-Stanko K, Šatović Z. Physiological Responses of Basil ( Ocimum Basilicum L.) Cultivars to Rhizophagus Irregularis Inoculation under Low Phosphorus Availability. Plants (Basel) 2019; 9:E14. [PMID: 31877621 PMCID: PMC7020227 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) can improve phosphorus (P) nutrition and could serve as an environmentally friendly approach for sustainable crop production under P-limiting conditions. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of AM on different physiological traits and to quantify the responsiveness of different basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars to AM under low P availability. The basil cultivars 'Genovese', 'Sweet Basil', 'Dark Opal', and 'Erevanskii' were inoculated (AMI) using Rhizophagus irregularis. Photochemical efficiency and gas exchange were measured on AMI and non-inoculated (AMC) plants and, at harvest, the shoot biomass, shoot P concentration, root morphological traits, frequency of mycorrhizas in the roots (F%), and extent of root colonization (M%) were determined. Significant differences in F% and M% were found among the examined cultivars, with the highest found in 'Dark Opal' and the lowest in 'Erevanskii'. AMI reduced the shoot biomass and increased the shoot P concentration as well as other examined root traits in 'Genovese' and 'Erevanskii', whereas it did not affect those traits in 'Dark Opal' and 'Sweet Basil', indicating differences in responsiveness to AM. AMI positively affected the gas-exchange parameters in all examined cultivars, probably due to the increased sink capacity of a bigger root system and/or AM structures within the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Lazarević
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.C.-S.); (Z.Š.)
| | - Klaudija Carović-Stanko
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.C.-S.); (Z.Š.)
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.C.-S.); (Z.Š.)
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Teobaldelli M, Basile B, Giuffrida F, Romano D, Toscano S, Leonardi C, Rivera CM, Colla G, Rouphael Y. Analysis of Cultivar-Specific Variability in Size-Related Leaf Traits and Modeling of Single Leaf Area in Three Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Ocimum basilicum L., Mentha Spp., and Salvia Spp. Plants (Basel) 2019; 9:E13. [PMID: 31861772 PMCID: PMC7020212 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five allometric models were used to estimate the single leaf area of three well-known medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) species, namely basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), mint (Mentha spp.), and sage (Salvia spp.). MAPs world production is expected to rise up to 5 trillion US$ by 2050 and, therefore, there is a high interest in developing research related to this horticultural sector. Calibration of the models was obtained separately for three selected species by analyzing (a) the cultivar variability-i.e., 5 cultivars of basil (1094 leaves), 4 of mint (901 leaves), and 5 of sage (1103 leaves)-in the main two traits related to leaf size (leaf length, L, and leaf width, W) and (b) the relationship between these traits and single leaf area (LA). Validation of the chosen models was obtained for each species using an independent dataset, i.e., 487, 441, and 418 leaves, respectively, for basil (cv. 'Lettuce Leaf'), mint (cv. 'Comune'), and sage (cv. 'Comune'). Model calibration based on fast-track methodologies, such as those using one measured parameter (one-regressor models: L, W, L2, and W2) or on more accurate two-regressors models (L × W), allowed to achieve different levels of accuracy. This approach highlighted the importance of considering intra-specific variability before applying any models to a certain cultivar to predict single LA. Eventually, during the validation phase, although modeling of single LA based on W2 showed a good fitting (R2basil = 0.948; R2mint = 0.963; R2sage = 0.925), the distribution of the residuals was always unsatisfactory. On the other hand, two-regressor models (based on the product L × W) provided the best fitting and accuracy for basil (R2 = 0.992; RMSE = 0.327 cm2), mint (R2 = 0.998; RMSE = 0.222 cm2), and sage (R2 = 0.998; RMSE = 0.426 cm2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Teobaldelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.T.)
| | - Boris Basile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.T.)
| | - Francesco Giuffrida
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (D.R.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniela Romano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (D.R.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Stefania Toscano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (D.R.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Cherubino Leonardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (D.R.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Carlos Mario Rivera
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.T.)
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Skrypnik L, Novikova A, Tokupova E. Improvement of Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oil Content and Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) Depending on Type and Concentration of Selenium Application. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:plants8110458. [PMID: 31671752 PMCID: PMC6918393 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of selenium biofortification on phytomass yield, selenium, essential oil and phenolic compounds content as well as antioxidant properties of basil leaves was investigated. Selenium in form of sodium selenate was applied either in nutrient solution or by foliar spraying at three levels (2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μM). Selenium treatment significantly increased Se concentration in leaves up to 20.23 μg g−1 (addition in nutrient solution) and 10.74 μg g−1 (foliar application). Neither a toxic nor a beneficial effect of Se addition on the plants was observed. Se application of 2 µM Se in nutrient solution and of 5 µM Se by foliar spraying successfully enhanced production of essential oils, hydroxycinnamic acids, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of basil leaves. The anthocyanin content was positively affected only by application of Se in nutrient solution. Considering both an increase in the Se concentration in basil leaves and an increase in the production of phytonutrients, the optimal doses of selenium can be considered to be 5 and 10 μM for Se addition in nutrient solution and by foliar treatment, respectively. The results confirm the possibility of the enrichment of basil plants with selenium and thereby improving the nutritional qualities of the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Skrypnik
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya str., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Novikova
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya str., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia.
| | - Elina Tokupova
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya str., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia.
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Mayer E, Dörr de Quadros P, Fulthorpe R. Plantibacter flavus, Curtobacterium herbarum, Paenibacillus taichungensis, and Rhizobium selenitireducens Endophytes Provide Host-Specific Growth Promotion of Arabidopsis thaliana, Basil, Lettuce, and Bok Choy Plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00383-19. [PMID: 31350315 PMCID: PMC6752021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00383-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of bacterial endophytes isolated from stem tissues of plants growing in soils highly contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons were screened for plant growth-promoting capabilities. Twenty-seven endophytic isolates significantly improved the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana plants in comparison to that of uninoculated control plants. The five most beneficial isolates, one strain each of Curtobacterium herbarum, Paenibacillus taichungensis, and Rhizobium selenitireducens and two strains of Plantibacter flavus were further examined for growth promotion in Arabidopsis, lettuce, basil, and bok choy plants. Host-specific plant growth promotion was observed when plants were inoculated with the five bacterial strains. P. flavus strain M251 increased the total biomass and total root length of Arabidopsis plants by 4.7 and 5.8 times, respectively, over that of control plants and improved lettuce and basil root growth, while P. flavus strain M259 promoted Arabidopsis shoot and root growth, lettuce and basil root growth, and bok choy shoot growth. A genome comparison between P. flavus strains M251 and M259 showed that both genomes contain up to 70 actinobacterial putative plant-associated genes and genes involved in known plant-beneficial pathways, such as those for auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase production. This study provides evidence of direct plant growth promotion by Plantibacter flavusIMPORTANCE The discovery of new plant growth-promoting bacteria is necessary for the continued development of biofertilizers, which are environmentally friendly and cost-efficient alternatives to conventional chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizer effects on plant growth can be inconsistent due to the complexity of plant-microbe interactions, as the same bacteria can be beneficial to the growth of some plant species and neutral or detrimental to others. We examined a set of bacterial endophytes isolated from plants growing in a unique petroleum-contaminated environment to discover plant growth-promoting bacteria. We show that strains of Plantibacter flavus exhibit strain-specific plant growth-promoting effects on four different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mayer
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Naznin MT, Lefsrud M, Gravel V, Azad MOK. Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics, Pigments Content, and Antioxidant Capacity in Lettuce, Spinach, Kale, Basil, and Sweet Pepper in a Controlled Environment. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:E93. [PMID: 30965584 PMCID: PMC6524371 DOI: 10.3390/plants8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the different combinations of red (R) and blue (B) light emitting diode (LEDs') lighting effects on growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and pepper in a growth chamber. The growth chamber was equipped with R and B light percentages based on total light intensity: 83% R + 17% B; 91% R + 9% B; 95% R + 5% B; and control was 100% R. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), photoperiod, temperature, and relative humidity of the growth chamber were maintained at 200 ± 5 μmol m-2 s-1, 16 h, 25/21 ± 2.5 °C, and 65 ± 5%, respectively. It is observed that the plant height of lettuce, kale, and pepper was significantly increased under 100% R light, whereas the plant height of spinach and basil did not show any significant difference. The total leaf number of basil and pepper was significantly increased under the treatment of 95% R + 5% B light, while no significant difference was observed for other plant species in the same treatment. Overall, the fresh and dry mass of the studied plants was increased under 91% R + 9% B and 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The significantly higher flower and fruit numbers of pepper were observed under the 95% R + 5% B treatment. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of lettuce, spinach, basil, and pepper was significantly increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment while the chlorophyll content of kale was increased under the 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The total carotenoid content of lettuce and spinach was higher in the 91% R + 9% B treatment whereas the carotenoid content of kale, basil, and pepper was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment. The antioxidant capacity of the lettuce, spinach, and kale was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment while basil and pepper were increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment. This result indicates that the addition of B light is essential with R light to enhance growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity of the vegetable plant in a controlled environment. Moreover, the percentage of B with R light is plant species dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Most Tahera Naznin
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 103-23053 Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Mark Lefsrud
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada.
| | - Valerie Gravel
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada.
| | - Md Obyedul Kalam Azad
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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Li D, Uyttendaele M. Potential of Human Norovirus Surrogates and Salmonella enterica Contamination of Pre-harvest Basil ( Ocimum basilicum) via Leaf Surface and Plant Substrate. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1728. [PMID: 30105013 PMCID: PMC6077253 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh produce has been identified as an important vehicle for foodborne pathogen transmission and fresh culinary herbs have occasionally been associated with human pathogens and illness. In this study, the fate of human NoV surrogates [murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and Tulane virus (TV)] and three strains of Salmonella enterica on pre-harvest basil (Ocimum basilicum) was investigated. The persistence after contamination via either leaf surface or plant substrate was tested respectively. After 3 days, both MNV-1 and TV on pre-harvest leaves were at non-detectable levels (>5.5-log reduction for MNV-1 and >3.3-log reduction for TV). The three Salmonella strains showed consistent reductions of 3- to 4-log. At day 6 and 9, all the tested samples showed low levels of infectivity which were close or below the detection limits (1.7-log PFU/sample leaf for MNV-1 and TV, 0.7-log CFU/sample leaf for Salmonella) except for S. Thompson FMFP 899, one out of three samples showed to maintain present at exceptional high levels (day 6: 5.5-log CFU/sample leaf; day 9: 6.7-log CFU/sample leaf). Possibilities of microbial internalization into the edible parts of basil via the roots was demonstrated with both MNV-1 and S. enterica Thompson FMFP 899. The infectivity of internalized MNV-1 and S. enterica both decreased to non-detectable levels within 9 days after inoculation. Moreover, it should be noticed that very high microbial inoculation was used in the experimental set-up (8.46-log PFU/ml of MNV-1, 8.60-log CFU/ml of S. enterica), which is abnormal in the real-life expected contamination scenario. Within the tested scenarios in this study, S. enterica contaminated on the adaxial leaf surface of basil plants while in growth, and remained/reached a high population of over 6-log CFU/sample leaf after 9 days in one out of three samples, thus showed the highest potential for causing foodborne infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Food Microbiology and Food Preservation Research Unit, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Food Microbiology and Food Preservation Research Unit, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Georgiadou EC, Kowalska E, Patla K, Kulbat K, Smolińska B, Leszczyńska J, Fotopoulos V. Influence of Heavy Metals (Ni, Cu, and Zn) on Nitro-Oxidative Stress Responses, Proteome Regulation and Allergen Production in Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:862. [PMID: 30026745 PMCID: PMC6041727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant biosphere contamination problems worldwide is derived from heavy metals. Heavy metals can be highly reactive and toxic according to their oxidation levels. Their toxic effects are associated with the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular damage induced in plants. The present study focuses on the effects of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) applied to the soil on the antioxidant response and allergen production in the aromatic plant basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) following a combined physiological, biochemical and analytical approach. The concentrations used for the three heavy metals were based on the 2002 Regulation of the Polish Ministry of the Environment on Soil Quality Standards [(i) agricultural land (group B): Ni 100 ppm, Ni 210 ppm, Cu 200 ppm, Cu 500 ppm, Zn 720 ppm and (ii) industrial land (group C): Ni 500 ppm, Cu 1000 ppm, Zn 1500 ppm, Zn 3000 ppm]. The highest physiological and cellular damage in basil plants was caused by Cu and Zn. Increasing concentrations of Cu resulted in a further increase in cellular damage and nitro-oxidative stress, correlating with an induction in activity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species metabolism enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, NR). Treatment with Cu led to increased concentration of the allergenic protein profilin, while increasing concentrations of Cu and Zn led to a decrease in the concentration of total proteins (likely due to proteolysis) and antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, severe Cu stress resulted in the accumulation of specific proteins related to transpiration and photosynthetic processes. On the basis of these findings, Ni stress in basil plants appears to be less damaging and with lower allergenic potential compared with Cu and Zn stress, while Cu-stressed basil plants experience most detrimental effects and display highest allergen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egli C. Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Patla
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulbat
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Beata Smolińska
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Leszczyńska
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Tan W, Gao Q, Deng C, Wang Y, Lee WY, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Foliar Exposure of Cu(OH) 2 Nanopesticide to Basil ( Ocimum basilicum): Variety-Dependent Copper Translocation and Biochemical Responses. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:3358-3366. [PMID: 29558120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, low and high anthocyanin basil ( Ocimum basilicum) varieties (LAV and HAV) were sprayed with 4.8 mg Cu/per pot from Cu(OH)2 nanowires, Cu(OH)2 bulk (CuPro), or CuSO4 and cultivated for 45 days. In both varieties, significantly higher Cu was determined in leaves of CuSO4 exposed plants (691 and 672.6 mg/kg for LAV and HAV, respectively); however, only in roots of HAV, Cu was higher, compared to control ( p ≤ 0.05). Nanowires increased n-decanoic, dodecanoic, octanoic, and nonanoic acids in LAV, but reduced n-decanoic, dodecanoic, octanoic, and tetradecanoic acids in HAV, compared with control. In HAV, all compounds reduced eugenol (87%), 2-methylundecanal (71%), and anthocyanin (3%) ( p ≤ 0.05). In addition, in all plant tissues, of both varieties, nanowires and CuSO4 reduced Mn, while CuPro increased chlorophyll contents, compared with controls ( p ≤ 0.05). Results suggest that the effects of Cu(OH)2 pesticides are variety- and compound-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Tan
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN) , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Qin Gao
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Chaoyi Deng
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Wen-Yee Lee
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Jose A Hernandez-Viezcas
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN) , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN) , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN) , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
- Chemistry Department , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
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Ahirwar P, Shashikiran ND, Sundarraj RK, Singhla S, Thakur RA, Maran S. A clinical trial comparing antimicrobial efficacy of "essential oil of Ocimum sanctum" with triple antibiotic paste as an intracanal medicament in primary molars. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2018; 36:191-197. [PMID: 29970638 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_237_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi) essential oil and compare it with that of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) by collecting microbiological samples from the root canals of primary molars. STUDY DESIGN Forty children were selected for the study and were randomly divided into two groups of twenty each, namely, TAP group and O. sanctum group (basil). Six intracanal samples were collected for every patient, comprising of two each after access opening, irrigation and after 3 days of intracanal medicament placement. These samples were cultured in aerobic and anaerobic environment and later colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted and intragroup as well as intergroup comparison was done. RESULTS Analysis of the results showed that there was a statistically significant reduction in CFUs after using essential oil of O. sanctum as an intracanal medicament. Saline use also leads to a statistically significant reduction in CFUs irrespective of the intracanal medicament used. TAP showed better antibiotic properties in comparison with that of O. sanctum. CONCLUSION Antibiotic use is often associated with the adverse effects and development of resistance due to injudicious use. O. sanctum can be used in cases of long-standing infection owing to its antimicrobial efficacy and anti-inflammatory potential as an intracanal medicament in primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Ahirwar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - N D Shashikiran
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kadur Sundarraj
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shilpy Singhla
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Ahuja Thakur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Satish Maran
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Mosiyani ZG, Pourahmad R, Eshaghi MR. Investigating the effect of aqueous extracts of basil and savory on antioxidant activity, microbial and sensory properties of probiotic yogurt. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 2018; 16:311-320. [PMID: 29055979 DOI: 10.17306/j.afs.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low viability of probiotics causes the short shelf life of fermented products. Therefore compounds which prolong the viability of probiotic bacteria can increase or at least maintain the health- benefiting properties of these products. On the other hand, the addition of antioxidants is one of the methods to increase the shelf life of food products which has recently become more prevalent. In this respect, herbal extracts which are a good source of antioxidants can be appropriate alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding basil and savory extracts on antioxidant activity, and on the microbial and organoleptic characteristics of probiotic yogurt. METHODS The effect of adding basil extract (8% and 10%) and savory extract (6% and 8%) separately to low fat yogurt (1.5% fat) containing Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei was investigated. The samples were stored at 4°C. The viability of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, antioxidant activ- ity and sensory properties of probiotic yogurt were evaluated on the 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days. RESULTS Basil and savory extracts significantly increased the viability of probiotic bacteria (p < 0.05). Dur- ing storage, probiotic counts markedly decreased (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control sample. The addi- tion of herbal extracts significantly increased antioxidant activity, but this activity decreased during storage (p < 0.05). The scores for taste, odor, color and overall acceptance decreased as herbal extracts increased, but there was no significant difference between the test samples and control sample in terms of the texture score (p > 0.05). During storage, there was no significant difference between the organoleptic scores of the samples (p > 0.05), but the taste score did increase significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that adding herbal extracts had a positive effect on the viability of probiotics and antioxidant activity of probiotic yogurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ghaleh Mosiyani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Varamin, Iran
| | - Rezvan Pourahmad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Varamin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Eshaghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Varamin, Iran
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Lobiuc A, Vasilache V, Pintilie O, Stoleru T, Burducea M, Oroian M, Zamfirache MM. Blue and Red LED Illumination Improves Growth and Bioactive Compounds Contents in Acyanic and Cyanic Ocimum basilicum L. Microgreens. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122111. [PMID: 29189746 PMCID: PMC6150032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgreens are an excellent source of health-maintaining compounds, and the accumulation of these compounds in plant tissues may be stimulated by exogenous stimuli. While light quality effects on green basil microgreens are known, the present paper aims at improving the quality of acyanic (green) and cyanic (red) basil microgreens with different ratios of LED blue and red illumination. Growth, assimilatory and anthocyanin pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, total phenolic, flavonoids, selected phenolic acid contents and antioxidant activity were assessed in microgreens grown for 17 days. Growth of microgreens was enhanced with predominantly blue illumination, larger cotyledon area and higher fresh mass. The same treatment elevated chlorophyll a and anthocyanin pigments contents. Colored light treatments decreased chlorophyll fluorescence ΦPSII values significantly in the green cultivar. Stimulation of phenolic synthesis and free radical scavenging activity were improved by predominantly red light in the green cultivar (up to 1.87 fold) and by predominantly blue light in the red cultivar (up to 1.73 fold). Rosmarinic and gallic acid synthesis was higher (up to 15- and 4-fold, respectively, compared to white treatment) in predominantly blue illumination. Red and blue LED ratios can be tailored to induce superior growth and phenolic contents in both red and green basil microgreens, as a convenient tool for producing higher quality foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Lobiuc
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan Cel Mare University, Universitatii Street 13, 720229 Suceava, Romania.
- CERNESIM Research Center, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Carol I Boulevard 20A, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Viorica Vasilache
- Interdisciplinary Research Department-Field Science, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Lascar Catargi 54, 700107 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Olga Pintilie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Carol I Boulevard 20A, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Toma Stoleru
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Carol I Boulevard 20A, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Marian Burducea
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Carol I Boulevard 20A, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Mircea Oroian
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan Cel Mare University, Universitatii Street 13, 720229 Suceava, Romania.
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Bernstein N, Sela (Saldinger) S, Dudai N, Gorbatsevich E. Salinity Stress Does Not Affect Root Uptake, Dissemination and Persistence of Salmonella in Sweet- basil ( Ocimum basilicum). Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:675. [PMID: 28512466 PMCID: PMC5411819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crop produce can be contaminated in the field during cultivation by bacterial human pathogens originating from contaminated soil or irrigation water. The bacterial pathogens interact with the plant, can penetrate the plant via the root system and translocate and survive in above-ground tissues. The present study is first to investigate effects of an abiotic stress, salinity, on the interaction of plants with a bacterial human pathogen. The main sources of human bacterial contamination of plants are manures and marginal irrigation waters such as treated or un-treated wastewater. These are often saline and induce morphological, chemical and physiological changes in plants that might affect the interaction between the pathogens and the plant and thereby the potential for plant contamination. This research studied effects of salinity on the internalization of the bacterial human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Newport via the root system of sweet-basil plants, dissemination of the bacteria in the plant, and kinetics of survival in planta. Irrigation with 30 mM NaCl-salinity induced typical salt-stress effects on the plant: growth was reduced, Na and Cl concentrations increased, K and Ca concentrations reduced, osmotic potential and anti-oxidative activity were increased by 30%, stomatal conductance was reduced, and concentrations of essential-oils in the plants increased by 26%. Despite these physical, chemical and morphological changes in the plants, root internalization of the bacteria and its translocation to the shoot were not affected, and neither was the die-off rate of Salmonella in planta. The results demonstrate that the salinity-induced changes in the sweet-basil plants did not affect the interaction between Salmonella and the plant and thereby the potential for crop contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sela (Saldinger)
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Nativ Dudai
- Unit of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agriculture Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Elena Gorbatsevich
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
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