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Zheng H, Wu P, Bonnet PA. Recent Advances on Small-Molecule Antagonists Targeting TLR7. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020634. [PMID: 36677692 PMCID: PMC9865772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing the pathogen-associated elements and damage and as such is a major player in the innate immune system. TLR7 triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines or type-I interferons (IFN), which is essential for immunoregulation. Increasing reports also highlight that the abnormal activation of endosomal TLR7 is implicated in various immune-related diseases, carcinogenesis as well as the proliferation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hence, the design and development of potent and selective TLR7 antagonists based on small molecules or oligonucleotides may offer new tools for the prevention and management of such diseases. In this review, we offer an updated overview of the main structural features and therapeutic potential of small-molecule antagonists of TLR7. Various heterocyclic scaffolds targeting TLR7 binding sites are presented: pyrazoloquinoxaline, quinazoline, purine, imidazopyridine, pyridone, benzanilide, pyrazolopyrimidine/pyridine, benzoxazole, indazole, indole, and quinoline. Additionally, their structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies associated with biological activities and protein binding modes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Peiyang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier ENSCM, Montpellier University, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique CNRS, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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2
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Panfili E, Orecchini E, Mondanelli G. Unrevealing the Role of TLRs in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease by Using Mouse Model of Diabetes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:187-198. [PMID: 37603182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are receptors of the innate immune system specialized in recognizing conserved molecular pattern of pathogens and initiating an appropriate immune response. Along with the recognition of foreign materials, TLRs have also been shown to respond to endogenous molecules, thus mediating the development of autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prototypic autoimmune disease in which TLRs play a pathogenic role. We here describe a protocol to study the role of TLRs in the development and progression of T1D by resorting to the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Orecchini
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambin Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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3
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Kumar S, Kumar R, Rohilla L, Jacob N, Yadav J, Sachdeva N. A high potency multi-strain probiotic improves glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled pilot study. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:1014-1022. [PMID: 34174128 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in animal models and humans with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have shown that probiotic supplementation leads to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (responsible for damaging β-cells of the pancreas), improved gut barrier function, and induction of immune tolerance. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of supplementation of probiotics in children with T1DM on glycemic control, insulin dose, and plasma C-peptide levels. METHODS A single-centered, double-blinded, and randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial was conducted in children (2-12 years) with new-onset T1DM. Ninety-six children were randomized and allocated to Placebo or Intervention groups. The intervention included high dose (112.5 billion viable lyophilized bacteria per capsule) multi-strain probiotic De Simone formulation (manufactured by Danisco-Dupont) sold as Visbiome® in India. The probiotic was supplemented for 3 months and HbA1c, fasting C-peptide, blood sugar records, and insulin dose was recorded at baseline and 3 months. RESULTS A total of 90 patients (45 in each group) were analyzed for outcome parameters. We found a significant decrease in HbA1c (5.1 vs. 3.8; p = 0.021) and a significant decline in total and bolus insulin dose (U/kg/day; p = 0.037 and 0.018, respectively) in the intervention group when compared with the placebo group. A significantly higher (p = 0.023) number of children achieved remission in the treatment group. We did not notice adverse effects in either of the study groups. CONCLUSION Children with newly diagnosed T1DM managed with standard treatment along with probiotics showed better glycemic control and a decrease in insulin requirements; however, more extensive studies are further warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Latika Rohilla
- Department of Pediatrics, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Neenu Jacob
- Department of Pediatrics, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jaivinder Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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4
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Badal D, Sachdeva N, Maheshwari D, Basak P. Role of nucleic acid sensing in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1655-1673. [PMID: 34754369 PMCID: PMC8554372 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, nucleic acids of pathogens are also engaged in recognition via several exogenous and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors, retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors, and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors. The binding of the pathogen-derived nucleic acids to their corresponding sensors initiates certain downstream signaling cascades culminating in the release of type-I interferons (IFNs), especially IFN-α and other cytokines to induce proinflammatory responses towards invading pathogens leading to their clearance from the host. Although these sensors are hardwired to recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns, like viral and bacterial nucleic acids, under unusual physiological conditions, such as excessive cellular stress and increased apoptosis, endogenous self-nucleic acids like DNA, RNA, and mitochondrial DNA are also released. The presence of these self-nucleic acids in extranuclear compartments or extracellular spaces or their association with certain proteins sometimes leads to the failure of discriminating mechanisms of nucleic acid sensors leading to proinflammatory responses as seen in autoimmune disorders, like systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and to some extent in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This review discusses the involvement of various nucleic acid sensors in autoimmunity and discusses how aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by their sensors activates the innate immune responses during the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Badal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deep Maheshwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Preetam Basak
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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5
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Innate immune receptors in type 1 diabetes: the relationship to cell death-associated inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1213-1225. [PMID: 32510139 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of innate immunity in host defense and inflammatory responses has been clearly demonstrated after the discovery of innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (Nod)-like receptors (NLRs). Innate immunity also plays a critical role in diverse pathological conditions including autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). In particular, the role of a variety of innate immune receptors in T1D has been demonstrated using mice with targeted disruption of such innate immune receptors. Here, we discuss recent findings showing the role of innate immunity in T1D that were obtained mostly from studies of genetic mouse models of innate immune receptors. In addition, the role of innate immune receptors involved in the pathogenesis of T1D in sensing death-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dead cells or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) will also be covered. Elucidation of the role of innate immune receptors in T1D and the nature of DAMPs sensed by such receptors may lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities against T1D.
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6
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Huang J, Peng J, Pearson JA, Efthimiou G, Hu Y, Tai N, Xing Y, Zhang L, Gu J, Jiang J, Zhao H, Zhou Z, Wong FS, Wen L. Toll-like receptor 7 deficiency suppresses type 1 diabetes development by modulating B-cell differentiation and function. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:328-338. [PMID: 33432061 PMCID: PMC8027372 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which can recognize pathogen molecular patterns, plays a critical role in type 1 diabetes development. TLR7 is a pattern recognition receptor that senses single-stranded RNAs from viruses and host tissue cells; however, its role in type 1 diabetes development remains unclear. In our study, we discovered that Tlr7-deficient (Tlr7-/-) nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of human type 1 diabetes, exhibited a significantly delayed onset and reduced incidence of type 1 diabetes compared with Tlr7-sufficient (Tlr7+/+) NOD mice. Mechanistic investigations showed that Tlr7 deficiency significantly altered B-cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. Moreover, Tlr7-/- NOD B cells were found to suppress diabetogenic CD4+ T-cell responses and protect immunodeficient NOD mice from developing diabetes induced by diabetogenic T cells. In addition, we found that Tlr7 deficiency suppressed the antigen-presenting functions of B cells and inhibited cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell activation by downregulating the expression of both nonclassical and classical MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules on B cells. Our data suggest that TLR7 contributes to type 1 diabetes development by regulating B-cell functions and subsequent interactions with T cells. Therefore, therapeutically targeting TLR7 may prove beneficial for disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgios Efthimiou
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Youjia Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanpeng Xing
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science & Genetics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science & Genetics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science & Genetics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Debreceni IL, Chimenti MS, Serreze DV, Geurts AM, Chen YG, Lieberman SM. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Is Required for Lacrimal Gland Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes Development in Male Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9478. [PMID: 33322152 PMCID: PMC7764018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an immunologically complex, chronic autoimmune disease targeting lacrimal and salivary glands. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop inflammation of lacrimal and salivary glands with histopathological features similar to SS in humans including focal lymphocytic infiltrates in the affected glands. The innate immune signals driving lymphocytic infiltration of these glands are not well-defined. Here we evaluate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 in the development of SS-like manifestations in NOD mice. We created a Tlr7 knockout NOD mouse strain and performed histological and gene expression studies to characterize the effects of TLR7 on autoimmunity development. TLR7 was required for male-specific lacrimal gland inflammation but not for female-specific salivary gland inflammation. Moreover, TLR7 was required for type 1 diabetes development in male but not female NOD mice. RNA sequencing demonstrated that TLR7 was associated with a type I interferon (IFN) response and a type I IFN-independent B cell response in the lacrimal glands. Together these studies identify a previously unappreciated pathogenic role for TLR7 in lacrimal gland autoimmunity and T1D development in male NOD mice adding to the growing body of evidence supporting sex differences in mechanisms of autoimmune disease in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L. Debreceni
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael S. Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | | | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Scott M. Lieberman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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8
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Mitrofanova A, Fontanella AM, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Lipid deposition and metaflammation in diabetic kidney disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 55:60-72. [PMID: 33137677 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A critical link between metabolic disorders and a form of low-grade systemic and chronic inflammation has been recently established and named 'Metaflammation'. Metaflammation has been recognized as a key mediator of both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes and as a significant contributor to the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The goal of this review is to summarize the contribution of diabetes-induced inflammation and the related signaling pathways to diabetic complications, with a particular focus on how innate immunity and lipid metabolism influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Antonio M Fontanella
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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9
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Enteroviruses and T1D: Is It the Virus, the Genes or Both which Cause T1D. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071017. [PMID: 32650582 PMCID: PMC7409303 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Up to now, the mechanisms triggering the initiation and progression of the disease are, in their complexity, not fully understood and imply the disruption of several tolerance networks. Viral infection is one of the environmental factors triggering diabetes, which is initially based on the observation that the disease’s incidence follows a periodic pattern within the population. Moreover, the strong correlation of genetic susceptibility is a prerequisite for enteroviral infection associated islet autoimmunity. Epidemiological data and clinical findings indicate enteroviral infections, mainly of the coxsackie B virus family, as potential pathogenic mechanisms to trigger the autoimmune reaction towards β-cells, resulting in the boost of inflammation following β-cell destruction and the onset of T1D. This review discusses previously identified virus-associated genetics and pathways of β-cell destruction. Is it the virus itself which leads to β-cell destruction and T1D progression? Or is it genetic, so that the virus may activate auto-immunity and β-cell destruction only in genetically predisposed individuals?
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10
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Blum SI, Tse HM. Innate Viral Sensor MDA5 and Coxsackievirus Interplay in Type 1 Diabetes Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070993. [PMID: 32635205 PMCID: PMC7409145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a polygenic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. The concordance rate for T1D in monozygotic twins is ≈30-50%, indicating that environmental factors also play a role in T1D development. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus infections such as coxsackievirus type B (CVB) are associated with triggering T1D. Prior to autoantibody development in T1D, viral RNA and antibodies against CVB can be detected within the blood, stool, and pancreata. An innate pathogen recognition receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), which is encoded by the IFIH1 gene, has been associated with T1D onset. It is unclear how single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFIH1 alter the structure and function of MDA5 that may lead to exacerbated antiviral responses contributing to increased T1D-susceptibility. Binding of viral dsRNA via MDA5 induces synthesis of antiviral proteins such as interferon-alpha and -beta (IFN-α/β). Viral infection and subsequent IFN-α/β synthesis can lead to ER stress within insulin-producing β-cells causing neo-epitope generation, activation of β-cell-specific autoreactive T cells, and β-cell destruction. Therefore, an interplay between genetics, enteroviral infections, and antiviral responses may be critical for T1D development.
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11
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Tesovnik T, Kovač J, Pohar K, Hudoklin S, Dovč K, Bratina N, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Debeljak M, Veranič P, Bosi E, Piemonti L, Ihan A, Battelino T. Extracellular Vesicles Derived Human-miRNAs Modulate the Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:202. [PMID: 32296701 PMCID: PMC7136501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles with their molecular cargo can modulate target cell response and may affect the pathogenesis of diseases. The extracellular vesicles containing micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which are often studied as disease biomarkers, but rarely as mediators of the disease development. The role of extracellular vesicles derived miRNAs in type 1 diabetes is currently not well established. We observed a fraction of blood plasma extracellular vesicles positive for membrane proteins potentially associated with insulin-producing beta-cells and identified differentially expressed extracellular vesicles derived miRNAs in individuals with type 1 diabetes. These differentially expressed extracellular vesicles derived human miRNAs in participants with type 1 diabetes and participants with Langerhans islets beta-cells destruction showed the ability to activate TLR7/8 signaling cascade and increase activation as well as cytotoxicity of the effector blood immune cells with cytokine and chemokine release. Our results illustrate extracellular vesicles derived human miRNAs as modulators of the immune system in type 1 diabetes autoimmunity, providing potentially new insight into the pathogenesis of the disease, and novel molecular targets for intervention and type 1 diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Tesovnik
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Clinical Institute of Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Chair of Paediatrics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kovač
- Clinical Institute of Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katka Pohar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Hudoklin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Dovč
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Bratina
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Chair of Paediatrics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Trebušak Podkrajšek
- Clinical Institute of Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Debeljak
- Clinical Institute of Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Chair of Paediatrics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, Cirnat N, Kassab I, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112238. [PMID: 32203790 PMCID: PMC7173040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal compartment and activate a specific signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependant manner. According to their involvement into various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant diseases, researchers have designed diverse TLRs 7/8 ligands able to boost or block the inherent signal transduction. These modulators are often small synthetic compounds and most act as agonists and to a much lesser extent as antagonists. Some of them have reached preclinical and clinical trials, and only one has been approved by the FDA and EMA, imiquimod. The key to the success of these modulators probably lies in their combination with other therapies as recently demonstrated. We gather in this review more than 360 scientific publications, reviews and patents, relating the extensive work carried out by researchers on the design of TLRs 7/8 modulators, which are classified firstly by their biological activities (agonist or antagonist) and then by their chemical structures, which total syntheses are not discussed here. This review also reports about 90 clinical cases, thereby showing the biological interest of these modulators in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nour Bou Karroum
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Georges Moarbess
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Issam Kassab
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
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Govea-Alonso DO, Arevalo-Villalobos JI, Márquez-Escobar VA, Vimolmangkang S, Rosales-Mendoza S. An overview of tolerogenic immunotherapies based on plant-made antigens. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:587-599. [PMID: 30892096 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1597048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last two decades, genetically engineered plants became attractive and mature platforms for producing vaccines and other relevant biopharmaceuticals. Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders demand the availability of accessible treatments, and one alternative therapy is based on therapeutic vaccines able to downregulate immune responses that favor pathology progression. AREAS COVERED The current status of plant-made tolerogenic vaccines is presented with emphasis on the candidates under evaluation in test animals. Nowadays, this concept has been assessed in models of food and pollen allergies, autoimmune diabetes, asthma, arthritis, and prevention of blocking antibodies induction against a biopharmaceutical used in replacement therapies. EXPERT OPINION According to the current evidence generated at the preclinical level, plant-made tolerogenic therapies are a promise to treat several immune-related conditions, and the beginning of clinical trials is envisaged for the next decade. Advantages and limitations for this technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania O Govea-Alonso
- a Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México.,b Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Jaime I Arevalo-Villalobos
- a Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México.,b Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Verónica A Márquez-Escobar
- a Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México.,b Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- c Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,d Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- a Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México.,b Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
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Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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15
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Chi H, Li C, Zhao FS, Zhang L, Ng TB, Jin G, Sha O. Anti-tumor Activity of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:304. [PMID: 28620298 PMCID: PMC5450331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a bridging role in innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The activated TLRs not only induce inflammatory responses, but also elicit the development of antigen specific immunity. TLR7, a member of TLR family, is an intracellular receptor expressed on the membrane of endosomes. TLR7 can be triggered not only by ssRNA during viral infections, but also by immune modifiers that share a similar structure to nucleosides. Its powerful immune stimulatory action can be potentially used in the anti-tumor therapy. This article reviewed the anti-tumor activity and mechanism of TLR7 agonists that are frequently applied in preclinical and clinical investigations, and mainly focused on small synthetic molecules, including imiquimod, resiquimod, gardiquimod, and 852A, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huju Chi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
| | - Flora Sha Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurology, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, United States
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Departmet of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
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16
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Yayi H, Yeda X, Huaxin W, Yang W, Qian S, Zhongyuan X. Toll-like receptor 7 involves the injury in acute kidney ischemia/reperfusion of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 31:448-55. [PMID: 27487279 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160070000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is the potential targets of prevention or progression in the renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of STZ-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly arranged to the nondiabetic (ND) or diabetic group (DM), with each group further divided into sham (no I/R injury), I/R (ischemia-reperfusion) and CD (given by Chloroquine) group. Preoperatively, Chloroquine (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection.) was administrated 6 days for treatment group. I/R animals were subjected to 25 min of bilateral renal ischemia. Renal function, histology, apoptosis, cytokines, expression of TLR7, MyD88 and NF-κB were detected. RESULTS The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, IL-6 and TNF-α, apoptotic tubular epithelial cells, expression of TLR7, MyD88 and NF-κB were significantly increased in DM+I/R group, compared with ND+I/R group (p<0.05). All these changes were further improved by TLR7 inhibition Chloroquine except Paller scores (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Toll-like receptor 7 inhibition attenuates the acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury of STZ-induced diabetic in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Yayi
- Master, Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, China. Conception and design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing
| | - Xiao Yeda
- Master, Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, China. Acquisition of data, critical revision
| | - Wang Huaxin
- PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, China. Acquisition of data
| | - Wu Yang
- PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, China. Acquisition of data
| | - Sun Qian
- PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, China. Acquisition of data
| | - Xia Zhongyuan
- PhD, Full Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, China. Design and supervised all phases of the study, critical revision
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17
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Morse ZJ, Horwitz MS. Innate Viral Receptor Signaling Determines Type 1 Diabetes Onset. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:249. [PMID: 29018409 PMCID: PMC5623193 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable susceptibility of the autoimmune disorder, type 1 diabetes (T1D), only partially equates for the incidence of the disease. Significant evidence attributes several environmental stressors, such as vitamin D deficiency, gut microbiome, dietary antigens, and most notably virus infections in triggering the onset of T1D in these genetically susceptible individuals. Extensive epidemiological and clinical studies have provided credibility to this causal relationship. Infection by the enterovirus, coxsackievirus B, has been closely associated with onset of T1D and is considered a significant etiological agent for disease induction. Recognition of viral antigens via innate pathogen-recognition receptors induce inflammatory events which contribute to autoreactivity of pancreatic self-antigens and ultimately the destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells. The activation of these specific innate pathways and expression of inflammatory molecules, including type I and III interferon, prime the immune system to elicit either a protective regulatory response or a diabetogenic effector response. Therefore, sensing of viral antigens by retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and toll-like receptors may be detrimental to inducing autoreactivity initiated by viral stress and resulting in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marc S. Horwitz,
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18
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Newby BN, Mathews CE. Type I Interferon Is a Catastrophic Feature of the Diabetic Islet Microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:232. [PMID: 28959234 PMCID: PMC5604085 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular pathways and cellular interactions that result in islet beta cell (β cell) destruction is essential for the development and implementation of effective therapies for prevention or reversal of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, events that define the pathogenesis of human T1D have remained elusive. This gap in our knowledge results from the complex interaction between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors that precipitate T1D in humans. A link between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors are type 1 interferons (T1-IFNs). These cytokines are well known for inducing antiviral factors that limit infection by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Further, several T1D genetic risk loci are within genes that link innate and adaptive immune cell responses to T1-IFN. An additional clue that links T1-IFN to T1D is that these cytokines are a known constituent of the autoinflammatory milieu within the pancreas of patients with T1D. The presence of IFNα/β is correlated with characteristic MHC class I (MHC-I) hyperexpression found in the islets of patients with T1D, suggesting that T1-IFNs modulate the cross-talk between autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Here, we review the evidence supporting the diabetogenic potential of T1-IFN in the islet microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N. Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Clayton E. Mathews,
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Helminen O, Huhta H, Kauppila JH, Lehenkari PP, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ. Localization of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human and mouse pancreas. APMIS 2016; 125:85-92. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olli Helminen
- Department of Pathology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Surgery; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Department of Pathology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Surgery; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Joonas H. Kauppila
- Department of Pathology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Surgery; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Petri P. Lehenkari
- Department of Surgery; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Juha Saarnio
- Department of Surgery; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Tuomo J. Karttunen
- Department of Pathology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
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20
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Xiao Q, Li X, Sun D, Yi H, Lu X, Nian H. TLR7 Engagement on Dendritic Cells Enhances Autoreactive Th17 Responses via Activation of ERK. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3820-3830. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tai N, Wong FS, Wen L. The role of the innate immune system in destruction of pancreatic beta cells in NOD mice and humans with type I diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:26-34. [PMID: 27021275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. A combination of genetic and environmental factors eventually leads to the loss of functional β cell mass and hyperglycemia. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the development of T1D. In this review, we have highlighted the most recent findings on the role of innate immunity, especially the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), in disease development. In murine models and human studies, different PRRs, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing (or Nod-like) receptors (NLRs), have different roles in the pathogenesis of T1D. These PRRs play a critical role in defending against infection by sensing specific ligands derived from exogenous microorganisms to induce innate immune responses and shape adaptive immunity. Animal studies have shown that TLR7, TLR9, MyD88 and NLPR3 play a disease-predisposing role in T1D, while controversial results have been found with other PRRs, such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and others. Human studies also shown that TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 are expressed in either islet β cells or infiltrated immune cells, indicating the innate immunity plays a role in β cell autoimmunity. Furthermore, some human genetic studies showed a possible association of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 or NLRP3 genes, at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, with human T1D. Increasing evidence suggest that the innate immunity modulates β cell autoimmunity. Thus, targeting pathways of innate immunity may provide novel therapeutic strategies to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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22
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Prolonged antibiotic treatment induces a diabetogenic intestinal microbiome that accelerates diabetes in NOD mice. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 10:321-32. [PMID: 26274050 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that the intestinal microbiome is involved in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis through the gut-pancreas nexus. Our aim was to determine whether the intestinal microbiota in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model played a role in T1D through the gut. To examine the effect of the intestinal microbiota on T1D onset, we manipulated gut microbes by: (1) the fecal transplantation between non-obese diabetic (NOD) and resistant (NOR) mice and (2) the oral antibiotic and probiotic treatment of NOD mice. We monitored diabetes onset, quantified CD4+T cells in the Peyer's patches, profiled the microbiome and measured fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The gut microbiota from NOD mice harbored more pathobionts and fewer beneficial microbes in comparison with NOR mice. Fecal transplantation of NOD microbes induced insulitis in NOR hosts suggesting that the NOD microbiome is diabetogenic. Moreover, antibiotic exposure accelerated diabetes onset in NOD mice accompanied by increased T-helper type 1 (Th1) and reduced Th17 cells in the intestinal lymphoid tissues. The diabetogenic microbiome was characterized by a metagenome altered in several metabolic gene clusters. Furthermore, diabetes susceptibility correlated with reduced fecal SCFAs. In an attempt to correct the diabetogenic microbiome, we administered VLS#3 probiotics to NOD mice but found that VSL#3 colonized the intestine poorly and did not delay diabetes. We conclude that NOD mice harbor gut microbes that induce diabetes and that their diabetogenic microbiome can be amplified early in life through antibiotic exposure. Protective microbes like VSL#3 are insufficient to overcome the effects of a diabetogenic microbiome.
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23
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Pane JA, Coulson BS. Lessons from the mouse: potential contribution of bystander lymphocyte activation by viruses to human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1149-59. [PMID: 25794781 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are considered to be potential key modulators of type 1 diabetes mellitus, with several possible mechanisms proposed for their modes of action. Here we discuss the evidence for virus involvement, including pancreatic infection and the induction of T cell-mediated molecular mimicry. A particular focus of this review is the further possibility that virus infection triggers bystander activation of pre-existing autoreactive lymphocytes. In this scenario, the virus triggers dendritic cell maturation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion by engaging pattern recognition receptors. These proinflammatory cytokines provoke bystander autoreactive lymphocyte activation in the presence of cognate autoantigen, which leads to enhanced beta cell destruction. Importantly, this mechanism does not necessarily involve pancreatic virus infection, and its virally non-specific nature suggests that it might represent a means commonly employed by multiple viruses. The ability of viruses specifically associated with type 1 diabetes, including group B coxsackievirus, rotavirus and influenza A virus, to induce these responses is also examined. The elucidation of a mechanism shared amongst several viruses for accelerating progression to type 1 diabetes would facilitate the identification of important targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Pane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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van der Laan JW, Gould S, Tanir JY. Safety of vaccine adjuvants: focus on autoimmunity. Vaccine 2015; 33:1507-14. [PMID: 25659277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Questions have been recently raised regarding the safety of vaccine adjuvants, particularly in relation to autoimmunity or autoimmune disease(s)/disorder(s) (AID). The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) formed a scientific committee and convened a 2-day workshop, consisting of technical experts from around the world representing academia, government regulatory agencies, and industry, to investigate and openly discuss the issues around adjuvant safety in vaccines. The types of adjuvants considered included oil-in-water emulsions and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The state of science around the use of animal models and biomarkers for the evaluation and prediction of AID were also discussed. Following extensive literature reviews by the HESI committee, and presentations by experts at the workshop, several key points were identified, including the value of animal models used to study autoimmunity and AID toward studying novel vaccine adjuvants; whether there is scientific evidence indicating an intrinsic risk of autoimmunity and AID with adjuvants, or a higher risk resulting from the mechanism of action; and if there is compelling clinical data linking adjuvants and AID. The tripartite group of experts concluded that there is no compelling evidence supporting the association of vaccine adjuvants with autoimmunity signals. Additionally, it is recommended that future research on the potential effects of vaccine adjuvants on AID should consider carefully the experimental design in animal models particularly if they are to be used in any risk assessment, as an improper design and model could result in misleading information. Finally, studies on the mechanistic aspects and potential biomarkers related to adjuvants and autoimmunity phenomena could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Y Tanir
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth St, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
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25
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Adamczak DM, Nowak JK, Frydrychowicz M, Kaczmarek M, Sikora J. The role of Toll-like receptors and vitamin D in diabetes mellitus type 1--a review. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:75-84. [PMID: 24845558 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease resulting from an interaction between immunologic, genetic and environmental factors. However, the exact mechanism leading to the development of T1DM remains incomplete. There is a large body of evidence pointing towards the important role of toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and vitamin D deficiency in T1DM pathogenesis. In this article, we review the available data on the influence of TLRs' level of activation and vitamin D status on the risk of the development of T1DM in humans and rodent models. We also summarize the current information regarding the interactions between TLRs' level of activation, vitamin D status and various environmental factors, such as enteroviral infections, the gut microbiota and breastfeeding substitution, among others. Our results stipulate that vitamin D seems to protect against T1DM by reducing the TLRs' level of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Adamczak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Clinical Hospital No. 1, Poznan, Poland; Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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26
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Salama A, Fichou N, Allard M, Dubreil L, De Beaurepaire L, Viel A, Jégou D, Bösch S, Bach JM. MicroRNA-29b modulates innate and antigen-specific immune responses in mouse models of autoimmunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106153. [PMID: 25203514 PMCID: PMC4159199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to important regulatory roles in gene expression through RNA interference, it has recently been shown that microRNAs display immune stimulatory effects through direct interaction with receptors of innate immunity of the Toll-like receptor family, aggravating neuronal damage and tumour growth. Yet no evidence exists on consequences of microRNA immune stimulatory actions in the context of an autoimmune disease. Using microRNA analogues, we here show that pancreatic beta cell-derived microRNA sequences induce pro-inflammatory (TNFa, IFNa, IL-12, IL-6) or suppressive (IL-10) cytokine secretion by primary mouse dendritic cells in a sequence-dependent manner. For miR-29b, immune stimulation in RAW264.7 macrophages involved the endosomal Toll-like receptor-7, independently of the canonical RNA interference pathway. In vivo, the systemic delivery of miR-29b activates CD11b+B220- myeloid and CD11b-B220+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells and induces IFNa, TNFa and IL-6 production in the serum of recipient mice. Strikingly, in a murine model of adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes, miR-29b reduces the cytolytic activity of transferred effector CD8+ T-cells, insulitis and disease incidence in a single standalone intervention. Endogenous miR-29b, spontaneously released from beta-cells within exosomes, stimulates TNFa secretion from spleen cells isolated from diabetes-prone NOD mice in vitro. Hence, microRNA sequences modulate innate and ongoing adaptive immune responses raising the question of their potential role in the breakdown of tolerance and opening up new applications for microRNA-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Salama
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Nolwenn Fichou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Allard
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Dubreil
- INRA, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR_A0703 PanTHER, Nantes, France
| | | | - Alexis Viel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Jégou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Steffi Bösch
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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27
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Gülden E, Wen L. Toll-Like Receptor Activation in Immunity vs. Tolerance in Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2014; 5:119. [PMID: 24715890 PMCID: PMC3970021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gülden
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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28
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Abstract
We recently showed that Toll-like receptor (TLR) TLR4 was overexpressed in the human diabetic kidney, which could promote tubular inflammation. Here we explored whether the TLR4 antagonist, CRX-526, has therapeutic potential to attenuate renal injuries and slow the progression of advanced diabetic nephropathy in wild-type and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout mice. In the latter, the endogenous TLR4 ligand, high-mobility group box 1, was upregulated more than in wild-type animals. Four weeks after streptozotocin induction of diabetes, mice were injected with either CRX-526 or vehicle for 8 weeks. CRX-526 significantly reduced albuminuria and blood urea nitrogen without altering blood glucose and systolic blood pressure in diabetic mice. Glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial injury were attenuated by CRX-526, which was associated with decreased chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-2, osteopontin, CCL-5 overexpression, subsequent macrophage infiltration, and collagen deposition. These effects were associated with inhibition of TGF-β overexpression and NF-κB activation. In vitro, CRX-526 inhibited high glucose-induced osteopontin upregulation and NF-κB nuclear translocation in cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Thus, we provided evidence that inhibition of TLR4 with the synthetic antagonist CRX-526 conferred renoprotective effects in eNOS knockout diabetic mice with advanced diabetic nephropathy.
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29
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Ghazarian L, Diana J, Simoni Y, Beaudoin L, Lehuen A. Prevention or acceleration of type 1 diabetes by viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:239-55. [PMID: 22766971 PMCID: PMC11113684 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Even though extensive scientific research has yielded important insights into the immune mechanisms involved in pancreatic β-cell destruction, little is known about the events that trigger the autoimmune process. Recent epidemiological and experimental data suggest that environmental factors are involved in this process. In this review, we discuss the role of viruses as an environmental factor on the development of type 1 diabetes, and the immune mechanisms by which they can trigger or protect against this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Ghazarian
- Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul/Cochin, Batiment Petit, 82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julien Diana
- Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul/Cochin, Batiment Petit, 82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Simoni
- Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul/Cochin, Batiment Petit, 82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Beaudoin
- Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul/Cochin, Batiment Petit, 82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul/Cochin, Batiment Petit, 82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
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30
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Li Q, McDevitt HO. The role of interferon alpha in initiation of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:3-7. [PMID: 21592863 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in both humans and the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, in which the insulin-producing-cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed by a beta islet cell-specific T cell immune response. We recently reported that interferon (IFN)-α is an early trigger of the T1D process in NOD mice. Here, we show that extensive blockade of IFN-α action by a monoclonal antibody specific to IFN-α receptor 1 results in nearly complete prevention of T1D in NOD mice. Whether professional IFN-α producing cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), are responsible for the initiation of T1D has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that depletion of pDCs in NOD mice by a specific mAb given at 15-25 days of age significantly delays the onset and decreases the incidence of T1D. These findings indicate that pDC and pDC-derived IFN-α are the prime initiators of the pathogenesis of T1D in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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