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Cai QL, Huang CY, Tong L, Zhong N, Dai XR, Li JR, Zheng J, He MM, Xiao H. Sampling efficiency of a polyurethane foam air sampler: Effect of temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 18:100327. [PMID: 37908224 PMCID: PMC10613919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Effective monitoring of atmospheric concentrations is vital for assessing the Stockholm Convention's effectiveness on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This task, particularly challenging in polar regions due to low air concentrations and temperature fluctuations, requires robust sampling techniques. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on the sampling efficiency of polyurethane foam discs remains unclear. Here we employ a flow-through sampling (FTS) column coupled with an active pump to collect air samples at varying temperatures. We delved into breakthrough profiles of key pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and examined the temperature-dependent behaviors of the theoretical plate number (N) and breakthrough volume (VB) using frontal chromatography theory. Our findings reveal a significant relationship between temperature dependence coefficients (KTN, KTV) and compound volatility, with decreasing values as volatility increases. While distinct trends are noted for PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs in KTN, KTV values exhibit similar patterns across all chemicals. Moreover, we establish a binary linear correlation between log (VB/m3), 1/(T/K), and N, simplifying breakthrough level estimation by enabling easy conversion between N and VB. Finally, an empirical linear solvation energy relationship incorporating a temperature term is developed, yielding satisfactory results for N at various temperatures. This approach holds the potential to rectify temperature-related effects and loss rates in historical data from long-term monitoring networks, benefiting polar and remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Liang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Analysis and Pollution Control in Western Guangxi Region, College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Cen-Yan Huang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Meng-Meng He
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Li Y, Armitage JM, Wania F. Graphical tools for the planning and interpretation of polyurethane foam based passive air sampling campaigns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:414-425. [PMID: 35195629 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to low cost and easy handling during sampling and extraction, passive air samplers (PASs) using polyurethane foam (PUF) as a sorbent have become the most commonly deployed PASs for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). However, depending on the scenario, PUF-PAS may not always be operating in the linear uptake phase, which implies the need to consider how temperature, wind speed, deployment length and chemical properties interact to determine the amount of a target chemical taken up and the fraction of a depuration compound (DC) being lost during deployment. Guidance is, therefore, necessary to quantitatively interpret curvi-linear uptake in the PUF-PAS and avoid selection of DCs unsuited to the deployment conditions. In this study, the PAS-SIM model is used to generate graphical tools that aid in addressing important questions frequently arising during the use of PUF-PASs. Specifically, we generated five charts that display (i) the inherent sampling rate as a function of wind speed and a chemical's molecular diffusivity, (ii) the length of the linear uptake period as a function of chemical properties, temperature and the acceptable deviation from linearity, (iii) the time to 95% equilibrium as influenced by chemical properties, temperature and wind speed, (iv) the dependence of the fractional loss of DCs on chemical properties, temperature, wind speed and deployment length, and (v) the influence of chemical properties, temperature and the total suspended particle concentration on the extent of sorption to atmospheric particles. The charts also facilitate the assessment of the influence of parameter uncertainty. It is hoped that these charts assist with planning and interpreting sampling campaigns based on a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of uptake in PUF-based PASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Li Y, Wania F. Partitioning between polyurethane foam and the gas phase: data compilation, uncertainty estimation and implications for air sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:723-734. [PMID: 33870398 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) is frequently applied for sampling semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the gas phase. Equilibrium partition coefficients (KPUF/G) often are used to estimate the potential for breakthrough during active air sampling (AAS) and to correct for non-linear uptake during passive air sampling (PAS). KPUF/G is either determined experimentally or estimated, in both cases incurring uncertainties that can be carried over to other parameters. Here, a dataset of 547 measured KPUF/G values and chemical information for 281 distinct chemicals was compiled from the peer reviewed literature. Measured log KPUF/G were compared with predicted values to identify potential bias in data generated with a particular experimental approach. An analysis of the measured data suggests that the uncertainty of unbiased log KPUF/G values is at best 0.2 log units at 15 °C (e.g. for hexachlorobenzene and fluoranthene), but most likely much higher. This implies that inherent passive air sampling rates obtained from the loss of a depuration compound (SR) and breakthrough volumes during AAS can presently not be known with an uncertainty of less than ca. 50%. During short PAS deployment periods, the uncertainty in the effective sampling volume (Vair) derives mainly from the uncertainty in the SR, whereas the uncertainty in KPUF/G of the target compound will become important and even the main source of uncertainty for Vair if deployments are long or target chemicals are relatively volatile. This in turn implies that the uncertainty of Vair cannot be smaller than the uncertainty of SR and KPUF/G and therefore again is at least ca. 50%. We strongly recommend that the uncertainty of air concentrations obtained by non-linear PAS is quantified and reported and we outline a procedure on how to do that. Because the uncertainty in KPUF/G of target and depuration chemicals generally exceeds 30%, it may often be necessary to conduct Monte Carlo simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM1C 1A4.
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM1C 1A4.
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Galon L, Bragagnolo L, Korf EP, Dos Santos JB, Barroso GM, Ribeiro VHV. Mobility and environmental monitoring of pesticides in the atmosphere - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14258-x. [PMID: 33959837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the partition mechanisms in the agrochemical environment is fundamental for understanding their behavior within an ecosystem and mitigating possible adverse effects of these products. In this review, the objective was to present the main transport mechanisms, physical-chemical properties, and atmospheric monitoring methodologies of the most diverse types of agrochemicals used in agriculture that can reach the atmosphere and affect different compartments. It has been verified that volatilization is one of more considerable significance of the various forms of transport since a significant part of the applied pesticides can volatilize in a few days. As for monitoring these compounds in the atmosphere, both passive and active sampling have their advantages and disadvantages. Passive samplers allow sampling in large quantities and at remote locations, in addition to making continuous measurements, while active samplers have the advantage of being able to detect low concentrations and continuously. Since a significant portion of the applied pesticides is directed to the atmosphere, monitoring makes it possible to understand some properties of the pesticides present in the air. This monitoring can be done from different existing methodologies based on adopted criteria and existing technical standards. Graphical representation of mobility and environmental monitoring of atmospheric pollutants from pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Galon
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Lucimara Bragagnolo
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pavan Korf
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367, km 583, n. 5000, zip code 39.100-000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367, km 583, n. 5000, zip code 39.100-000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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de la Torre A, Sanz P, Navarro I, Martínez MDLÁ. Investigating the presence of emerging and legacy POPs in European domestic air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141348. [PMID: 32750573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) were evaluated in indoor domestic air from four European countries (Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal). The main pollutants were hexachlorohexanes (sum of α-, β- and γ-HCH; ΣHCHs) and ΣPCBs (sum of PCB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180), with median concentrations of 366 and 306 pg/m3, respectively. By decreasing order came hexachlorobenzene (HCB; 130 pg/m3), ΣDDXs (sum of DDTs, DDEs and DDDs; 94.4 pg/m3), ΣPBDEs (sum of BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 206, 207 and 209; 6.08 pg/m3) and DP (0.30 pg/m3). Lower ΣPCBs and ΣDDXs levels were found at Portuguese homes compared to Belgian, Italian and Spanish households. Italian samples presented also lower ΣHCHs concentrations while Spanish homes revealed higher HCB and BDE-209 indoor air concentrations than those obtained in the other countries. ΣHCHs, ΣDDXs and ΣPBDE levels mirrored lindane, dicofol and Penta-, DecaBDE use, respectively. The influence of building characteristics, surroundings and inhabitants habits on pollutant air concentrations was investigated. Data generated were used to conduct a human exposure assessment for toddlers and adults with median (P50) and upper (P95) concentrations. Results indicated that health risk posed by inhalation of ΣPCBs, ΣHCHs, ΣDDXs, HCB, ΣPBDEs and DP were 2 to 5 orders of magnitude lower than oral Reference Dose (RfD) values, and 90 (PCB-28) and 12 (γ-HCH) times lower than Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for toddlers at the worst case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling for simultaneous determination of POP- and PAH-related compounds: A case study in informal waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125991. [PMID: 32069737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and unsubstituted/methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs/Me-PAHs) were simultaneously monitored in the air samples collected from Vietnamese urban and vehicular waste processing areas by using polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method. Concentrations (pg m-3) of organic pollutants decreased in the order: PAHs (median 29,000; range 5100-100,000) > Me-PAHs (6000; 1000-33,000) > PCBs (480; 170-1100) > PBDEs (11; 5.3-86) > NBFRs (0.20; n. d. - 51) > BB-153 (n.d.). The difference in total PCB and PBDE concentrations between the urban and waste processing air samples was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, levels of PAHs, Me-PAHs, benzo [a]pyrene equivalents (BaP-EQs), and toxic equivalents of dioxin-like PCBs (WHO-TEQs) were much higher in the waste processing sites. This is the first report on the abundance of mono- and di-CBs (notably CB-11) in the air from a developing country, suggesting their roles as emerging and ubiquitous air pollutants. Our results have indicated potential sources of specific organic pollutants such as dioxin-like PCBs, PAHs, and Me-PAHs from improper treatment of end-of-life vehicles and other vehicle related materials (e.g., waste oils and rubber tires), as well as current emission of PCBs and PBDEs in the urban area in Vietnam. Further atmospheric monitoring studies should be conducted in this developing country that cover both legacy and emerging contaminants with a focus on areas affected by rapid urbanization and informal waste processing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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Saini A, Clarke J, Harner T. Direct measurements of polyurethane foam (PUF) ‒ air partitioning coefficients for chemicals of emerging concern capable of equilibrating in PUF disk samplers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:925-930. [PMID: 31519101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), novel flame retardants (NFRs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are volatile to semi-volatile chemicals and therefore susceptible to approach equilibrium during typical deployments of polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. A generator column approach was used to measure the PUF-air partitioning coefficient (KPUF-air) for these targeted chemicals. KPUF-air values are required for these chemicals to estimate sampled equivalent air volumes, which vary substantially with temperature. Log KPUF-air measurements were made at temperatures ranging from +6 to +35 °C and resulting values ranged from 5.14 to 7.77. Enthalpies of phase change for PUF to air (ΔHPUF-air, kJ/mol) ranged from 51.3 to 98.9. Two relationships of log KPUF-air versus log Koctanol-air (KOA) were derived, grouping OPEs and NFRs separately. The relationship for NFRs was in fair agreement (within about 0.6 log units) to a long-standing relationship by Shoeib and Harner (since 2002) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, the estimated values using Shoeib-Harner relationship substantially underestimates KPUF-air for the OPEs than directly measured values (by about an order of magnitude). These findings highlight the importance of the direct measurements of KPUF-air for emerging classes of chemicals whose concentrations are at risk of equilibrating in PUF disk samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jenna Clarke
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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