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Lindqvist-Kreuze H, Bonierbale M, Grüneberg WJ, Mendes T, De Boeck B, Campos H. Potato and sweetpotato breeding at the international potato center: approaches, outcomes and the way forward. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 137:12. [PMID: 38112758 PMCID: PMC10730645 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Root and tuber crop breeding is at the front and center of CIP's science program, which seeks to develop and disseminate sustainable agri-food technologies, information and practices to serve objectives including poverty alleviation, income generation, food security and the sustainable use of natural resources. CIP was established in 1971 in Peru, which is part of potato's center of origin and diversity, with an initial mandate on potato and expanding to include sweetpotato in 1986. Potato and sweetpotato are among the top 10 most consumed food staples globally and provide some of the most affordable sources of energy and vital nutrients. Sweetpotato plays a key role in securing food for many households in Africa and South Asia, while potato is important worldwide. Both crops grow in a range of conditions with relatively few inputs and simple agronomic techniques. Potato is adapted to the cooler environments, while sweetpotato grows well in hot climates, and hence, the two crops complement each other. Germplasm enhancement (pre-breeding), the development of new varieties and building capacity for breeding and variety testing in changing climates with emphasis on adaptation, resistance, nutritional quality and resource-use efficiency are CIP's central activities with significant benefits to the poor. Investments in potato and sweetpotato breeding and allied disciplines at CIP have resulted in the release of many varieties some of which have had documented impact in the release countries. Partnership with diverse types of organizations has been key to the centers way of working toward improving livelihoods through crop production in the global South.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merideth Bonierbale
- International Potato Center, Lima 12, 1558, Apartado, Peru
- Calle Bolivia, 12 Manilva, 29690, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Thiago Mendes
- International Potato Center, Lima 12, 1558, Apartado, Peru
| | - Bert De Boeck
- International Potato Center, Lima 12, 1558, Apartado, Peru
| | - Hugo Campos
- International Potato Center, Lima 12, 1558, Apartado, Peru
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Křížkovská B, Viktorová J, Lipov J. Approved Genetically Modified Potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum) for Improved Stress Resistance and Food Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11833-11843. [PMID: 36103343 PMCID: PMC9524371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are one of the most important crops worldwide. However, its production and nutrient content are endangered by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The main yield losses are caused by pest damage (e.g., Colorado potato beetle and aphids), virus disease (e.g., Potato leafroll virus and Potato viruses Y and X), or oomycete pathogens (like Phytophthora infestans), which also significantly affect the production of antinutrients and toxic metabolites of plants. Therefore, the use of genetic engineering could be an efficient tool, not harmful to the environment, and beneficial to the consumer. In this review, we focus on the main sources of problems in the field of potato production according to approved genetic modifications, their traditional solution and positive impact of gene transfection reducing economic losses, use of insecticides, and improving the nutritional properties of potatoes. We summarize all transgenic events that have been performed on potatoes and have been approved for cultivation and/or direct use or processing as feed or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bára Křížkovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Rychc Confers Extreme Resistance to Potato virus Y in Potato. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162577. [PMID: 36010654 PMCID: PMC9406545 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Potato virus Y (PVY) is responsible for huge economic losses for the potato industry worldwide and is the fifth most consequential plant virus globally. The main strategies for virus control are to limit aphid vectors, produce virus-free seed potatoes, and breed virus-resistant varieties. The breeding of PVY-resistant varieties is the safest and most effective method in terms of cost and environmental protection. Rychc, a gene that confers extreme resistance to PVY, is from S. chacoense, which is a wild diploid potato species that is widely used in many PVY-resistant breeding projects. In this study, Rychc was fine mapped and successfully cloned from S. chacoense accession 40-3. We demonstrated that Rychc encodes a TIR-NLR protein by stably transforming a diploid susceptible cultivar named AC142 and a tetraploid potato variety named E3. The Rychc conferred extreme resistance to PVYO, PVYN:O and PVYNTN in both of the genotypes. To investigate the genetic events occurring during the evolution of the Rychc locus, we sequenced 160 Rychc homologs from 13 S. chacoense genotypes. Based on the pattern of sequence identities, 160 Rychc homologs were divided into 11 families. In Family 11 including Rychc, we found evidence for Type I evolutionary patterns with frequent sequence exchanges, obscured orthologous relationships and high non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (Ka/Ks), which is consistent with rapid diversification and positive selection in response to rapid changes in the PVY genomes. Furthermore, a functional marker named MG64-17 was developed in this study that indicates the phenotype with 100% accuracy and, therefore, can be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs that use S. chacoense as a breeding resource.
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Kumar P, Cowan GH, Squires JN, Hackett CA, Tobin AK, Torrance L, Roberts AG. Phloem connectivity and transport are not involved in mature plant resistance (MPR) to Potato Virus Y in different potato cultivars, and MPR does not protect tubers from recombinant strains of the virus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153729. [PMID: 35728501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: i) to investigate mature plant resistance (MPR) against four strains of Potato virus Y (PVYO, PVYN, PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi) in potato cultivars that differ in maturity (e.g. early or maincrop) at different developmental stages, and ii) to determine whether phloem translocation of photoassimilates at different stages including the source-sink transition influences MPR. The data showed that MPR was functional by the flowering stage in all cultivars, and that the host-pathogen interaction is highly complex, with all three variables (potato cultivar, virus strain and developmental stage of infection) having a significant effect on the outcome. However, virus strain was the most important factor, and MPR was less effective in protecting tubers from recombinant virus strains (PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi). Development of MPR was unrelated to foliar phloem connectivity, which was observed at all developmental stages, but a switch from symplastic to apoplastic phloem unloading early in tuber development may be involved in the prevention of tuber infections with PVYO. Recombinant virus strains were more infectious than parental strains and PVYNTN has a more effective silencing suppressor than PVYO, another factor that may contribute to the efficiency of MPR. The resistance conferred by MPR against PVYO or PVYN may be associated with or enhanced by the presence of the corresponding strain-specific HR resistance gene in the cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK.
| | - Graham H Cowan
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Julie N Squires
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christine A Hackett
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Alyson K Tobin
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland, UK.
| | - Lesley Torrance
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK; The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Alison G Roberts
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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Huang W, Nie B, Tu Z, Li C, Murphy A, Singh M, Song B, Zhang S, Xie C, Nie X. Extreme Resistance to Potato Virus A in Potato Cultivar Barbara is Independently Mediated by Ra and Rysto. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3344-3348. [PMID: 34096772 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0233-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus A (PVA) and potato virus Y (PVY) are two members of genus Potyvirus infecting potato crops worldwide. Host resistance offers an economical and effective means for the control or management of these viruses. In this study, 20 potato clones were screened for their resistance against PVA and PVY by mechanical or graft inoculation assay, and were explored for the relationship between extreme resistance genes Ra and Ry by the detection of molecular markers linked to Ryadg, Rysto, and Rychc. Six clones, including Barbara, Jizhangshu 8, Longshu 7, Longshu 8, M6, and Solara, were found to be extremely resistant to both PVA and PVY; three clones (AC142, Eshu 3, and Shepody) were deemed to be extremely resistant to PVA but susceptible to PVY. To further reveal the inheritance of the extreme resistance (ER) against PVA, a tetraploid F1 population of Barbara × F58050 (susceptible to both PVY and PVA) and a tetraploid BC1 population of BF145 (a PVA-resistant but PVY-susceptible progeny of Barbara × F58050) × F58050 were obtained. Phenotyping of the F1 and BC1 populations by graft inoculation with PVA showed segregation ratios of 3:1 and 1:1 (resistant:susceptible), respectively. These results suggest that two independent loci control ER against PVA in Barbara: one confers ER to both PVA and PVY and the other confers ER to PVA only. The deduced genotype of Barbara is RyryryryRararara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bihua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Agnes Murphy
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Mathuresh Singh
- Agricultural Certification Services, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 8B7, Canada
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Institute for Plant Protection & Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianzhou Nie
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
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Ross BT, Zidack NK, Flenniken ML. Extreme Resistance to Viruses in Potato and Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658981. [PMID: 33889169 PMCID: PMC8056081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens, including viruses, negatively impact global crop production. Plants have evolved complex immune responses to pathogens. These responses are often controlled by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs), which recognize intracellular, pathogen-derived proteins. Genetic resistance to plant viruses is often phenotypically characterized by programmed cell death at or near the infection site; a reaction termed the hypersensitive response. Although visualization of the hypersensitive response is often used as a hallmark of resistance, the molecular mechanisms leading to the hypersensitive response and associated cell death vary. Plants with extreme resistance to viruses rarely exhibit symptoms and have little to no detectable virus replication or spread beyond the infection site. Both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response can be activated by the same NLR genes. In many cases, genes that normally provide an extreme resistance phenotype can be stimulated to cause a hypersensitive response by experimentally increasing cellular levels of pathogen-derived elicitor protein(s). The molecular mechanisms of extreme resistance and its relationship to the hypersensitive response are largely uncharacterized. Studies on potato and soybean cultivars that are resistant to strains of Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) indicate that abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling and NLR nuclear translocation are important for the extreme resistance response. Recent research also indicates that some of the same proteins are involved in both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response. Herein, we review and synthesize published studies on extreme resistance in potato and soybean, and describe studies in additional species, including model plant species, to highlight future research avenues that may bridge the gaps in our knowledge of plant antiviral defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Ross
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Nina K. Zidack
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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Slater AT, Schultz L, Lombardi M, Rodoni BC, Bottcher C, Cogan NOI, Forster JW. Screening for Resistance to PVY in Australian Potato Germplasm. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040429. [PMID: 32316258 PMCID: PMC7230960 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potatoes are an important human food crop, but have a number of yield limiting factors, including disease susceptibility. Potato virus Y (PVY) is found worldwide, and is one of the main virus problems for potato growers. PVY is transmitted by aphids and mechanically by machinery, tools and people, and symptoms are variable across cultivars and strains, including being symptomless in some cultivars. Therefore, breeding resistant cultivars is the best way to control this virus. This study phenotypically screened 74 of the main commercial cultivars and a few other select cultivars grown in Australia, in order to identify sources of resistance to PVY. The cultivars were screened against PVYO and PVYNTN, with 23 out of 71 resistant to PVYO and 13 out of 74 resistant to PVYNTN, and all these 13 were resistant to both strains. When the phenotypic screening was compared to the results listed on the European Cultivated Potato Database, the majority of results were found to be consistent. We then evaluated three molecular markers RYSC3, M45, and STM0003 for the extreme resistance genes Ryadg and Rysto, to validate the usefulness of the markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) on Australian germplasm. The degree of correlation between the resistance phenotypes and the RYSC3, M45, and STM0003 markers for Ryadg and Rysto conferred PVY resistance was determined. Three cultivars amplified the RYSC3 marker, while the M45 marker amplified the same 3 and an additional 9. Of the 12 cultivars, 11 phenotyped as resistant, but 1 was susceptible. The STM0003 marker was amplified from only 2 cultivars that both had resistant phenotypes. The RYSC3, M45, and STM0003 markers were therefore able to identify all the 13 cultivars that were resistant to both strains of PVY. Therefore, these markers will enable the identification of genotypes with resistance to PVY, and enable PVY resistant parents to be used for the development of superior progeny; these genetic markers can be used for MAS in the Australian potato breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. Slater
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lee Schultz
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Maria Lombardi
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Brendan C. Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Chris Bottcher
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Noel O. I. Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - John W. Forster
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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