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Waly SM, El-Wakil AM, Abou El-Maaty WM, Awad FS. Hydrothermal synthesis of Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide modified water hyacinth hydrochar for remediation of wastewater containing mordant brown dye. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15281-15292. [PMID: 38741953 PMCID: PMC11089461 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A high-performance dye adsorbent of Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide modified water hyacinth hydrochar (MgAl@WH) was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The surface functional groups, elemental composition, crystalline structure, and surface morphology of the prepared (MgAl@WH) were determined using different analytical techniques. The characterization results revealed that the (MgAl@WH) hydrochar surface offered more active adsorption sites, facilitating the mordant brown (anionic dye) adsorption, leading to its superior performance with much higher uptake capability (311.0 mg g-1 at 298 K) than Mg/Al double hydroxide nanosheets (MgAl DLHs, 80.2 mg g-1 at 298 K) and dried water hyacinth (WH, 10.0 mg g-1 at 298 K). The adsorption behavior of MgAL@WH follows the pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) and Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999). Moreover, MgAl@WH bonded efficiently with mordant brown dye via hydrogen bonding and interlayer anion exchange with monolayer formation. Additionally, the recycling tests revealed that the MgAl@WH can be reused over 10 cycles without significant change in the removal efficiency. Based on the obtained findings, Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide modified water hyacinth hydrochar (MgAl@WH), for its economic and environmental benefits, has recently been used as an efficient adsorbent to remediate industrial wastewater containing anionic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia M Waly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201000166374
| | - Ahmad M El-Wakil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201000166374
| | - Weam M Abou El-Maaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201000166374
| | - Fathi S Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201000166374
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Mansoura University New Mansoura 35712 Egypt
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2
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Forsten E, Finger M, Scholand T, Deitert A, Kauffmann K, Büchs J. Inoculum cell count influences separation efficiency and variance in Ames plate incorporation and Ames RAMOS test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167035. [PMID: 37709100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ames test is one of the most applied tools in mutagenicity testing of chemicals ever since its introduction by Ames et al. in the 1970s. Its principle is based on histidine auxotrophic bacteria that regain prototrophy through reverse mutations. In the presence of a mutagen, more reverse mutations occur that become visible as increased bacterial growth on medium without histidine. Many miniaturized formats of the Ames test have emerged to enable the testing of environmental water samples, increase experimental throughput, and lower the required amounts of test substances. However, most of these formats still rely on endpoint determinations. In contrast, the recently introduced Ames RAMOS test determines mutagenicity through online monitoring of the oxygen transfer rate. In this study, the oxygen transfer rate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 during the Ames plate incorporation test was monitored and compared to the Ames RAMOS test to prove its validity further. Furthermore, the Ames RAMOS test in 96-well scale is newly introduced. For both the Ames plate incorporation and the Ames RAMOS test, the influence of the inoculum cell count on the negative control was highlighted: A lower inoculum cell count led to a higher coefficient of variation. However, a lower inoculum cell count also led to a higher separation efficiency in the Ames RAMOS test and, thus, to better detection of a mutagenic substance at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Forsten
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maurice Finger
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Scholand
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Deitert
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Kauffmann
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Saleem U, Chauhdary Z, Bakhtawar Z, Alqahtani J, Farrukh M, Alsharif I, Baokbah TAS, Shah MA, Blundell R, Panichayupakaranant P. Curcuminoids-enriched extract and its cyclodextrin inclusion complexes ameliorates arthritis in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic mice via modulation of inflammatory biomarkers and suppression of oxidative stress markers. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:3047-3062. [PMID: 37955785 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Curcuma longa extract and its marker curcuminoids have potential use in inflammatory conditions. However, curcuminoids solubility and bioavailability are major hindrances to their bioactivity. The current study investigated green extraction-based curcuminoids-enriched extract (CRE) prepared from C. longa and its cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, i.e., binary inclusion complexes (BC) and ternary inclusion complexes (TC), in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced mice for their comparative anti-arthritic efficacy. CRE, BC, and TC (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) with the standard drug diclofenac sodium (13.5 mg/kg) were orally administered to mice for 4 weeks. Variations in body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters, along with gene expression analysis of arthritis biomarkers, were studied in animals. The histopathological analysis and radiographic examination of joints were also performed. CRE, BC and TC treatment significantly restored the arthritic index, histopathology and body weight changes. The concentration of C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor and other liver function parameters were significantly recovered by curcuminoids formulations. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) gene expression was considerably (p < 0.001) downregulated, while on the other side, the anti-inflammatory genes IL-4 and IL-10 were upregulated by the use of CRE and its complexes. The concentration of antioxidant enzymes was considerably (P < 0.001) recovered by CRE, BC and TC with marked decrease in lipid peroxidation, erosion of bone, inflammation of joints and pannus formation in comparison to arthritic control animals. Therefore, it is concluded that green CRE and its cyclodextrin formulations with enhanced solubility could be considered as an applicable therapeutic choice to treat chronic polyarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zunera Chauhdary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Bakhtawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawaher Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farrukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tourki A S Baokbah
- Department of Medical Emergency Services, College of Health Sciences-AlQunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, 90112, Thailand.
| | - Renald Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, 90112, Thailand.
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Centre, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, 90112, Thailand.
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Tzima CS, Banti CN, Hadjikakou SK. Assessment of the biological effect of metal ions and their complexes using Allium cepa and Artemia salina assays: a possible environmental implementation of biological inorganic chemistry. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:611-629. [PMID: 36149503 PMCID: PMC9569305 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pollution of aquatic ecosystems due to the elevated concentration of a variety of contaminants, such as metal ions, poses a threat to humankind, as these ecosystems are in high relevance with human activities and survivability. The exposure in heavy metal ions is responsible for many severe chronic and pathogenic diseases and some types of cancer as well. Metal ions of the groups 11 (Cu, Ag, Au), 12 (Zn, Cd, Hg), 14 (Sn, Pb) and 15 (Sb, Bi) highly interfere with proteins leading to DNA damage and oxidative stress. While, the detection of these contaminants is mainly based on physicochemical analysis, the chemical determination, however, is deemed ineffective in some cases because of their complex nature. The development of biological models for the evaluation of the presence of metal ions is an attractive solution, which provides more insights regarding their effects. The present work critically reviews the reports published regarding the toxicity assessment of heavy metal ions through Allium cepa and Artemia salina assays. The in vivo toxicity of the agents is not only dose depended, but it is also strongly affected by their ligand type. However, there is no comprehensive study which compares the biological effect of chemical agents against Allium cepa and Artemia salina. Reports that include metal ions and complexes interaction with either Allium cepa or Artemia salina bio-indicators are included in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula S Tzima
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christina N Banti
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Sotiris K Hadjikakou
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece. .,Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece.
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Li A, Qiao Y, Jiang X, Zhao M, Zhao L. Facile synthesis of high-efficiency magnetic graphitic carbon nitride adsorbents for the selective removal of hazardous anionic dyes in wastewater. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15842-15853. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel composite adsorbent was successfully prepared by a simple impregnation method. The prepared adsorbent not only exhibits ultra-efficient and selective removal of anionic dyes, but also shows excellent performance in practical water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yongyao Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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WITHDRAWN: Synthesis and characterization of nano-zinc oxide: adsorption of acid blue 92 dye, isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Methneni N, Ezdini K, Ben Abdeljelil N, Van Loco J, Van den Houwe K, Jabeur R, Fekih Sallem O, Jaziri A, Fernandez-Serrano M, Khdary NH, Ben Mansour H. Occurrence of Textile Dyes and Metals in Tunisian Textile Dyeing Effluent: Effects on Oxidative Stress Status and Histological Changes in Balb/c Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212568. [PMID: 34830450 PMCID: PMC8619562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that textile wastewater contains highly toxic contaminants whose effects in humans represent public health problems in several countries, studies involving mammal species are scarce. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of 90-days oral administration of textile dyeing effluent (TDE) on oxidative stress status and histological changes of male mice. The TDE was collected from the textile plant of Monastir, Tunisia and evaluated for the metals, aromatic amines, and textile dyes using analytical approaches. Metal analysis by ICP-MS showed that the tested TDE exhibited very high levels of Cr, As, and Sr, which exceeded the wastewater emission limits prescribed by WHO and Tunisian authority. The screening of TDE through UPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of two textile dyes: a triphenylmethane dye (Crystal violet) and a disperse azo dye (Disperse yellow 3). Exposure to TDE significantly altered the malondialdehyde (MDA), Conjugated dienes (CDs), Sulfhydryl proteins (SHP) and catalase levels in the hepatic and renal tissues. Furthermore, histopathology observation showed that hepatocellular and renal lesions were induced by TDE exposure. The present study concluded that TDE may involve induction of oxidative stress which ensues in pathological lesions in several vital organs suggesting its high toxicity. Metals and textile dyes may be associated with the observed toxicological effects of the TDE. These pollutants, which may have seeped into surrounding rivers in Monastir city, can cause severe health malaise in wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosra Methneni
- Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment–APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (N.M.); (O.F.S.); (A.J.)
- Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (J.V.L.); (K.V.d.H.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain;
| | - Khawla Ezdini
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Nouha Ben Abdeljelil
- Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (J.V.L.); (K.V.d.H.)
| | - Kathy Van den Houwe
- Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (J.V.L.); (K.V.d.H.)
| | - Riheb Jabeur
- Department of Matter and Life Sciences, Bretagne Sud University, IRDL, FRE CNRS 3744, CER Yves Coppens, BP573, 56000 Vannes, France;
| | - Ons Fekih Sallem
- Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment–APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (N.M.); (O.F.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Ahlem Jaziri
- Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment–APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (N.M.); (O.F.S.); (A.J.)
| | | | - Nezar H. Khdary
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (N.H.K.); (H.B.M.)
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis, Process Applied to the Environment–APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (N.M.); (O.F.S.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.K.); (H.B.M.)
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Methneni N, Morales-González JA, Jaziri A, Mansour HB, Fernandez-Serrano M. Persistent organic and inorganic pollutants in the effluents from the textile dyeing industries: Ecotoxicology appraisal via a battery of biotests. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110956. [PMID: 33675797 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Today, the textile industry is considered as a leading economic sector in Tunisia. However, this sector demands a huge volume of water and a wide spectrum of chemicals, which is converted into potentially toxic wastewater leading to environmental perturbation and human health toxicity. Assessment of the environmental risks associated with textile wastewater becomes a necessity. In this study, textile dyeing wastewater samples were collected before and after the physico-chemical treatment carried out by textile companies located in Monastir-city-Tunisia and subjected to chemical analyzes in order to determine their physicochemical characteristics and the content of metals and textile dyes. The ecotoxicological assessment was performed using four organisms, namely Selenastrum capricornutum, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Lepidium sativum, to represent different trophic levels. Based on chemical data, some physicochemical parameters (e.g. TSS, COD and TSS levels) and metals (e.g. Cr, Hg and Sb) in the textile dyeing effluents were revealed not in compliance with the Tunisian standard. Moreover, high quantities of three disperse dyes have been detected even in the textile dyeing wastewater samples before and after treatments. The ecotoxicological data confirmed that the textile dyeing influents displayed toxic effects to all the test organisms, with Selenastrum capricornutum being the most sensitive organism. While, the above toxic effects were decreased slightly when evaluating the treated effluents. Metals and textile disperse dyes could be associated with the observed toxic effects of the textile influents and effluents. In fact, the treatment process applied by the evaluated companies was only partially efficient at removing metals, disperse dyes and effluent ecotoxicity, suggesting potential risks to aquatic biota. These findings emphasize the importance of applying integrated chemical and biological approaches for continuous evaluation of the toxicity of the treated effluents to predict hazards on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosra Methneni
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ahlem Jaziri
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Saleem M, Hussain A, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Sadeeqa S, Naheed S. Ameliorating effect of Malva Neglecta on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000418901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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10
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Saleem A, Saleem M, Akhtar MF, Ashraf Baig MMF, Rasul A. HPLC analysis, cytotoxicity, and safety study of Moringa oleifera Lam. (wild type) leaf extract. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13400. [PMID: 32729119 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study was planned to evaluate toxicity of M. oleifera leaf methanol extract in Wistar rats, cytotoxic potential and chemically characterize it. Acute toxicity study revealed no mortality at 2,000 mg/kg dose. In subchronic toxicity, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg extract were administered in both sexes for 90 days. A decrease in body weight, cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins, as well as an increase in the platelet count were observed. The histology of heart, lung, and kidney was normal. The oxidative stress biomarkers were normal in the liver tissue. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that IC50 of the plant extract was more than 1,000 µg/ml. FTIR explored various functional groups and HPLC analysis indicated the presence of kaempferol and quercetin in the plant extract. These results showed that the plant extract might be safe up to 2,000 mg/kg single dose. The long term use of the plant extract was mostly devoid of major system toxicities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: M. oleifera is a multipurpose tree. It is a cruciferous plant that has nutritional as well as medicinal properties. It is exhibited a multitude of nutraceutical or pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anticancer, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive activities. It is widely used by local inhabitants for their health, food, agriculture, and cosmetic purposes. Among other plant parts, its leaves are mostly used as a functional food because of abundant proteins, β-carotene, polyphenol, vitamin C, and vitamin E. The current study was designed to validate its safety in acute and long term use. The data of this study suggested that the plant can be safely used as a nutraceutical as well as a nutritional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Xu S, Niu X, Hou Z, Gao C, Lu J, Pang Y, Fang M, Lu Y, Chen Y, S JK, Li T, Xu J. A multifunctional gelatine-quaternary ammonium copolymer: An efficient material for reducing dye emission in leather tanning process by superior anionic dye adsorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 383:121142. [PMID: 31639610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leather wastewater is one of the most polluting industrial emissions. The efficiency of wastewater remediation is limited by its complex composition. Herein, a novel strategy for designing modified gelatine with higher degree of quaternization (MG-2) is presented. The higher degree of quaternization allows sufficient adsorption of dyes in the tanning process. It is an in situ, environmentally friendly, and innovative strategy to limit dye emissions and can circumvent the subsequent waste management. Dyes such as Direct Purple N and Acid Black 24 could be adsorbed completely within 5 min by the MG-2 film formed from MG-2 solution. In addition, a remarkable efficiency in removing Acid Red 73, Golden Orange G, and Acid Orange II (>96.1% removal rates) was achieved within 30 min. The adsorption equilibrium data suggested that the adsorption capacity was positively correlated to the concentration of MG-2. When Acid Orange II and MG-2 were used in the industrial re-tanning process, the residual dye concentration in wastewater was only 23.1 mg L-1, indicating that MG-2 is a promising re-tanning agent for adsorbing dyes in the leather tanning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Xinlei Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Zhaosheng Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Chunhong Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Yiyi Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Ming Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Joshy K S
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Tianduo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China.
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Adsorption Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Three Typical Dyes onto Bio-adsorbent Spent Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050679. [PMID: 30813535 PMCID: PMC6427265 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dyeing wastewater is very hard to treat, and adsorption could be a good choice. Spent substrate of Pleurotus eryngii (SSPE) was first used to adsorb malachite green, safranine T and methylene blue from aqueous solutions, and the corresponding adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics and dynamics models were simulated. More than 93% of the dyes were removed with solutions with 100 mg/L of initial dye concentration, 1 g of SSPE and pH of 6.0 after adsorption for 4 h. Freundlich isotherm models fit better the adsorption data than Langmuir models. Adsorption of the dyes onto SSPE was a spontaneous exothermic process based on an adsorption thermodynamics model. SSPE could adsorb the dyes rapidly, and a second-order kinetics model fit better with the adsorption data than a pseudo first-order kinetics model. Accordingly, SSPE could be a good bio-adsorbent for the removal of malachite green, safranine T and methylene blue from the aqueous solution.
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Zanoni I, Crosera M, Ortelli S, Blosi M, Adami G, Larese Filon F, Costa AL. CuO nanoparticle penetration through intact and damaged human skin. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trans-dermal in vitro study of CuO nanoparticles in contact with intact and damaged human skin using a Franz cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics
- Faenza
- Italy
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine
| | - Matteo Crosera
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Simona Ortelli
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics
- Faenza
- Italy
| | - Magda Blosi
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics
- Faenza
- Italy
| | - Gianpiero Adami
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34129 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics
- Faenza
- Italy
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Malik NH, Zain H, Ali N. Organismic-level acute toxicology profiling of reactive azo dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:612. [PMID: 30259157 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, organismic-level acute toxicology profile of three reactive azo dyes, viz. Reactive Blue 221, Reactive Red 195, and Reactive Yellow 145, was investigated, by using bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis), fungal (Trichoderma asperellum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium fujikuroi, and Rhizoctonia solani), plant (Raphanus sativus, Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, and Phaseolus mungo), and aquatic (Artemia salina and Daphnia magna) specimens. Microbial test organisms (all the six bacteria and two fungi, i.e., T. asperellum and A. flavus) and D. magna were found to be relatively more sensitive towards the reactive azo dyes and their mixture, as the EC50 values were in the range of 80-330, 135-360, and 108-242 ppm for bacteria, fungi, and D. magna, respectively (but the effect was not acutely toxic). Moreover, the effect of dye mixture was comparable tothe individual dyes in almost all the tested microbial specimens. For plant seeds, the dye mixture was found to be relatively more inhibitory towards T. aestivum and R. sativus than the individual dyes. For S. bicolor and P. mungo seeds, the effect of the dye mixture was almost identical to the individual dyes. However, in all cases, EC50 values were in the range of 950-3500 ppm, which indicates a non-toxic effect on plant seed germination potential. Likewise, the dyes and their mixture were not acutely toxic for Artemia salina larvae (more sensitive to the dye mixture) and Daphnia magna neonates (EC50, 516-950 and 108-242 ppm, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hajira Zain
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Akhtar MF, Ashraf M, Javeed A, Anjum AA, Sharif A, Saleem M, Mustafa G, Ashraf M, Saleem A, Akhtar B. Association of textile industry effluent with mutagenicity and its toxic health implications upon acute and sub-chronic exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:179. [PMID: 29492685 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex industrial discharges pose certain risks to the ecosystem. This study was aimed at identifying acute and sub-chronic toxicological effects of the textile industry wastewater. The textile wastewater was evaluated for the metals and organic pollutants by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and GC-MS respectively. In vitro genotoxicity and mutagenicity were assessed by Comet assay in peripheral lymphocytes isolated from Ovis aries and Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA-100 and 102 respectively. Physiological and behavioral changes along with systemic toxicity were determined in Rattus norvegicus albinus following acute and sub-chronic exposure. High amount of heavy metals such as Cr, Pb, Hg, As, and Cd were detected in textile wastewater. Organic pollutants such as 25-deacetoxy cucurbitacin-b, E-14-Hexadecenal, 11-Tricosene, and phthalates were also found. In vitro genotoxicity assessment in lymphocytes showed statistically significant DNA damaging potential of textile wastewater. Textile wastewater also showed significantly higher (p˂ 0.05) mutagenic potential in Salmonella TA-100 and TA-102 strains than sodium azide and 2-amino anthracycline. Acute exposure of textile wastewater to Rattus norvegicus was associated with several physiological changes and behavioral symptoms. Sub-chronic exposure of textile wastewater in Rattus norvegicus instigated the degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells in renal tubules, hydropic degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, peri-bronchiolar infiltration and emphysema of the alveoli, and the degradation of myocardial cells. This study concludes that the textile wastewater may cause genotoxicity and mutagenicity, result in physiological and behavioral changes upon acute exposure, and inflict various pathological lesions upon sub-chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moneeb Ashraf
- Post Graduate Medical Institute, Jail Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Sharif A, Akhtar MF, Akhtar B, Saleem A, Manan M, Shabbir M, Ashraf M, Peerzada S, Ahmed S, Raza M. Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of whole plant extracts of Kalanchoe laciniata by Ames and MTT assay. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:593-601. [PMID: 28694760 PMCID: PMC5491922 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lack of data on safety of herbal medicines have endangered human health and life. The present study evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic effect of Kalanchoe laciniata to access the safety and usefulness of the medicinal plant. Aqua-methanolic and n-hexane extracts of K. laciniata were evaluated for the genotoxic potential using Ames assay and cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Ames assay was conducted using two strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA-100 and TA-102 whereas MTT assay was performed on baby hamster kidney cell line BHK-21. Aqua-methanolic extract of K.laciniata exhibited significant mutagenicity when exposed to TA-102 strain with a mutagenic index of 50.66 and 54.74 at maximum dose 150 mg/plate. The extract was also mutagenic to TA-100 strain but to a lesser extent. M.I of n-hexane extract was 12.15 and 15.51 for TA-100 and TA-102 respectively. n-hexane extract was mutagenic but little difference was observed between results of two strains. Both extracts were found to be cytotoxic with an IC50 of 321.9 and 638.5 µg/mL for aqua-methanolic and n-hexane extracts respectively. On the basis of results it was concluded that aqua-methanolic and n-hexane extracts of K.laciniata possess mutagenic and cytotoxic potential. It is suggested to explore the plant further to evaluate its safety in rodents and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sharif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Manan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shabbir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muneeb Ashraf
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Jail Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sohaib Peerzada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moosa Raza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Sharif A, Ashraf M, Javeed A, Anjum AA, Akhtar MF, Akhtar B, Saleem A. Oxidative stress responses in Wistar rats on subacute exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24158-24165. [PMID: 27646443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution has been a major concern for agrarian societies like Pakistan. Pharmaceutical industries are amongst the foremost contributor to industrial waste. Present study addresses the generation of oxidative stress caused by 2 months exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater in rats and their response to oral treatment with vitamin E, a potent antioxidant. The rats were randomized into five groups (n = 5) named as negative control, pharmaceutical wastewater (PEW) 100 %, PEW 10 %, PEW 1 %, and PEW 100 % + vitamin E. Oxidative damage in rats was evaluated by estimation of the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the liver, kidney, and blood/plasma. Exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater significantly decreased the activities of T-SOD and CAT and concentration of H2O2 in the liver and kidney and blood/plasma. Exposure to 100 % pharmaceutical wastewater exhibited a maximum decline in T-SOD activity, and activity was reduced to only 63.57 U/mL, 32.65, and 43.57 U/mg of protein in the plasma, kidney, and liver, respectively. Exposure to wastewater minimized activity CAT to 89.25 U/g of hemoglobin, 54.36, and 62.95 U/mg of protein in the blood, kidney, and liver, respectively. Treatment with vitamin E significantly increased the activity of T-SOD and CAT. However, increase in concentration of H2O2 was also observed in vitamin E exposed rats. Histopathology of the kidney revealed coagulative necrosis of renal epithelial cells and peritubular congestion. Endocardium showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and cellular breakdown in some areas. Lung sections exhibited atelectasis and emphysema of alveoli suggesting decline in lung function. The anatomy of the liver was also compromised due to severe degeneration and cellular swelling. The present study concluded that pharmaceutical wastewater induced severe oxidative stress in Wistar rats and ensued in histopathological lesions in several vital organs suggesting its high toxicity. Non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin E may ameliorate oxidative stress induced by pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Sharif A, Akhtar B, Nasim MB, Peerzada S, Raza M, Ijaz H, Ahmed S, Shabbir M, Ali S, Akbar Z, Ul Hassan SS. Genotoxic and cytotoxic action potential of Terminalia citrina, a medicinal plant of ethnopharmacological significance. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:589-598. [PMID: 28096789 PMCID: PMC5225684 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most herbal medicines utilized in complementary and alternative medicine lack safety evaluation setting our lives under unwarranted risks. Present study comprised of genotoxic and cytotoxic appraisal of Terminalia citrina fruits which are used as a folklore medicine for treatment of various ailments. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of T. citrina fruit extracts were evaluated for the presence of different phytochemicals. Genotoxic potential of both the extract of T. citrina was assessed through Ames reverse mutagenicity assay in Salmonella TA 100 and 102 strains. Cytotoxic potential of T. citrina was determined in baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21). Statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA following post hoc test. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, tannins, catechins and saponins. It was revealed that both the extracts of T. citrina exhibited significant mutagenicity in tester strains. Ethanolic extract showed higher mutagenicity in TA 100 strain, whereas aqueous extract of T. citrina exhibited higher mutagenicity in TA 102 strain than TA 100. Both the extracts of T. citrina showed dose-dependent mutagenicity. Fifty percent cell viability was exhibited by 260 and 545 µg/mL of ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. This study concludes that the ethanolic and aqueous fruit extracts of T. citrina may not be safe owing to their mutagenic and cytotoxic potential and it necessitates further investigation regarding its safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maaz Bin Nasim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sohaib Peerzada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moosa Raza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hira Ijaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shabbir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ali
- Institute für pharmazeutische Technologie & Biopharmazie, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Zeeshan Akbar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Comet assay: an essential tool in toxicological research. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2315-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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