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Jung S, Ben Nasr M, Bahmani B, Usuelli V, Zhao J, Sabiu G, Seelam AJ, Naini SM, Balasubramanian HB, Park Y, Li X, Khalefa SA, Kasinath V, Williams MD, Rachid O, Haik Y, Tsokos GC, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Bromberg JS, Tao W, Fiorina P, Abdi R. Nanotargeted Delivery of Immune Therapeutics in Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300812. [PMID: 37357903 PMCID: PMC10629472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune therapeutics holds great promise in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Nonetheless, their progress is hampered by limited efficacy, equipoise, or issues of safety. To address this, a novel and specific nanodelivery platform for T1D that targets high endothelial venules (HEVs) presented in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) and pancreas is developed. Data indicate that the pancreata of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and patients with T1D are unique in their expression of newly formed HEVs. Anti-CD3 mAb is encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles (NPs), the surfaces of which are conjugated with MECA79 mAb that recognizes HEVs. Targeted delivery of these NPs improves accumulation of anti-CD3 mAb in both the PLNs and pancreata of NOD mice. Treatment of hyperglycemic NOD mice with MECA79-anti-CD3-NPs results in significant reversal of T1D compared to those that are untreated, treated with empty NPs, or provided free anti-CD3. This effect is associated with a significant reduction of T effector cell populations in the PLNs and a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the mice treated with MECA79-anti-CD3-NPs. In summary, HEV-targeted therapeutics may be used as a means by which immune therapeutics can be delivered to PLNs and pancreata to suppress autoimmune diabetes effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwook Jung
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Baharak Bahmani
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gianmarco Sabiu
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Said Movahedi Naini
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hari Baskar Balasubramanian
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Youngrong Park
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Salma Ayman Khalefa
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - MacKenzie D Williams
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ousama Rachid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yousef Haik
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Immune heterogeneity of head and tail pancreatic lymph nodes in non-obese diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9778. [PMID: 31278331 PMCID: PMC6611787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic lymph node is critical to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes, as it constitutes the initial site for the priming of autoreactive T cells. In this study, we compared the histopathology of the head pancreatic lymph node (HPLN) to the tail pancreatic lymph node (TPLN) in NOD mice. HPLNs and TPLNs were harvested from 4 week-, 8 week-, and 12 week-old NOD mice, and their microvasculature, extracellular matrix, and immune cell subsets were characterized. The percentages of B cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were much higher in the HPLN, as compared to the TPLN. Notably, the HPLNs of 12 week-old mice were characterized by greater expansion of high endothelial venules (HEVs) and lymphatic vessels in comparison to the TPLNs. Finally, we observed a higher density of extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers surrounding the lymphatic vasculature in the HPLNs than in the TPLNs. These data for the first time demonstrate that the HPLN possesses a different immune microanatomy and organization from the TPLN. These novel observations unveil a major phenotypic difference between two types of LNs from the same organ and may highlight an independent fundamental role played by each PLN during the establishment of T1D.
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Sánchez-Samper E, Gómez-Gallego C, Andreo-Martínez P, Salminen S, Ros G. Mice gut microbiota programming by using the infant food profile. The effect on growth, gut microbiota and the immune system. Food Funct 2017; 8:3758-3768. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00819h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infant food profile on programming of the growth, gut microbiota and immune system of C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Sánchez-Samper
- Research group of Human Nutrition & Food Sciences (NUTBRO)
- Veterinary Faculty
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- Research group of Human Nutrition & Food Sciences (NUTBRO)
- Veterinary Faculty
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- Spain
| | | | | | - Gaspar Ros
- Research group of Human Nutrition & Food Sciences (NUTBRO)
- Veterinary Faculty
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- Spain
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Tuorkey MJ. Effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Interv Med Appl Sci 2016; 8:109-117. [PMID: 28203392 DOI: 10.1556/1646.8.2016.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms of the antidiabetic activity of Moringa oleifera. This study investigates the antidiabetic effect of M. oleifera and its impact on the immune tolerance. METHODS Alloxan-induced diabetes model for mice was used. A dose of 100 mg/kg of Moringa extract was orally administered to diabetic treated mice. Glucose and insulin levels were evaluated to calculate insulin resistance. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. The relative percentage of CD44, CD69, and IFN-γ was investigated by flow cytometry. RESULTS In diabetic mice, insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was increased 4.5-fold than in the control group, and HOMA-IR was decreased 1.3-fold in the Moringa treatment group. The level of TAC was declined 1.94-fold in diabetic mice, and increased 1.67-fold in diabetic treated group. In diabetic mice, creatinine and BUN levels were significantly reduced 1.42- and 1.2-fold, respectively, in Moringa treatment mice. The relative percentage of CD44 was not changed in diabetic mice, but the relative percentage of CD69 was found to be increased. INF-γ was decreased 2.4-fold in diabetic mice and elevated in treated groups. CONCLUSION Moringa may ameliorate insulin resistance, increase TAC, and improve immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muobarak J Tuorkey
- Zoology Department, Division of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University , Damanhour, Egypt
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Zhu LY, Shao T, Nie L, Zhu LY, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Evolutionary implication of B-1 lineage cells from innate to adaptive immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:123-30. [PMID: 26573260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm that B cells mainly play a central role in adaptive immunity may have to be reevaluated because B-1 lineage cells have been found to exhibit innate-like functions, such as phagocytic and bactericidal activities. Therefore, the evolutionary connection of B-1 lineage cells between innate and adaptive immunities have received much attention. In this review, we summarized various innate-like characteristics of B-1 lineage cells, such as natural antibody production, antigen-presenting function in primary adaptive immunity, and T cell-independent immune responses. These characteristics seem highly conserved between fish B cells and mammalian B-1 cells during vertebrate evolution. We proposed an evolutionary outline of B cells by comparing biological features, including morphology, phenotype, ontogeny, and functional activity between B-1 lineage cells and macrophages or B-2 cells. The B-1 lineage may be a transitional cell type between phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages) and B-2 cells that functionally connects innate and adaptive immunities. Our discussion would contribute to the understanding on the origination of B cells specialized in adaptive immunity from innate immunity. The results might provide further insight into the evolution of the immune system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-yun Zhu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-yun Zhu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Emani R, Alam C, Pekkala S, Zafar S, Emani MR, Hänninen A. Peritoneal cavity is a route for gut-derived microbial signals to promote autoimmunity in non-obese diabetic mice. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:102-9. [PMID: 25410403 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in innate immune reactions, and peritoneal macrophages (PMs) guard the sterility of this compartment mainly against microbial threat from the gut. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which gut microbiota and gut immune system appear to contribute to disease pathogenesis. We have recently reported elevated free radical production and increased permeability of gut epithelium in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Impaired barrier function could lead to bacterial leakage to the peritoneal cavity. To explore the consequences of impaired gut barrier function on extra-intestinal immune regulation, we characterized peritoneal lavage cells from young newly weaned NOD mice. We detected a rapid increase in the number of macrophages 1-2 weeks after weaning in NOD mice compared to C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Interestingly, this increase in macrophages was abrogated in NOD mice that were fed an antidiabetogenic diet (ProSobee), which improves gut barrier function. Macrophages in young (5-week-old) NOD mice displayed a poor TNF-α cytokine response to LPS stimulation and high expression of interleukin-1receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M), indicating prior in vivo exposure to TLR-4 ligand(s). Furthermore, injection of LPS intraperitoneally increased T cell CD69 expression in pancreatic lymph node (PaLN), suggestive of T cell activation. Leakage of bacterial components such as endotoxins into the peritoneal cavity may contribute to auto-reactive T cell activation in the PaLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Emani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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7
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Xu X, Ng SM, Hassouna E, Warrington A, Oh SH, Rodriguez M. Human-derived natural antibodies: biomarkers and potential therapeutics. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015; 10:25-39. [PMID: 25678860 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system generates antibodies and antigen-specific T-cells as basic elements of the immune networks that differentiate self from non-self in a finely tuned manner. The antigen-specific nature of immune responses ensures that normal immune activation contains non-self when tolerating self. Here we review the B-1 subset of lymphocytes which produce self-reactive antibodies. By analyzing the IgM class of natural antibodies that recognize antigens from the nervous system, we emphasize that natural antibodies are biomarkers of how the immune system monitors the host. The immune response activated against self can be detrimental when triggered in an autoimmune genetic background. In contrast, tuning immune activity with natural antibodies is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sher May Ng
- School of Clinical Medicine, University Of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Eamonn Hassouna
- Department of General Medicine, Charles University Hradec Kralove Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arthur Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Nanostructures & Biosensing, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Polyamine supplementation in infant formula: Influence on lymphocyte populations and immune system-related gene expression in a Balb/cOlaHsd mouse model. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Lund ME, O'Brien BA, Hutchinson AT, Robinson MW, Simpson AM, Dalton JP, Donnelly S. Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86289. [PMID: 24466007 PMCID: PMC3897667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with helminth parasites prevent/attenuate auto-inflammatory disease. Here we show that molecules secreted by a helminth parasite could prevent Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. When delivered at 4 weeks of age (coincident with the initiation of autoimmunity), the excretory/secretory products of Fasciola hepatica (FhES) prevented the onset of T1D, with 84% of mice remaining normoglycaemic and insulitis-free at 30 weeks of age. Disease protection was associated with suppression of IFN-γ secretion from autoreactive T cells and a switch to the production of a regulatory isotype (from IgG2a to IgG1) of autoantibody. Following FhES injection, peritoneal macrophages converted to a regulatory M2 phenotype, characterised by increased expression levels of Ym1, Arg-1, TGFβ and PD-L1. Expression of these M2 genetic markers increased in the pancreatic lymph nodes and the pancreas of FhES-treated mice. In vitro, FhES-stimulated M2 macrophages induced the differentiation of Tregs from splenocytes isolated from naïve NOD mice. Collectively, our data shows that FhES contains immune-modulatory molecules that mediate protection from autoimmune diabetes via the induction and maintenance of a regulatory immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Lund
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. O'Brien
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew T. Hutchinson
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McDonald Campus, McGill University, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- The i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Emani R, Asghar MN, Toivonen R, Lauren L, Söderström M, Toivola DM, van Tol EAF, Hänninen A. Casein hydrolysate diet controls intestinal T cell activation, free radical production and microbial colonisation in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1781-91. [PMID: 23748859 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Dietary and microbial factors and the gut immune system are important in autoimmune diabetes. We evaluated inflammatory activity in the whole gut in prediabetic NOD mice using ex vivo imaging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and correlated this with the above-mentioned factors. METHODS NOD mice were fed a normal diet or an anti-diabetogenic casein hydrolysate (CH) diet. RONS activity was detected by chemiluminescence imaging of the whole gut. Proinflammatory and T cell cytokines were studied in the gut and islets, and dietary effects on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids were determined. RESULTS Prediabetic NOD mice displayed high RONS activity in the epithelial cells of the distal small intestine, in conjunction with a proinflammatory cytokine profile. RONS production was effectively reduced by the CH diet, which also controlled (1) the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and colonisation-dependent RegIIIγ (also known as Reg3g) in ileum; (2) intestinal T cell activation; and (3) islet cytokines. The CH diet diminished microbial colonisation, increased the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio, and reduced lactic acid and butyric acid production in the gut. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Epithelial RONS production and proinflammatory T cell activation appears in the ileum of NOD mice after weaning to normal laboratory chow, but not after weaning to an anti-diabetogenic CH diet. Our data suggest a link between dietary factors, microbial colonisation and mucosal immune activation in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Emani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, Turku, Finland
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Côrte-Real J, Duarte N, Tavares L, Penha-Gonçalves C. Innate stimulation of B1a cells enhances the autoreactive IgM repertoire in the NOD mouse: implications for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1761-72. [PMID: 22382518 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to determine whether the presence of natural autoreactive antibodies of B1a cell origin would play a role in the initiation of type 1 diabetes. METHODS We compared IgM repertoires and B1a cell compartments in NOD and C57BL/6 mice. Serum IgM autoreactivity profiles were determined by ELISA and the secretory properties and activation status of B1a cells were characterised by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay and flow cytometry. B1a cell response to innate activation was analysed by gene expression assays, ELISA and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. The effect of NOD IgM produced by B1a cells on NOD.severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) beta cells was examined in co-cultures: IgM binding was measured by flow cytometry and real-time PCR was used to study oxidative stress responses. RESULTS NOD mice displayed increased levels of serum anti-insulin IgM that were independent of the H2 locus, that were maintained up to prediabetic stages and that correlated with the NOD B1a cell secretion profile. NOD B1a cells had a naturally increased pattern of activation, expressed higher levels of toll-like-receptors (Tlrs) and responded to TLR stimulation in vitro with higher proliferation and increased capacity to secrete anti-type-1-diabetes-related IgM, but produced lower amounts of IL10. IgM of NOD B1a cell origin was able to bind to pancreatic beta cells in vitro and induce expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION NOD B1a cells had a lower innate activation threshold for secretion of autoreactive IgM capable of triggering oxidative stress responses on binding to pancreatic beta cells; this provides an early mechanism that contributes to diabetes in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Côrte-Real
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Macia L, Thorburn AN, Binge LC, Marino E, Rogers KE, Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Kranich J, Mackay CR. Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:164-76. [PMID: 22168419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Certain autoimmune diseases as well as asthma have increased in recent decades, particularly in developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis has been the prevailing model to account for this increase; however, epidemiology studies also support the contribution of diet and obesity to inflammatory diseases. Diet affects the composition of the gut microbiota, and recent studies have identified various molecules and mechanisms that connect diet, the gut microbiota, and immune responses. Herein, we discuss the effects of microbial metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids, on epithelial integrity as well as immune cell function. We propose that dysbiosis contributes to compromised epithelial integrity and disrupted immune tolerance. In addition, dietary molecules affect the function of immune cells directly, particularly through lipid G-protein coupled receptors such as GPR43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Macia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Alam C, Bittoun E, Bhagwat D, Valkonen S, Saari A, Jaakkola U, Eerola E, Huovinen P, Hänninen A. Effects of a germ-free environment on gut immune regulation and diabetes progression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1398-406. [PMID: 21380595 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Microbial factors influence the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Studies in germ-free animals have revealed important roles of microbiota in the regulation of Th17 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)(+) T regulatory (Treg) activation in the intestine. However, the effects of intestinal microbiota in immune regulation and diabetes development in NOD mice are still poorly understood. METHODS A colony of germ-free NOD mice was established to evaluate the effects of intestinal microbiota on regulatory immunity in the gut, and on the development of insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice. RESULTS Diabetes developed in roughly equal numbers in germ-free and specific pathogen-free NOD mice. Insulitis was accentuated in germ-free NOD mice; yet insulin preservation was unaltered. Germ-free NOD mice showed increased levels of Il17 (also known as Il17a) mRNA in the colon, and of Th17 and Th1 cells in the mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes, while Foxp3 mRNA and FOXP3(+) Tregs were reduced. In the islet infiltrates, FOXP3(+)CD4(+) T cells were slightly increased in germ-free mice. B cells appeared less activated in the peritoneum and were less abundant in islet infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate that lack of intestinal microbiota promotes an imbalance between Th1, Th17 and Treg differentiation in the intestine. This imbalance is associated with accelerated insulitis, but intact recruitment of FOXP3(+) Tregs into islets, suggesting: (1) a microbial dependence of local induction of Treg in the gut and draining lymph nodes; but (2) a potentially compensatory function of naturally occurring Tregs in the islets, which may help control diabetogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Chamberlain JL, Attridge K, Wang CJ, Ryan GA, Walker LSK. B cell depletion in autoimmune diabetes: insights from murine models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:703-14. [PMID: 21366498 PMCID: PMC3997824 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.561320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rising for reasons that largely elude us. New strategies aimed at halting the disease process are needed. One type of immune cell thought to contribute to T1D is the B lymphocyte. The first Phase II trial of B cell depletion in new onset T1D patients indicated that this slowed the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. The mechanistic basis of the beneficial effects remains unclear. AREAS COVERED Studies of B cell depletion and deficiency in animal models of T1D. How B cells can influence T cell-dependent autoimmune diabetes in animal models. The heterogeneity of B cell populations and current evidence for the potential contribution of specific B cell subsets to diabetes, with emphasis on marginal zone B cells and B1 B cells. EXPERT OPINION B cells can influence the T cell response to islet antigens and B cell depletion or genetic deficiency is associated with decreased insulitis in animal models. New evidence suggests that B1 cells may contribute to diabetes pathogenesis. A better understanding of the roles of individual B cell subsets in disease will permit fine-tuning of therapeutic strategies to modify these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne L Chamberlain
- University of Birmingham Medical School, School of Immunity & Infection, IBR Building, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kesley Attridge
- University of Birmingham Medical School, School of Immunity & Infection, IBR Building, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- University of Birmingham Medical School, School of Immunity & Infection, IBR Building, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gemma A Ryan
- University of Birmingham Medical School, School of Immunity & Infection, IBR Building, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucy SK Walker
- University of Birmingham Medical School, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Grippo PJ, Venkatasubramanian PN, Knop RH, Heiferman DM, Iordanescu G, Melstrom LG, Adrian K, Barron MR, Bentrem DJ, Wyrwicz AM. Visualization of mouse pancreas architecture using MR microscopy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:610-8. [PMID: 21683673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic diseases, which include diabetes, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer, are often difficult to detect and/or stage, contributing to a reduced quality of life and lifespan for patients. Thus, there is need for a technology that can visualize tissue changes in the pancreas, improve understanding of disease progression, and facilitate earlier detection in the human population. Because of low spatial resolution, current clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at low field strength has yet to fully visualize the exocrine, endocrine, vascular, and stromal components of the pancreas. We used high field strength magnetic resonance microscopy (μMRI) to image mouse pancreas ex vivo without contrast agents at high spatial resolution. We analyzed the resulting high-resolution images using volume rendering to resolve components in the pancreas, including acini, islets, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix. Locations and dimensions of pancreatic components as seen in three-dimensional μMRI were compared with histological images, and good correspondence was found. Future longitudinal studies could expand on the use of in vivo μMRI in mouse models of pancreatic diseases. Capturing three-dimensional structural changes through μMRI could help to identify early cellular and tissue changes associated with pancreatic disease, serving as a mode of improved detection in the clinic for endocrine and exocrine pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Grippo
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Baumgarth N. The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 11:34-46. [PMID: 21151033 DOI: 10.1038/nri2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During their development, B and T cells with self-reactive antigen receptors are generally deleted from the repertoire to avoid autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, innate-like B-1 cells in mice are positively selected for self-reactivity and form a pool of long-lived, self-renewing B cells that produce most of the circulating natural IgM antibodies. This Review provides an overview of the developmental processes that shape the B-1 cell pool in mice, outlines the functions of B-1 cells in both the steady state and during host defence, and discusses possible functional B-1 cell homologues that exist in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Wong FS, Hu C, Xiang Y, Wen L. To B or not to B—pathogenic and regulatory B cells in autoimmune diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:723-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Alam C, Valkonen S, Palagani V, Jalava J, Eerola E, Hänninen A. Inflammatory tendencies and overproduction of IL-17 in the colon of young NOD mice are counteracted with diet change. Diabetes 2010; 59:2237-46. [PMID: 20547977 PMCID: PMC2927946 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary factors influence diabetes development in the NOD mouse. Diet affects the composition of microbiota in the distal intestine, which may subsequently influence intestinal immune homeostasis. However, the specific effects of antidiabetogenic diets on gut immunity and the explicit associations between intestinal immune disruption and type 1 diabetes onset remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Gut microbiota of NOD mice fed a conventional diet or ProSobee formula were compared using gas chromatography. Colonic lamina propria immune cells were characterized in terms of activation markers, cytokine mRNA and Th17 and Foxp3(+) T-cell numbers, using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Activation of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells by purified B-cells was assessed in both groups. Immune tolerance to autologous commensal bacteria was evaluated in vitro using thymidine-incorporation tests. RESULTS Young NOD mice showed a disturbed tolerance to autologous commensal bacteria. Increased numbers of activated CD4 T-cells and (CD11b(+)CD11c(+)) dendritic cells and elevated levels of Th17 cells and IL23 mRNA were moreover observed in colon lamina propria. These phenomena were abolished when mice were fed an antidiabetogenic diet. The antidiabetogenic diet also altered the expression levels of costimulatory molecules and the capacity of peritoneal B-cells to induce insulin-specific CD4 T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Young NOD mice show signs of subclinical colitis, but the symptoms are alleviated by a diet change to an antidiabetogenic diet. Disrupted immune tolerance in the distal intestine may influence peritoneal cell pools and B-cell-mediated activation of diabetogenic T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Alam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Valkonen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vindhya Palagani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Jalava
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Turku, Finland
| | - Erkki Eerola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Corresponding author: Arno Hänninen,
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Sia C, Hänninen A. Functional alterations of proinflammatory monocytes by T regulatory cells: implications for the prevention and reversal of type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:6-14. [PMID: 20703434 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset and development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, and is attributed to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells involving a multitude of immune mechanisms. Defects in immune regulation may play a central role in T1D, involving impaired function and communication of both myeloid and lymphoid cells of the innate and adaptive immune compartments. Dendritic cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are part of this network, which seem to be hampered in their quest to control and regulate tissue-destructive autoimmunity. Recent studies have shown that in vivo activated CD16- blood monocytes exhibiting proinflammatory features are present in diabetic subjects. These monocytes may govern T cell-mediated immune responses towards the development of tissue-destructive Th1 and Th17 subtypes, and give rise to inflammatory macrophages in tissues. Differential effects of cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-4 in the development of inflammatory macrophages, and the distinct developmental pathways of proinflammatory or tissue-repair-associated monocytes suggest that controlling the activity of these monocytes could be part of an immune intervention strategy to prevent T1D. Similarly, strategies to target autoantigens to immature, steady-state dendritic cells could guide the immune response away from Th1 and Th17 immune effectors. This review examines potential approaches to this goal by manipulation of myeloid and lymphoid cell regulatory networks in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Sia
- Vaccine Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan 350.
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