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Yang Q, Huang Y, Cui L, Gan C, Qiu Z, Yan C, Deng X. Genome-Wide Identification of the CDPK Gene Family and Their Involvement in Taproot Cracking in Radish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15059. [PMID: 37894740 PMCID: PMC10606364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Taproot cracking, a severe and common physiological disorder, markedly reduces radish yield and commercial value. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) plays a pivotal role in various plant developmental processes; however, its function in radish taproot cracking remains largely unknown. Here, 37 RsCDPK gene members were identified from the long-read radish genome "QZ-16". Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CDPK members in radish, tomato, and Arabidopsis were clustered into four groups. Additionally, synteny analysis identified 13 segmental duplication events in the RsCDPK genes. Analysis of paraffin-embedded sections showed that the density and arrangement of fleshy taproot cortex cells are important factors that affect radish cracking. Transcriptome sequencing of the fleshy taproot cortex revealed 5755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3252 upregulated and 2503 downregulated) between non-cracking radish "HongYun" and cracking radish "505". These DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interaction KEGG pathways. Furthermore, when comparing the 37 RsCDPK gene family members and RNA-seq DEGs, we identified six RsCDPK genes related to taproot cracking in radish. Soybean hairy root transformation experiments showed that RsCDPK21 significantly and positively regulates root length development. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between radish taproot cracking and RsCDPK gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chenghuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Ecological Cultivation on Highland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.C.); (C.G.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Ecological Cultivation on Highland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.C.); (C.G.); (Z.Q.)
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Role of Different Abiotic Factors in Inducing Pre-Harvest Physiological Disorders in Radish ( Raphanus sativus). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102003. [PMID: 34685812 PMCID: PMC8537296 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Radish, one of the important root vegetables, is widely grown in the world due to its easy cultivation, short duration, growing habit, and adaptability to various growing conditions. However, it is still extremely difficult to produce good quality radish roots due to its vulnerability to different preharvest physiological disorders. Important physiological disorders that significantly reduce the yield and quality of radish are forking, pithiness/sponginess, cracking/splitting, hollowness, and internal browning. Different abiotic factors like moisture stress, temperature fluctuation, growing medium, nutrient imbalance, plant density and harvesting time cause a disturbance in the metabolic activities of root tissues that produce non-marketable roots. Therefore, this review provides a detail insight on the causes, physiology of these disorders, and the management practices to prevent them to produce commercial quality roots. This comprehensive knowledge will not only help the growers, but it will provide relative information for researchers as well to control these disorders through breeding innovations and biotechnological tools.
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Xiao Z, Yue L, Wang C, Chen F, Ding Y, Liu Y, Cao X, Chen Z, Rasmann S, Wang Z. Downregulation of the photosynthetic machinery and carbon storage signaling pathways mediate La 2O 3 nanoparticle toxicity on radish taproot formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:124971. [PMID: 33429308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and physiological mechanisms of how rare earth oxide nanoparticles (NPs) alter radish (Raphanus sativus L.) taproot formation and cracking were investigated in the present study. We compared plants that received suspensions of 10, 50, 100, 300 mg L-1 of La2O3 NPs, 300 m L-1 La2O3 bulk-particles (BPs), 0.8 m L-1 La3+, or only water for six days during their tuber formation period. 100 and 300 mg L-1 La2O3 NPs exposure decreased storage root biomass by 38% and 60%, respectively, and they both induced visible root cracking. Physiological analyses showed that La2O3 NPs exposure (>100 mg L-1) significantly inhibited leaf net photosynthetic rate, cell wall pectin synthesis of both storage root epidermis and xylem parenchyma tissues, but increased the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose 1 in root epidermis cell walls. Moreover, transcriptome analysis further found that La2O3 NPs changed root cell wall structure by down-regulating core genes involved in cell wall pectin and IAA biosynthesis, which coincided with the observed La2O3 NPs-induced root cracking. Our results revealed the molecular mechanisms related to cell wall carbohydrate metabolism in response to NPs stress, providing a step forward for understanding the causes of NPs phytotoxicity on edible plant taproot formation and cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggao Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yinglin Liu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue-Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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