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Zheng Y, Zhang D, Sun Z, Yang Q, Liu Y, Cao T, Chen R, Dzakpasu M, Wang XC. Stereoselective degradation pathway of amide chiral herbicides and its impacts on plant and bacterial communities in integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:126997. [PMID: 35292382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the stereoselective degradation patterns and biodegradation mechanisms of metolachlor (MET) and napropamide (NAP) in integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands (IVCW). The higher interphase transferability of NAP resulted in higher degradation rates of 90.60 ± 4.09%. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) values of 0.38 ± 0.02 and 0.54 ± 0.03, respectively, recorded for the enantiomers S-MET and R-NAP, with higher herbicidal activities, demonstrated their highly selective biodegradation patterns. The antioxidant enzyme activities and fluorescence parameters of plants showed positive correlations with the degradation efficiency and enantioselectivity of MET and NAP. Adaptive regulations by plants promoted the proliferation of microbial genera like Enterobacter and unclassified_Burkholderiales, which could facilitate plant growth. Moreover, enrichment of the herbicide-degrading functional bacteria Terrimonas (5.10%), Comamonas (4.05%) Pseudoxanthomonas (4.49%) and Mycobacterium (1.42%) demonstrably promoted the preferential degradation of S-MET and R-NAP. Furthermore, the abundance of Ferruginibacter favored the use of R-NAP as carbon source to achieve co-removal of R-NAP and NO3--N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Ting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Feng Y, Zhong X, Yao Y, Shi Z, Li F, Wang H, Lv X, Du W, Zhu M, Yang H, Meng D. Photosynthetic and physiological responses to acetochlor in paired near-isogenic lines of waxy maize (Zea mays L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19298-19309. [PMID: 33394398 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetochlor is always used in maize (Zea mays L.) fields as a common pre-emergence herbicide. In this field study, we investigated the effects of acetochlor on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activities in acetochlor-resistant (BWC95) and acetochlor-sensitive (BWC12) near-isogenic lines. We sprayed acetochlor after sowing, using water treatment as the control. After spraying acetochlor, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and the function of chloroplasts were significantly lower in BWC12 than BWC95, whereas the intercellular CO2 concentrations and stomatal limitation values were higher. In addition to nonphotochemical quenching, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements obtained using leaves showed that the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, and electron transport rate were higher in BWC95 than BWC12 after acetochlor treatment. H2O2 and O2˙- levels were higher in BWC12 than BWC95, which resulted in severe membrane lipid peroxidation due to sustained oxidative stress. Thus, the malondialdehyde content increased significantly with the exposure time in BWC12, and the antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in BWC12 than BWC95. The results show that acetochlor resistance is directly related to a high photosynthetic rate and a protective antioxidant enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhan Yao
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Shi
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghai Li
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Lv
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanli Du
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhu
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Yang
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexuan Meng
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
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Zhang N, Xie F, Guo QN, Yang H. Environmental disappearance of acetochlor and its bioavailability to weed: A general prototype for reduced herbicide application instruction. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129108. [PMID: 33277001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The consecutive application of herbicide acetochlor has resulted in the widespread drug resistance of weeds and the high risks to environment and human health. To assess environmental behaviors and minimal dosage of acetochlor application in the realistic soil, we systematically investigated the acetochlor adsorption/desorption, mobility, leaching, degradation, weed bioavailability and lethal dosage of acetochlor in three soil types including Nanjing (NJ), Yancheng (YC) and Yingtan (YT). Under the same conditions (60% moisture and darkness), acetochlor had a half-life of disappearance 3 days in NJ, 4.9 days in YC and 25.7 days in YT soils. The HRLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analyses identified ten metabolites and eight conjugates generated through dealkylation, hydroxylation, thiol conjugation and glycosylation pathways. The acetochlor adsorption to soils ranked in the order of YT > YC > NJ and was committed to the Freundlich model. By examining the effects of soil moisture, microbial activity, illumination/darkness, etc. on acetochlor degradation in soils, we showed that the chemical metabolisms could undergo multiple processes through soil microbial degradation, hydrolysis or photolysis-mediated mechanisms. The longitudinal migration assay revealed that acetochlor leaching ability in the three soils was YT > YC > NJ, which was negatively associated with the order of adsorption behavior. Four kinds of weed were grown in the acetochlor-contaminated NJ soil. The lethal concentrations for the weed plantlets were 0.16-0.3 mg/kg, much lower than the dosage of realistic field application. Overall, our work provided novel insights into the mechanism for acetochlor behaviors in soils, the natural degradation process in the environment, and the lethal concentration to the tested weed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qian Nan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhang Y, Xue W, Long R, Yang H, Wei W. Acetochlor affects zebrafish ovarian development by producing estrogen effects and inducing oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27688-27696. [PMID: 32394252 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acetochlor is one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide and widely distributed in the water environment. However, studies on the reproductive influence of acetochlor are still limited. To investigate the impact and potential mechanism of acetochlor on fish ovarian development, zebrafish were utilized as experiment models. The ovarian histology, ovarian development-related genes, and plasma oxidative stress-related indexes were investigated following acetochlor (at nominal concentration 1, 10, and 100 μg/L) exposure for 7 and 21 days. Results showed that low-dose acetochlor had estrogen effect and induced zebrafish estradiol (E2) and ovarian vitellogenin (Vtg) synthesis and promoted ovarian development, while long-term exposure to higher doses of acetochlor reduced the ability of ovarian resistance to oxidative stress and destroyed the development of the ovary. Moreover, bone morphogenetic protein 15 (bmp15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (gdf9) were also involved in the influence of acetochlor on the ovarian development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runze Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenzhi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Capela R, Garric J, Castro LFC, Santos MM. Embryo bioassays with aquatic animals for toxicity testing and hazard assessment of emerging pollutants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135740. [PMID: 31838430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review article gathers the available information on the use of embryo-tests as high-throughput tools for toxicity screening, hazard assessment and prioritization of new and existing chemical compounds. The approach is contextualized considering the new legal trends for animal experimentation, fostering the 3R policy, with reduction of experimental animals, addressing the potential of embryo-tests as high-throughput toxicity screening and prioritizing tools. Further, the current test guidelines, such as the ones provided by OECD and EPA, focus mainly in a limited number of animal lineages, particularly vertebrates and arthropods. To extrapolate hazard assessment to the ecosystem scale, a larger diversity of taxa should be tested. The use of new experimental animal models in toxicity testing, from a representative set of taxa, was thoroughly revised and discussed in this review. Here, we critically review current tools and the main advantages and drawbacks of different animal models and set researcher priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Capela
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; IRSTEA - National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture - Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jeanne Garric
- IRSTEA - National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture - Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Luís Filipe Costa Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Song X, Zhang F, Chen D, Bian Q, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhu B. Study on systemic and reproductive toxicity of acetochlor in male mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetochlor is one of the three most abundant herbicides used in China, which is a pre-emergence herbicide belonging to chloroacetanilides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Song
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
- Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Dongya Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qian Bian
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hengdong Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing
- China
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Cheng L, Xu S, Xu C, Lu H, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Mu W, Liu F. Effects of trans-2-hexenal on reproduction, growth and behaviour and efficacy against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:888-895. [PMID: 27414986 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious quarantined pest that causes severe damage and major economic losses to pine forests. Because of the adverse effects of some traditional nematicides on humans and the environment, the search for new plant toxicants against these nematodes has intensified. Nematicidal activity of trans-2-hexenal, which is a six-carbon aldehyde present in many plants, was tested against the nematode. RESULTS trans-2-Hexenal showed significant efficacy against B. xylophilus in a dose range of 349.5-699 g m-3 by fumigation of pinewood logs. Additionally, it had significant nematicidal activity against different life stages of B. xylophilus in an in vitro test, with second-stage larvae (L2s) being the most sensitive, with an LC50 value of 9.87 µg mL-1 at 48 h. Egg hatch was also significantly inhibited. Further studies revealed that trans-2-hexenal inhibited the reproductive activity of B. xylophilus, with negative effects on reproduction rate and egg numbers. Moreover, trans-2-hexenal reduced the body length of B. xylophilus. Respiratory rate and thrashing behaviour of B. xylophilus also decreased following treatment with this compound. CONCLUSION trans-2-Hexenal had significant nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus, providing a basis for elucidation of the mode of action of trans-2-hexenal against plant-parasitic nematodes in future studies. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangyu Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongbao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Daxia Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Fingler S, Mendaš G, Dvoršćak M, Stipičević S, Vasilić Ž, Drevenkar V. Herbicide micropollutants in surface, ground and drinking waters within and near the area of Zagreb, Croatia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11017-11030. [PMID: 27335015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and mass concentrations of 13 herbicide micropollutants (triazines, phenylureas, chloroacetanilides and trifluralin) were investigated during 2014 in surface, ground and drinking waters in the area of the city of Zagreb and its suburbs. Herbicide compounds were accumulated from water by solid-phase extraction using either octadecylsilica or styrene-divinylbenzene sorbent cartridges and analysed either by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detector or gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Atrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide in drinking (84 % of samples) and ground (61 % of samples) waters in mass concentrations of 5 to 68 ng L-1. It was followed by metolachlor and terbuthylazine, the former being detected in 54 % of drinking (up to 15 ng L-1) and 23 % of ground (up to 100 ng L-1) waters, and the latter in 45 % of drinking (up to 20 ng L-1) and 26 % of ground (up to 25 ng L-1) water samples. Acetochlor was the fourth most abundant herbicide in drinking waters, detected in 32 % of samples. Its mass concentrations of 107 to 117 ng L-1 in three tap water samples were the highest of all herbicides measured in the drinking waters. The most frequently (62 % of samples) and highly (up to 887 ng L-1) detected herbicide in surface waters was metolachlor, followed by terbuthylazine detected in 49 % of samples in mass concentrations of up to 690 ng L-1, and atrazine detected in 30 % of samples in mass concentrations of up to 18 ng L-1. The seasonal variations in herbicide concentrations in surface waters were observed for terbuthylazine, metolachlor, acetochlor, chlortoluron and isoproturon with the highest concentrations measured from April to August.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Fingler
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - G Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Dvoršćak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Stipičević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ž Vasilić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Drevenkar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ockleford C, Adriaanse P, Berny P, Brock T, Duquesne S, Grilli S, Hernandez-Jerez AF, Bennekou SH, Klein M, Kuhl T, Laskowski R, Machera K, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Stemmer M, Sundh I, Teodorovic I, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Wolterink G, Craig P, de Jong F, Manachini B, Sousa P, Swarowsky K, Auteri D, Arena M, Rob S. Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04690. [PMID: 32625401 PMCID: PMC7009882 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science behind the risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms. The current risk assessment scheme is reviewed, taking into account new regulatory frameworks and scientific developments. Proposals are made for specific protection goals for in-soil organisms being key drivers for relevant ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes such as nutrient cycling, soil structure, pest control and biodiversity. Considering the time-scales and biological processes related to the dispersal of the majority of in-soil organisms compared to terrestrial non-target arthropods living above soil, the Panel proposes that in-soil environmental risk assessments are made at in- and off-field scale considering field boundary levels. A new testing strategy which takes into account the relevant exposure routes for in-soil organisms and the potential direct and indirect effects is proposed. In order to address species recovery and long-term impacts of PPPs, the use of population models is also proposed.
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