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Mental disorders and subsequent suicide events in a representative community population. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:456-462. [PMID: 32871532 PMCID: PMC7448745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the patterns of association between mental disorders and subsequent suicide in a community sample representative of the Canadian household population. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2002 linked to the Death Database 2000-2011 and the Hospitalization Database 1999/2000-2012/2013) (n=27,000). Mental disorders (past year major depressive episodes (MDE), bipolar disorders (BPD), anxiety disorders (AD), and substance dependence (SD)) and subsequent suicide events (deaths or hospitalizations for suicide attempts) were identified. Competing risk regression models were used to analyze the time-to-event data, adjusting for age, sex, marital status, and educational attainment. RESULTS Past year mental disorders were diagnosed in 11.38% of the cohort and 0.41% had suicide events. An increased hazard of suicide events associated with MDE, SD and AD weakened over-time, but this was not observed for BPD. For example, the HR of suicide events for MDE was 6.02 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.65, 13.68) in the first 4 years, whereas, it was 2.03 (95% CI=0.91, 4.53) after 4 years. Whereas, the HRs of suicide events for BPD were 16.95 (95% CI=6.88, 41.75) and 15.81 (95% CI=5.89, 42.45) before and after 4 years. LIMITATIONS Diagnostic data are likely to underestimate the prevalence of suicide events. CONCLUSIONS The risk of suicide events declined over time for MDE, SA and AD, but remained high for BPD. This may reflect improvement over time in MDE, SA and AD, but indicates that people living with BPD have a persistent elevated hazard of suicide events.
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Too LS, Spittal MJ, Bugeja L, Reifels L, Butterworth P, Pirkis J. The association between mental disorders and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of record linkage studies. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:302-313. [PMID: 31450139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has long been debate about the extent to which mental disorders contribute to suicide. We aimed to examine the evidence on the contribution of mental disorders to suicide among record linkage studies. METHODS We performed a systematic search using eight major health databases for English-language studies published between 1 January 2000 and 11 June 2018 that linked collected data on mental disorders and suicide. We then conducted a meta-analysis to assess risk of suicide conferred by mental disorders. RESULTS Our search identified 20 articles representing 13 unique studies. The pooled rate ratio (RR) was 13.2 (95% CI 8.6-20.3) for psychotic disorders, 12.3 (95% CI 8.9-17.1) for mood disorders, 8.1 (95% CI 4.6-14.2) for personality disorders, 4.4 (95% CI 2.9-6.8) for substance use disorders, and 4.1 (95% CI 2.4-6.9) for anxiety disorders in the general population. The overall pooled RR for these mental disorders was 7.5 (95% CI 6.6-8.6). The population attributable risk of mental disorders was up to 21%. LIMITATIONS The overall heterogeneity between studies was very high. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underline the important role of mental disorders in suicide. This suggests that ongoing efforts are required to improve access to and quality of mental health care to prevent suicide by people with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay San Too
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Lyndal Bugeja
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Lennart Reifels
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Peter Butterworth
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Radeloff D, Stoeber F, Lempp T, Kettner M, Bennefeld-Kersten K. Murderers or thieves at risk? Offence-related suicide rates in adolescent and adult prison populations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214936. [PMID: 30943261 PMCID: PMC6447226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prisoners have a higher risk of suicide compared to non-incarcerated individuals. One aim of suicide prevention for prisoners is to identify risk factors in order to put stronger support mechanisms in place for the more vulnerable detainees. This study investigates the suicide risk (SR) in offence-related sub-populations in a representative German sample and differentiates between SR for adolescent and adult prisoners. Methods Conducting a national study with data from public German records on the entire prison population from 2000 to 2016 and suicide numbers in German prisons in the same period, SR was calculated for the total male prison population as well as for both subgroups, adolescent and adult male prisoners. Results In the study period, male prisoners spent 959.584 life years (LY) in German criminal detention. Among those, 524 prisoners died of suicide. SR was higher for detainees imprisoned for an offence resulting in extensive physical harm for another person, e.g. homicide (suicide rate = 134,8 suicides per 100.000 LY; OR = 2,47; CI95%: 1,98–3,08), bodily injury (suicide rate = 87,3; OR = 1,60; CI95%: 1,29–1,99), and sexual offences (suicide rate = 84,2; OR = 1,54; CI95%: 1,18–2,01) compared with the SR of the total prison population (suicide rate = 54.6). Age differences between offence-related SR were found for theft, with adolescents (suicide rate = 69,3; OR = 1,25; CI95%: 0,85–1,84) showing higher SR than adults (suicide rate = 38,2; OR = 0,7; CI95%: 0,54–0,92). Conclusion The index offence of detainees is associated with SR and age-related differences exist. Suicide prevention in prisons should take both into account to determine populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radeloff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Franziska Stoeber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Lempp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mattias Kettner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Radeloff D, Lempp T, Rauf A, Bennefeld-Kersten K, Kettner M, Freitag CM. [Suicide and suicide tendencies in adolescent detainees]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2016; 44:9-18; quiz 19-20. [PMID: 26864223 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following accidents, suicide is the second leading cause of death in adolescence. This stage of life has the most suicide attempts of all age groups. In addition to mentally ill juveniles, adolescent delinquents represent a high-risk group for suicidal behavior and completed suicide. In particular, the population of detainees, an extreme form of juvenile delinquency, have a 16- to 18-fold higher risk of suicidal behavior and suicide compared to the general population. Because the composition of juvenile detainees differs greatly from that of detained adults, age-specific scientific approaches and prevention programs are needed. This task cannot be addressed by juvenile detention staff alone, but rather demands close cooperation between adolescent psychiatrists, psychologists, prison medical staff, legal experts and prison officers to use the opportunity for suicide prevention in juvenile detention facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radeloff
- 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Thomas Lempp
- 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Amna Rauf
- 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | | | - Mattias Kettner
- 3 Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Christine M Freitag
- 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
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Mok PLH, Antonsen S, Pedersen CB, Appleby L, Shaw J, Webb RT. National cohort study of absolute risk and age-specific incidence of multiple adverse outcomes between adolescence and early middle age. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:920. [PMID: 26386672 PMCID: PMC4575432 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychiatric illness, substance misuse, suicidality, criminality and premature death represent major public health challenges that afflict a sizeable proportion of young people. However, studies of multiple adverse outcomes in the same cohort at risk are rare. In a national Danish cohort we estimated sex- and age-specific incidence rates and absolute risks of these outcomes between adolescence and early middle age. Methods Using interlinked registers, persons born in Denmark 1966–1996 were followed from their 15th until 40th birthday or December 2011 (N = 2,070,904). We estimated sex- and age-specific incidence rates of nine adverse outcomes, in three main categories: Premature mortality (all-causes, suicide, accident); Psychiatric morbidity (any mental illness diagnosis, suicide attempt, alcohol or drug misuse disorder); Criminality (violent offending, receiving custodial sentence, driving under influence of alcohol or drugs). Cumulative incidences were also calculated using competing risk survival analyses. Results For cohort members alive on their 15th birthday, the absolute risks of dying by age 40 were 1.99 % for males [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.95–2.03 %] and 0.85 % for females (95 % CI 0.83–0.88 %). The risks of substance misuse and criminality were also much higher for males, especially younger males, than for females. Specifically, the risk of a first conviction for a violent offence was highest amongst males aged below 20. Females, however, were more likely than males to have a hospital-treated psychiatric disorder. By age 40, 13.25 % of females (95 % CI 13.16–13.33 %) and 9.98 % of males (95 % CI 9.91–10.06 %) had been treated. Women aged below 25 were also more likely than men to first attempt suicide, but this pattern was reversed beyond this age. The greatest gender differentials in incidence rates were in criminality outcomes. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive assessment of the incidence rates and absolute risks of these multiple adverse outcomes. Approximately 1 in 50 males and 1 in 120 females who are alive on their 15th birthday will die by age 40. By examining the same cohort at risk, we compared risks for multiple outcomes without differential inter-cohort biases. These epidemiological profiles will inform further research into the pathways leading to these adverse events and future preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl L H Mok
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Sussie Antonsen
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Fuglesangs Alle 4, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Fuglesangs Alle 4, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - Louis Appleby
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Jenny Shaw
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Roger T Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Webb RT, Qin P, Stevens H, Shaw J, Appleby L, Mortensen PB. National study of suicide method in violent criminal offenders. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:237-44. [PMID: 23664638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaining a greater knowledge of the mechanisms and means by which violent offenders die by suicide can inform tailored preventive strategies. METHODS Using interlinked national Danish registry data we constructed a nested case-control study dataset of all adult suicides during 1994-2006: N=9708 cases and N=188,134 age and gender matched living controls. Completely ascertained International Classification of Diseases 10th revision cause-specific mortality codes were examined, with all criminal charges since 1980, and covariate information on psychiatric treatment and socio-demographics. Self-poisonings were classified as 'nonviolent' suicide and all other methods as being 'violent' ones. RESULTS Compared with the general population, risk among male and female violent offenders was strongly and significantly elevated for suicide by either a violent or a nonviolent method, although the relative risk was greater for nonviolent suicide. These patterns were also observed among nonviolent offenders, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Risk was especially raised for self-poisoning with narcotics & hallucinogens. We could only examine the full range of suicide methods in male violent offenders. In these men, hanging was the most frequently used method, although risk was markedly and significantly elevated virtually across the entire range of regularly used suicide methods. LIMITATIONS We lacked sufficient statistical power for undertaking a detailed profiling of specific suicide methods among female violent offenders. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that comprehensive and broadly-based preventive approaches are needed for tackling the markedly raised risk of suicide by both violent and nonviolent means in this population. Their high relative risk for self-poisoning by illicit or illegal drugs underlines the importance of access to means and of prevailing subculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Risk, Institute of Brain, Behaviour & Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK.
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Abstract
Suicide prevention must be transformed by integrating injury prevention and mental health perspectives to develop a mosaic of common risk public health interventions that address the diversity of populations and individuals whose mortality and morbidity contribute to the burdens of suicide and attempted suicide. Emphasizing distal preventive interventions, strategies must focus on people and places--and on related interpersonal factors and social contexts--to alter the life trajectories of people before they become suicidal. Attention also must be paid to those in the middle years--the age with the greatest overall burden. We need scientific and social processes that define priorities and assess their potential for reducing what has been a steadily increasing rate of suicide during the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Caine
- Injury Control Research Center for Suicide Prevention, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642-8409, USA.
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