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Wang Q, Xie D, Peng L, Chen C, Li C, Que X. Phytotoxicity of atrazine combined with cadmium on photosynthetic apparatus of the emergent plant species Iris pseudacorus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34798-34812. [PMID: 35040052 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combined pollution, instead of single pollution, has become a widespread contamination phenomenon in aquatic environment. However, little information is now available about the joint effects of the combined pollution, especially co-existed pesticides and heavy metals, on aquatic plants. In the present study, using continuous excitation chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the OJIP transient, comparisons of herbicide atrazine (ATZ) phytotoxicity on Iris pseudacorus between in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd) were evaluated over an exposure period of three weeks under laboratory conditions. Results showed that both ATZ and Cd were toxic to I. pseudacorus. The ratio Fv/Fo, specific electron transport energy (ET0/RC), and photochemistry efficiency (PIabs and PItotal) of this emergent plant species at individual ATZ and Cd concentrations were significantly lower than those of the control. ATZ mainly inhibited electron transport beyond QA at PSII acceptor side as indicated by the sharp rise of the J-step level of fluorescence rise kinetics. A pronounced K-step and the loss of I-step due to the damage on the OEC and PSI also occurred when ATZ was at or above 1.0 mg·L-1. In comparison to ATZ alone, ATZ combined with Cd resulted in a lower amplitude rise in J-step with apparent J-I and I-P phases; and significantly lower Fo with higher Fv/Fo, as well as greater ET0/RC with higher values of PIabs and PItotal. However, the adverse influences of ATZ combined with Cd on the above indicators were still significant as compared with the control. Therefore, the coexistence of Cd alleviated the individual phytotoxicities of ATZ, whereas combined pollution of ATZ and Cd still induced the decline in photosynthetic performance of I. pseudacorus, and its potential ecological impacts on the aquatic vegetation cannot be ignored. Our findings offer a better understanding of the joint effects of the pesticide and heavy metal on non-target aquatic plants, and provided valuable insights into the interaction of these pollutants in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Wang
- Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Dongyu Xie
- Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lei Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Cui Li
- Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaoe Que
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Xie D, Chen C, Li C, Wang Q. Influence of Cd on atrazine degradation and the formation of three primary metabolites in water under the combined pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16081-16091. [PMID: 33247401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand the influence of Cd on atrazine (ATZ) degradation in aqueous solution, the degradation of different initial levels of ATZ (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg·L-1) was investigated in the presence and absence of Cd2+ in a 20-day laboratory experiment. It was found that Cd2+ caused a significant decrease in ATZ degradation and increased its half-life from 17-34 days to 30-57 days (p < 0.0001). Regarding the three most common metabolites of ATZ, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were detected in water earlier than hydroxyatrazine (HYA). The DEA content was several times higher than the DIA and HYA contents, regardless of the presence or absence of Cd2+. In the presence of Cd2+, the DIA content was significantly lower and the HYA content was significantly higher. Furthermore, Cd2+ had a dose-dependent effect on HYA formation. Our results indicated that the coexistence of Cd2+ and ATZ resulted in greater herbicide persistence, thereby possibly increasing the risk of environmental contamination. DEA was still the predominant ATZ degradation product detected in water under the combined pollution, which was similar to the ATZ tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Cui Li
- Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Qinghai Wang
- Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Harshkova D, Majewska M, Pokora W, Baścik-Remisiewicz A, Tułodziecki S, Aksmann A. Diclofenac and atrazine restrict the growth of a synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii population via various mechanisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105698. [PMID: 33307391 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is commonly found in freshwater bodies and can have adverse effects on non-target organisms. Among the studies on DCF toxicity, several ones have reported its harmful effects on plants and algae. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of DCF toxicity towards green algae, we used a synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc-1690 culture and compared DCF (135 mg/L) effects with effects caused by atrazine (ATR; 77.6 μg/L), an herbicide with a well-known mechanism of toxic action. To achieve our goal, cell number and size, photosynthetic oxygen consumption/evolution, chlorophyll a fluorescence in vivo, H2O2 production by the cells, antioxidative enzymes encoding genes expression were analyzed during light phase of the cell cycle. We have found, that DCF and ATR affect C. reinhardtii through different mechanisms. ATR inhibited the photosynthetic electron transport chain and induced oxidative stress in chloroplast. Such chloroplastic energetics disruption indirectly influenced respiration, the intensification of which could partially mitigate low efficiency of photosynthetic energy production. As a result, ATR inhibited the growth of single cell leading to limitation in C. reinhardtii population development. In contrast to ATR-treated algae, in DCF-treated cells the fraction of active PSII reaction centers was diminished without drastic changes in electron transport or oxidative stress symptoms in chloroplast. However, significant increase in transcript level of gene encoding for mitochondria-located catalase indicates respiratory processes as a source of H2O2 overproduced in the DCF-treated cells. Because the single cell growth was not strongly affected by DCF, its adverse effect on progeny cell number seemed to be related rather to arresting of cell divisions. Concluding, although the DCF phytotoxic action appeared to be different from the action of the typical herbicide ATR, it can act as algal growth-inhibiting factor in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Harshkova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Majewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pokora
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Baścik-Remisiewicz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Tułodziecki
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Aksmann
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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Machado AI, Fragoso R, Dordio AV, Duarte E. Performance of Iris pseudacorus and Typha domingensis for furosemide removal in a hydroponic system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:863-871. [PMID: 32028785 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1717431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Iris pseudacorus and Typha domingensis to remove the pharmaceutical active compound (PhAC) Furosemide from a nutrient solution was assessed. Both plants were exposed to 2 mg L-1 of furosemide during 21 days and the removal of furosemide was monitored. Vessels without furosemide were also implemented as control systems for plants development. Likewise, unplanted vessels with furosemide were employed to assess abiotic removal mechanisms. All vessels were covered with aluminum foil to avoid photodegradation of the compound. Both plants showed potential to remove Furosemide, attaining, at the end of the experiment, a removal of 42.0-66.9% and 40.5-57.8%, for Typha and Iris, respectively. The plants do not presented a visible negative stress response to the exposure to furosemide, having a positive growth rate at the end of the experiment. Biodegradation seems to play an important role in furosemide removal, being enhanced by the presence of the plants. The two macrophytes presented different removal behaviors, particularly in the first 48 h of contact time. FUR removal by Iris follows a pseudo-first order while by Typha is divide in different phases. These results indicate that different plants species seem to have different mechanisms to remove pollutants from water.HighlightsPhACs removal potential of Iris pseudacorus and Typha domingensis was assessed.Plants were exposed to 2 mg L-1 of furosemide during 21 days.Both macrophytes showed good removal efficiencies.Biodegradation of furosemide seems to be the main removal mechanism.Plants demonstrated different removal behavior along the experiment.Removal mechanisms of plants seem to differ between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Machado
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Évora, Portugal
- CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Fragoso
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A V Dordio
- Departamento de Química, MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Évora, Portugal
| | - E Duarte
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hanson M, Baxter L, Anderson J, Solomon K, Brain R. Strength of methods assessment for aquatic primary producer toxicity data: A critical review of atrazine studies from the peer-reviewed literature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1221-1239. [PMID: 31390712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Improving the quality of pesticide toxicity studies is a shared goal in ecotoxicology and a priority for risk assessors. Using the herbicide atrazine and testing on primary producers as a case study, we developed and applied a transparent scoring system for assessing the quality of peer-reviewed studies. The exercise also highlights where data gaps exist for planning future work. We determined that, while a large number of studies (147) present experimental data fitting basic inclusion criteria, only a small proportion provide sufficient information on the test substance, test organism, and test results to be considered of sufficient quality (i.e., a minimum score of >8 out of 16, meaning no critical study weaknesses identified) that would allow recommendation for their use in decision-making. Optimal studies for use in first tier risk assessment were further identified for each taxonomic group as the highest-scoring study scoring >8, that also used the technical grade active ingredient, reported an EC50 for a population-level endpoint (e.g. cell density, dry weight), and an exposure period in line with standard tests (≤96-h for algae, ≤14-d for macrophytes). Ultimately, 22 freshwater studies (four periphyton, ten macrophytes, and eight phytoplankton) achieved scores >8. Only one study with marine phytoplankton scored >8, and no studies met the risk assessment inclusion criteria for marine/estuarine periphyton or macrophytes. This indicates a potential research need with respect to toxicity data for salt-water species. Finally, registrant studies were evaluated, and in many cases, were the most appropriate for risk assessment, with the greatest scores observed for their respective species relative to those reported in the peer-reviewed literature. This exercise highlights the importance of defining and identifying well-performed toxicity tests, illuminating knowledge gaps, and reporting high quality data in support of the risk assessment process outside of the standard regulatory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | | | - Julie Anderson
- Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Keith Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard Brain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC, 27409, USA
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Weerakoon HPAT, Atapaththu KSS, Asanthi HB. Toxicity evaluation and environmental risk assessment of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) on non-target aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30463-30474. [PMID: 30168109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plants in agricultural landscapes play a vital role in maintaining the ecological integrity within the aquatic systems while facing an array of disturbances. Among them, information on herbicide exposure on non-target aquatic plants is scarce. The present study was designed to fill this information gap by detecting the impacts of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) on Hydrilla verticillata using morpho-anatomical and physiological biomarkers and assessing the environmental risk of MCPA to the non-target environment. H. verticillata was exposed to different MCPA concentrations (10, 100, 500, 1000 μg/L) and control (0 μg/L) for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, plant growth, pigments, H2O2 content, peroxidase activity (POD) and plant anatomy were compared. The environmental risk was assessed using predicted environmental concentration/predicted no effect concentration (PEC:PNEC) ratio, hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Control plants exhibited the highest growth, and a growth decline was noted in parallel to MCPA exposure, where a similar trend was detected for the plant pigment contents. MCPA induced chlorosis and oxidative stress in H. verticillata. Risk analysis detected high values for PEC:PNEC ratios (3-9), HQ (1.92-5.79) and HI (28.15). MCPA-exposed H. verticillata could recover once those plants received natural conditions. Overall, present findings showed the negative impacts of MCPA on non-target aquatic plant H. verticillata. These findings will be useful to clarify the interaction between agrochemicals and non-target aquatic plants. Such information would benefit to decide the criteria in aquatic ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthi Sri Senarathna Atapaththu
- Department of Limnology and Water Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, 81000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Hewa Bandulage Asanthi
- Department of Limnology and Water Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, 81000, Sri Lanka
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Wang Q, Que X, Zheng R, Pang Z, Li C, Xiao B. Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9646-57. [PMID: 25616382 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergent plants Acorus calamus, Lythrum salicaria, and Scirpus tabernaemontani were exposed to atrazine for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days in a hydroponic system. Effects were evaluated investigating plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Results showed that selected plants survived in culture solution with atrazine ≤8 mg L(-1), but relative growth rates decreased significantly in the first 15-day exposure. Chla content decreased, but MDA increased with increasing atrazine concentration. S. tabernaemontani was the most insensitive species, followed by A. calamus and L.salicaria. The growth indicators exhibited significant changes in the early stage of atrazine exposure; subsequently, the negative impacts weakened and disappeared. Plant growth may be more representative of emergent plant fitness than physiological endpoints in toxicity assessment of herbicides to emergent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Wang
- Beijing Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China,
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