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Beltrán-Flores E, Sarrà M, Blánquez P. A review on the management of rinse wastewater in the agricultural sector. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141283. [PMID: 38280647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides have become indispensable compounds to sustain global food production. However, a series of sustainable agricultural practices must be ensured to minimize health and environmental risks, such as eco-friendly cultivation techniques, the transition to biopesticides, appropriate hygiene measures, etc. Hygiene measures should include the management of rinse wastewater (RWW) produced when cleaning agricultural equipment and machinery contaminated with pesticides (among other pollutants), such as sprayers or containers. Although some technical guidelines encourage the reuse of RWW in agricultural fields, in many cases the application of specialized treatments is a more environmentally friendly option. Solar photocatalysis was found to be the most widely studied physical-chemical method, especially in regions with intense solar radiation, generally using catalysts such as TiO2, Na2S2O8, and H2O2, operating for relatively short treatment periods (usually from 10 min to 9 h) and requiring accumulated radiation levels typically ranging from 3000 to 10000 kJ m-2. Biological treatments seem to be particularly suitable for this application. Among them, biobed is a well-established and robust technology for the treatment of pesticide-concentrated water in some countries, with operating periods that typically range from 1 to 24 months, and with temperatures preferably close to 20 °C; but further research is required for its implementation in other regions and/or conditions. Solar photocatalysis and biobeds are the only two systems that have been tested in full-scale treatments. Alternatively, fungal bioremediation using white rot fungi has shown excellent efficiencies in the degradation of pesticides from agricultural wastewater. However, greater efforts should be invested in gathering more information to consolidate these technologies and expand their use in the agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Beltrán-Flores
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paqui Blánquez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Gautam P, Pandey AK, Gupta A, Dubey SK. Microcosm-omics centric investigation reveals elevated bacterial degradation of imidacloprid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121402. [PMID: 36889658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a broad-spectrum insecticide, is widely used against aphids and other sucking insects. As a result, its toxic effect is becoming apparent in non-targeted organisms. In-situ bioremediation of residual insecticide from the environment utilizing efficient microbes would be helpful in reducing its load. In the present work, in-depth genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and metabolomics analyses were employed to reveal the potential of Sphingobacterium sp. InxBP1 for in-situ degradation of imidacloprid. The microcosm study revealed ∼79% degradation with first-order kinetics (k = 0.0726 day-1). Genes capable of mediating oxidative degradation of imidacloprid and subsequent decarboxylation of intermediates were identified in the bacterial genome. Proteome analysis demonstrated significant overexpression of the enzymes coded by these genes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed significant affinity and binding of the identified enzymes for their respective substrates (the degradation pathway intermediates). The nitronate monooxygenase (K7A41 01745), amidohydrolase (K7A41 03835 and K7A41 07535), FAD-dependent monooxygenase (K7A41 12,275), and ABC transporter enzymes (K7A41 05325, and K7A41 05605) were found to be effective in facilitating the transport and intracellular degradation of imidacloprid. The metabolomic study identified the pathway intermediates and validated the proposed mechanism and functional role of the identified enzymes in degradation. Thus, the present investigation provides an efficient imidacloprid degrading bacterial species as evidenced by its genetic attributes which can be utilized or further improved to develop technologies for in-situ remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gautam
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284128, India
| | - Ankush Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Pérez-Villanueva ME, Masís-Mora M, Araya-Valverde E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE. Fast removal and detoxification of oxytetracycline, triazine and organophosphate pesticides in a biopurification system. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Milojević-Rakić M, Popadić D, Janošević Ležaić A, Jevremović A, Nedić Vasiljević B, Uskoković-Marković S, Bajuk-Bogdanović D. MFI, BEA and FAU zeolite scavenging role in neonicotinoids and radical species elimination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:265-276. [PMID: 35037685 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicity caused by neonicotinoid pesticides is largely due to oxidative stress on non-target species. Due to the fact that reactive radical species reach the environment, materials intended for pesticide removal should be applicable for the simultaneous removal of reactive radicals, as well. This work uses the spectroscopic, adsorptive and antioxidant responses from MFI, FAU and BEA zeolites as descriptors of their potential environmental importance. Different network structures and Si/Al ratios were correlated with excellent zeolite adsorption properties, as over 200 mg g-1 of investigated neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and imidacloprid, was achieved in one cycle. Additionally, after two regeneration steps, over 450 mg g-1 adsorbed pesticides were retained, in three adsorption cycles. Overall the best results were detected for the FAU zeotype in both tested applications, insecticide adsorption and radical-scavenging performance, with and without insecticides present. The proposed mechanism for adsorption relies on kinetic investigation, isotherm modelling and spectroscopic post-adsorption analysis and targets zeolite hydroxyl/siloxane groups as active sites for insecticide adsorption via hydrogen bonding. Neat, well-defined zeolite structures enable their prospective application in ecotoxic species removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milojević-Rakić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - D Popadić
- Department of Organic Residual Analysis, National Laboratory Sector, Serbian Environmental Protection Agency, Žabljačka 10A, 11160 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Janošević Ležaić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Jevremović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - B Nedić Vasiljević
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - S Uskoković-Marković
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Bajuk-Bogdanović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Lescano M, Fussoni N, Vidal E, Zalazar C. Biodegradation of pesticide-contaminated wastewaters from a formulation plant employing a pilot scale biobed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150758. [PMID: 34619204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a pilot biobed was built up to treat pesticide-contaminated wastewaters discharged from a formulation plant. The pre-treated wastewater was spiked with additional pesticides in order to simulate a scenario of higher contamination: glyphosate, atrazine, imidacloprid, prometryn and carbendazim were added to reach a final Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentration of 70 mg L-1. An Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) was filled with a biomixture of soil and foxtail millet stubble (50:50% v v-1), and 200 l of the wastewater was added to the system recycling tank. The recirculation to the IBC was established for 12 h. After that (Day 0), the recirculation was turned on during the assay only to maintain the moisture for 180 days. Biomixture and wastewater samples were taken periodically to analyse pesticides and phytotoxicity in both matrices. In addition, hydrolytic and phenoloxidase activities, total bacteria and yeast and fungi communities were determined in the biomixture. The designed pilot scale biobed allowed to treat wastewaters with high concentration of pesticides reaching a complete removal of glyphosate, AMPA, atrazine, carbendazim and prometryn at 180 days. A good degradation percentage of the recalcitrant imidacloprid was achieved (60%) and the biomixture showed enough biological activity to continue treating additional wastewater. The root elongation index from the germination test showed low toxicity on day 180 both in biomixture and wastewater. The millet stubble resulted an appropriate lignocellulosic material to be used in biobeds to treat a wide variety of pesticides. The application of the seed germination test proved to be a low cost and simple tool to determine the end point of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Lescano
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nerina Fussoni
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Vidal
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Dep. de Ciencias Naturales, FHUC-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cristina Zalazar
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Dep. Medioambiente, FICH-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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6
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Wan Y, Han Q, Wang Y, He Z. Five degradates of imidacloprid in source water, treated water, and tap water in Wuhan, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140227. [PMID: 32574922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most applied neonicotinoid insecticides worldwide. The occurrence of its degradates such as desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI), imidacloprid-urea (IMI-urea), and desnitro-imidacloprid-olefin (DN-IMI-olefin) in environment water and their fate during drinking water treatment were seldom documented. In this study, IMI and its degradates were determined in source water (the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Hanshui River), treated water, and tap water (n = 20, 20, and 169, respectively) in different seasons of 2019 in Wuhan, central China. Their occurrence, removal efficiency, and seasonal variations were evaluated. Advanced water treatment with ozone combined with activated carbon might remove target analytes efficiently but conventional water treatment cannot. IMI and its degradates were 100% detectable in the conventionally treated water samples in July. IMI and DN-IMI decreased while IMI-urea, DN-IMI-olefin, imidacloprid-olefin (IMI-olefin), and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI) increased during conventional drinking water treatment. IMI and its degradates were found in the tap water samples treated conventionally (range: 1.17-32.0 ng/L for IMI; 0.57-7.00 ng/L for DN-IMI; 0.58-4.50 ng/L for IMI-urea; 0.04-0.65 ng/L for DN-IMI-olefin; < method detection limit [MDL]-0.80 ng/L for IMI-olefin; < MDL-0.35 ng/L for 5-OH-IMI). The concentrations of DN-IMI and IMI-urea observed in this study were higher than those observed in North America. Sodium sulfite did not increase the levels of DN-IMI and IMI-urea in tap water samples in the present study. This is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of DN-IMI and IMI-urea in water in China and the occurrence of DN-IMI-olefin, IMI-olefin, and 5-OH-IMI in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Qing Han
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
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Dias LDA, Gebler L, Niemeyer JC, Itako AT. Destination of pesticide residues on biobeds: State of the art and future perspectives in Latin America. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126038. [PMID: 32041065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land-use intensification with a high demand for pesticides is a consequence of human population increase. Feasible alternatives for correct concentrated residues discharge are necessary to avoid soil and water resources contamination. Biobeds are in situ bioreactors for treating pesticide residues, used by several European and American countries due to its low cost and simple construction, whose efficiency has been scientifically proved for over 20 years. This review presents the state of the art of biobeds in Latin America (LA), identifying advances and future research needs. Factors affecting the efficiency of biobeds are discussed, like ideal temperature, moisture, and microbial communities, followed by methods for evaluating the bioreactor's efficiency. It was necessary to adapt this technology to the climatic and economic conditions of Latin-American countries, due to its European origins. Guatemala is the LA country that uses biobeds as official technology. Brazil, Argentina, Costa Rica and Chile are examples of countries that are actively investigating new substrates and pursuing legal aspects for the establishment of the biobeds. Robust scientific evidences may enable farmers start using this technology, which is an environmentally safe system to protect water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia de A Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecossistemas Agrícolas e Naturais (PPGEAN), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, 89520-000, Brasil.
| | - Luciano Gebler
- Estação Experimental de Fruticultura de Clima Temperado (EFCT), EMBRAPA Uva e Vinho, Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Júlia C Niemeyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecossistemas Agrícolas e Naturais (PPGEAN), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, 89520-000, Brasil
| | - Adriana T Itako
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecossistemas Agrícolas e Naturais (PPGEAN), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, 89520-000, Brasil
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Tang M, Ao Y, Wang P, Wang C. All-solid-state Z-scheme WO 3 nanorod/ZnIn 2S 4 composite photocatalysts for the effective degradation of nitenpyram under visible light irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121713. [PMID: 31767501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Z-scheme WO3/ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst was synthesized via a simple solvothermal method. Compared with pure WO3 and ZnIn2S4, photocatalytic experiments showed that these Z-scheme photocatalysts exhibited enhanced activity for the degradation of nitenpyram (NTP). The apparent rate constant (k) of NTP degradation on 50WZ (WO3/ 50 wt% Znln2S4) was 0.042 min-1 (∼3.8 times higher than WO3 and ∼2.5 times higher than ZnIn2S4). Photoluminescence (PL), photocurrent (PC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers in 50WZ was markedly enhanced, which was favorable for improving its photocatalytic activity. Active species capture experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements showed that superoxide radicals and holes were the main active species for NTP degradation, and they confirmed the formation of the Z-scheme structure. Furthermore, a possible NTP degradation pathway was deduced based on the results of high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yanhui Ao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Rodríguez-Castillo G, Molina-Rodríguez M, Cambronero-Heinrichs JC, Quirós-Fournier JP, Lizano-Fallas V, Jiménez-Rojas C, Masís-Mora M, Castro-Gutiérrez V, Mata-Araya I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE. Simultaneous removal of neonicotinoid insecticides by a microbial degrading consortium: Detoxification at reactor scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:1097-1106. [PMID: 31561300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides show high persistence in the environment, and standard biological approaches such as biopurification systems have shown mostly inefficient removal of such compounds. In this work, soil pre-exposed to imidacloprid was used to obtain presumptive imidacloprid-degrading consortia. Cometabolic enrichment yielded a microbial consortium composed of eight bacterial and one yeast strains, capable of degrading not only this compound, but also thiamethoxam and acetamiprid, as demonstrated in cross-degradation assays. The biological removal process was scaled-up to batch stirred tank bioreactors (STBR); this configuration was able to simultaneously remove mixtures of imidacloprid + thiamethoxam or imidacloprid + thiamethoxam + acetamiprid, reaching elimination of 95.8% and 94.4% of total neonicotinoids, respectively. Removal rates in the bioreactors followed the pattern imidacloprid > acetamiprid > thiamethoxam, including >99% elimination of imidacloprid in 6 d and 17 d (binary and ternary mixtures, respectively). A comprehensive evaluation of the detoxification in the STBR was performed using different biomarkers: seed germination (Lactuca sativa), bioluminescence inhibition (Vibrio fischeri), and acute oral tests in honeybees. Overall, ecotoxicological tests revealed partial detoxification of the matrix, with clearer detoxification patterns in the binary mixture. This biological approach represents a promising option for the removal of neonicotinoids from agricultural wastewater; however, optimization of the process should be performed before application in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rodríguez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marvin Molina-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - José Pablo Quirós-Fournier
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, 1174-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Verónica Lizano-Fallas
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - César Jiménez-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Masís-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Víctor Castro-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Iray Mata-Araya
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, 1174-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos E Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica.
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Kumari A, Singh N, Ramakrishnan B. Parameters affecting azoxystrobin and imidacloprid degradation in biobed substrates in the North Indian tropical environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:843-857. [PMID: 31271332 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1633857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports degradation of azoxystrobin (AZOXY) and imidacloprid (IMIDA) in the rice straw (RS)/corn cob (CC) and peat (P)/compost (C)-based biomixtures. The effect of biomixture preconditioning (10 days incubation prior to pesticide application), pesticide concentration and moisture content was evaluated. Results suggested that conditioning of biomixture greatly affected IMIDA degradation where half-life (t1/2) was reduced by 5-9 times. This was attributed to higher microbial biomass carbon content and dehydrogenase activity in the conditioned biomixtures. Pesticide application in the conditioned biomixture did not show any negative impact on soil microbial parameters. Both pesticides degraded at faster rate in the rice straw-based biomixtures than in the corn cob-based biomixtures. Degradation slowed down with increase in initial concentration of pesticides in biomixture and 1.6-3.0 (AZOXY) and 2.4-3.6 (IMIDA) times increase in t1/2 values was observed. The moisture content of biomixture showed positive effect on degradation which increased when moisture content was increased from 60 to 80% water holding capacity. The effect was significant for IMIDA degradation in the corn cob-based biomixtures and AZOXY degradation in the peat biomixtures. The rice straw-based biomixtures were better in degrading AZOXY and IMIDA and can be used in biopurification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kumari
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Neera Singh
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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