1
|
Zhu Y, Chai Y, Xu C, Guo F. Status, sources, and human health risk assessment of DDT pesticide residues in river sediments in a highly developed agricultural region in the upper Yangtze River in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27405-3. [PMID: 37160518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of DDT and its metabolites in 19 sediment samples from a highly developed agricultural region in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were measured. Non-carcinogenic hazard quotient for different age groups was evaluated using reference doses provided by the USEPA, and the excess lifetime cancer risk due to eating fish was assessed based on the local eating habits. The results showed that this region had a high level of residual DDT (12.84 ± 8.97 ng/g), which mainly came from the historically used technical DDT in agriculture. The non-carcinogenic risk was just acceptable in the region, but 11 of the 19 sites showed an unacceptable carcinogenic risk. Although DDT has been banned for decades, there were still notable health risks, especially for children. Special attention should be given to the potential health risks in historically developed agricultural regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- School of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yongzhen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chengbin Xu
- School of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Chen Q, Yang L, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Deng S, Wan J, Fan T, Long T, Zhang S, Lin Y. Contaminant characterization at pesticide production sites in the Yangtze River Delta: Residue, distribution, and environmental risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160156. [PMID: 36379343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is the largest pesticide-producing region in the world. Contamination of pesticide production sites has always been a focus of public attention. Twenty pesticide production sites in YRD were selected to analyze the residue, distribution, and environmental risk of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater. A total of 194 organic chemicals were detected in all soil and groundwater samples from the 20 sites. Eighty-eight constituents of concern (COCs) exceeded the comparison values of Regional Screening Levels (RSLs), and 80 % exceeded the RSLs by more than five times. The toxic effects of COCs in soil and groundwater were dominated by the carcinogenic risk, referred as "non-threshold". Benzene toluene ethylbenzene & xylene (BTEX) and chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) were the most prevalent at pesticide sites in YRD rather than pesticides, followed by chlorobenzene, chlorophenols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). CAHs and BTEX could penetrate up to 24 m, while the others were primarily limited to 12 m. Most pesticide production sites showed a great contamination depth of >8 m, some even deeper than 20 m, posing a great risk of contamination to the confined aquifer. Due to the close interconnection of soil with water bodies, the shallow groundwater and adjacent surface water resources are also susceptible to suffering from environmental risk. More than half of the pesticide production sites in the YRD consist primarily of low-permeable clay layers, making in-situ contamination remediation difficult. This study provides a basis for developing remediation technology for pesticide sites in YRD and an ecological reference for further cleaning production and green manufacturing in the pesticide industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ya Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlin Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaopo Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhong Wan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Long
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengtian Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yusuo Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Zhan Y, Zhu L, Li X. Organic contamination and remediation in the agricultural soils of China: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:724-740. [PMID: 29017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is a global problem in both developed and developing countries. Countries with rapidly developing economies such as China are faced with significant soil pollution problems due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization over the last decades. This paper provides an overview of published scientific data on soil pollution across China with particular focus on organic contamination in agricultural soils. Based on the related peer-reviewed papers published since 2000 (n=203), we evaluated the priority organic contaminants across China, revealed their spatial and temporal distributions at the national scale, identified their possible sources and fates in soil, assessed their potential environmental risks, and presented the challenges in current remediation technologies regarding the combined organic pollution of agricultural soils. The primary pollutants in Northeast China were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to intensive fossil fuel combustion. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were higher in North and Central China owing to concentrated agricultural activities. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were higher in East and South China primarily because of past industrial operations and improper electronic waste processing. The co-existence of organic contaminants was severe in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, which are the most populated and industrialized regions in China. Integrated biological-chemical remediation technologies, such as surfactant-enhanced bioremediation, have potential uses in the remediation of soil contaminated by multiple contaminants. This critical review highlighted several future research directions including combined pollution, interfacial interactions, food safety, bioavailability, ecological effects, and integrated remediation methods for combined organic pollution in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tongo I, Ezemonye L, Akpeh K. Distribution, characterization, and human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ovia River, Southern Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:247. [PMID: 28466449 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The levels and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water, sediment, and fish (Clarias gariepinus) samples from Ovia River, Southern Nigeria, were evaluated, to assess the contamination profile, dietary intake, and human health risks associated with exposure. Results showed that naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and fluoranthene were the most dominant contaminant in water, sediment, and fish, respectively, with mean concentrations (μg/L) of 3.08, 45.4, and 90.7. Spatial distribution showed high occurrence of PAHs in Ekenwan, the downstream station, for all the matrices. Source identification using multivariate analysis revealed mixed patterns of pyrogenic and petrogenic origins. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of PAHs through fish consumption ranged from 2.18 × 10-7 to 5.23 × 10-5 mg/kg/day; values were however lower than the reference dose (RfD) indicating low risk. Estimated values for hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard index (HI) for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were below 1 indicating low risk through dietary and non-dietary exposure to water, sediment, and fish from Ovia River. However, estimated HI values for direct ingestion of sediment were above 1, indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic health risk from exposure. Carcinogenic risk indices also indicated low risk from fish consumption. In spite of the assessed low risk from exposure, continuous monitoring of PAH levels in this water body is imperative to prevent future human health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isioma Tongo
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria.
| | - Lawrence Ezemonye
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Akpeh
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in wetland soils under different land uses along a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in a Chinese estuary. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17624. [PMID: 26633149 PMCID: PMC4668565 DOI: 10.1038/srep17624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil profiles were collected at a depth of 30 cm in ditch wetlands (DWs), riverine wetlands (RiWs) and reclaimed wetlands (ReWs) along a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in the Pearl River Delta. In total, 16 OCPs were measured to investigate the effects of wetland reclamation and reclamation history on OCP levels. Our results showed that average ∑DDTs, HCB, MXC, and ∑OCPs were higher in surface soils of DWs compared to RiWs and ReWs. Both D30 and D20 soils contained the highest ∑OCP levels, followed by D40 and D100 soils; lower ∑OCP levels occurred in D10 soils. Higher ∑OCP levels were observed in the younger RiWs than in the older ones, and surface soils exhibited higher ∑OCP concentrations in the older ReWs compared with younger ReWs. The predominant percentages of γ-HCH in ∑HCHs (>42%) and aldrin in ∑DRINs (>46%) in most samples reflected the recent use of lindane and aldrin. The presence of dominant DDT isomers (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD) indicated the historical input of DDT and significant aerobic degradation of the compound. Generally, DW soils had a higher ecotoxicological risk of OCPs than RiW and ReW soils, and the top 30 cm soils had higher ecotoxicological risks of HCHs than of DDTs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang D, Wang Y, Yu K, Li P, Zhang R, Xu Y. Occurrence, distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments from the Lijiang River, a typical karst river of southwestern China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:580-585. [PMID: 25260996 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Lijiang River is a typical karst river of southwestern China. Karst-aquifer systems are more vulnerable to contamination compared to other types of aquifers. The occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments from the Lijiang River were investigated to evaluate their potential ecological risks. The total concentrations of them in sediments ranged from 0.80 to 18.73 ng/g dry weight (dw) (mean 6.83 ng/g dw). The residue levels of OCPs varied in the order of HCB > HCHs > DDTs. Compositional analyses of OCPs showed that HCHs and DDTs were mainly from historical usage. The ecological risk assessment suggested that HCHs and DDTs in Lijiang River sediments may cause adverse ecological risks, particularly at sites near agricultural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Coral Reef Research Center, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu W, Huang B, Zhao Y, Sun W, Gu Z. Distribution, sources and potential risk of HCH and DDT in soils from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:345-358. [PMID: 23880843 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution, sources and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils (n = 544) collected from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, were elucidated. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 99.0 ng g(-1), dry weight (dw) (mean 3.23 ng g(-1) dw) and <LOD to 600 ng g(-1) dw (mean 88.8 ng g(-1) dw), respectively. Historical applications of HCH and DDT were the major sources of the residue in soils. HCH was mainly distributed in Anthrosols in the southern part of the watershed, while DDT was mainly distributed in Cambosols in the northern part. The 95 % cumulative probability incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of different age groups such as children, youths, and adults all exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10(-6) recommended by USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals. The spatial distributions of ∑ILCRs were consistent with concentrations of OCPs in soils, while they were slight different for the different age groups. Adult females had the greatest risk of OCPs in soils, followed by children, while youths had the least risk. The ingestion of OCPs in soils was the more important route of exposure compared with dermal and inhalation exposures. The concentration of OCPs in soils, the particulate emission factor, the fraction of dermal exposure ratio, and the soil ingestion rate were the major contributing variables to total ILCRs according to sensitivity analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng J, Wang T, Wang P, Giesy JP, Lu Y. Perfluorinated compounds and organochlorine pesticides in soils around Huaihe River: a heavily contaminated watershed in Central China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3965-3974. [PMID: 23649546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in surface soils along the Huaihe River. Sixteen target PFCs and nine OCPs were quantified in soils from a region of intensive industrial and agricultural development. Concentrations of PFCs and OCPs ranged from less than the limit of detection (LOD) to 1.22 ng/g and 3.63 to 227 ng/g, respectively. Contamination by OCPs was more serious than that of PFCs, which was consistent with the fact that OCPs were widely used in agriculture of the district while there was no known production or application of PFCs in the study area. The predominant PFCs in soils were PFOA and PFOS with concentrations that ranged from <LOD to 0.20 ng/g and <LOD to 0.21 ng/g, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, average concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, and HCB were 4.7, 23.7, and 1.4 ng/g, respectively. Results of principal component analysis revealed relatively weak associations between concentrations of PFCs and those of OCPs, while concentrations of OCPs exhibited similar patterns of distributions. Among the mainstream and five tributaries, the highest concentrations of PFCs were observed along the Pihe River, while the highest concentrations of OCPs occurred along the Xifeihe River. In general, concentrations of PFCs were evenly distributed, while those of OCPs exhibited relatively greater spatial differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang Z, Huang Q, Yang Y, Zhu X, Fu H. Organochlorine pesticides in the lower reaches of Yangtze River: occurrence, ecological risk and temporal trends. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 87:89-97. [PMID: 23146667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Residues of 24 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including DDT metabolites were investigated in the water and surface sediments from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to evaluate their pollution and potential risks. Concentrations of OCP residues (ΣOCP₂₄ ranged from 3.07 to 23.70 ng/L in water and 0.67 to 58.80 ng/g dw in sediments) were generally within safe levels, while adverse biological effects are likely from DDT pollution in the lower reaches. HCH and DDT residues dominated the OCPs. High detection rates but low concentrations of some other OCPs, such as chlordane and endosulfan, were detected in both water and sediments. The HCH and DDT residues in the lower reaches primarily originated from historical use of technical HCH and DDT, although additional sources of lindane and dicofol existed in the region. Temporal trends of pesticide contamination levels indicated that HCH concentrations have decreased over the past decades. However, there was no obvious trend of declining DDT concentrations in the sediments from the Yangtze River. The DDT metabolites, DDMU (bis (chlorophenyl)-1-chloroethylene), DBP (dichlorobenzophenone) and DDM (bis (chlorophenyl) methane), were also investigated for the first time in water and sediments from the Yangtze River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Regional Energy and Environmental Systems Optimization, Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wrobel MH, Mlynarczuk J, Kotwica J. The effect of DDT and its metabolite (DDE) on prostaglandin secretion from epithelial cells and on contractions of the smooth muscle of the bovine oviduct in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 259:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|