1
|
Liu J, Deng S, Tong H, Yang Y, Tuheti A. Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85125-85138. [PMID: 37380852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs from traffic-related pollution can provide valuable data for mitigating air contamination from traffic in local urban regions. However, little information on PAHs is available regarding the typical arterial highway-Qinling Mountains No.1 tunnel in Xi'an. We estimated the profiles, sources, and emission factors of PM2.5-bound PAHs in this tunnel. The total PAH concentrations were 22.78 ng·m-3 and 52.80 ng·m-3 at the tunnel middle and exit, which were 1.09 and 3.84 times higher than that at the tunnel entrance. Pyr, Flt, Phe, Chr, BaP, and BbF were the dominant PAH species (representing approximately 78.01% of total PAHs). The four rings PAHs were dominant (58%) among the total PAH concentrations in PM2.5. The results demonstrated that diesel and gasoline vehicles exhaust emissions contributed 56.81% and 22.60% to the PAHs, respectively, while the corresponding value for together brakes, tyre wear, and road dust was 20.59%. The emission factors of total PAHs were 29.35 μg·veh-1·km-1, and emission factors of 4 rings PAHs were significantly higher than those of the other PAHs. The sum of ILCR was estimated to be 1.41×10-4, which accorded with acceptable level of cancer risk (10-6-10-4), PAHs should not ignored as they still affect the public health of inhabitants. This study shed light on PAH profiles and traffic-related sources in the tunnel, thereby facilitating the assessment of control measures targeting PAHs in local areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Hui Tong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Abula Tuheti
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Areguamen OI, Calvin NN, Gimba CE, Okunola OJ, Elebo A. Seasonal assessment of the distribution, source apportionment, and risk of water-contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01542-7. [PMID: 36976374 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the seasonal differences in the distribution, source, and risks of water-contaminated PAHs. The PAHs were extracted by the liquid-liquid method and analyzed with GC-MS, and a total of eight PAHs were detected. There was a percentage increase in the average concentration of the PAHs from the wet to the dry season in the range of 20 (Anthracene)-350 (Pyrene)%. Total PAHs (∑PAHs) range from 0.31 to 1.23 mg/l in the wet period and from 0.42 to 1.96 mg/l in the dry period. The distribution of the average PAHs in mg/l showed that Fluoranthene ≤ Pyrene < Acenaphthene < Fluorene < Phenanthrene < Acenaphthylene < Anthracene < Naphthalene in wet period and while Fluoranthene < Acenaphthene < Pyrene < Fluorene < Phenanthrene < Acenaphthylene < Anthracene < Naphthalene in the dry period. The children were exposed to non-carcinogenic risk through non-dietary ingestion due to the accumulative effect (HI) of the PAHs in the dry period. Furthermore, the naphthalene was responsible for ecological and carcinogenic risk in the wet period, while the fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene were responsible for ecological and carcinogenic risk in the dry period. However, while adults and children are both susceptible to carcinogenic risk through the oral channel during the dry period, only children are susceptible to non-carcinogenic risk through this pathway. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed the influence of physicochemical parameters on the detected PAHs and also showed the PAHs' sources to be mainly combustion, pyrolysis, and vehicular emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abuchi Elebo
- Chemistry Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li H, Li M, Tang H, Li H, Zhang T, Yang XF. Quantitative analysis of phenanthrene in soil by fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with the CARS-PLS model. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9353-9360. [PMID: 36968034 PMCID: PMC10031435 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typical organic pollutants in soil and are teratogenic and carcinogenic. Therefore, rapid and accurate analysis of PAHs in soil can provide a theoretical basis and data support for soil contamination risk assessment. In this work, a fluorescence spectroscopy technique combined with partial least squares (PLS) was proposed for rapid quantitative analysis of phenanthrene (PHE) in soil. At first, the fluorescence spectra of 29 soil samples with different concentrations (0.3-10 mg g-1) of PHE were collected by RF-5301 PC fluorescence spectrophotometer. Secondly, the effects of different spectral preprocessing methods were investigated on the prediction performance of the PLS calibration model. And then, the influence of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) wavelength points on the prediction performance of PLS calibration model was discussed. Finally, according to the selected wavelength points, a quantitative analytical model for PHE content in soil was constructed using the PLS calibration method. To further explore the predictive performance of the CARS-PLS calibration model, the predictive results were compared with those of the RAW spectrum-partial least squares calibration model (RAW-PLS) and the wavelet transform-standard normal variation (WT-SNV) calibration model. The CARS-PLS calibration model showed the optimal predictive performance and its coefficient of determination of cross-validation (R cv 2) and root mean square error of 10-fold cross-validation (RMSEcv) were 0.9957 and 18.98%, respectively. The coefficient of determination of prediction set (R p 2) and root mean square error of prediction set (RMSEp) were 0.9963 and 16.13%, respectively. Hence, the CARS algorithm based on fluorescence spectrum coupled with PLS can give a rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of the PHE content in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Maogang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ambade B, Sethi SS, Chintalacheruvu MR. Distribution, risk assessment, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using positive matrix factorization (PMF) in urban soils of East India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:491-505. [PMID: 35201547 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated 16 United States environmental protection agency priority PAHs profiles and their sources in 40 urban soils collected from two industrialised cities, Jamshedpur and Bokaro, in east India and assessed their health risk to humans. The results showed the predominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-5 rings). The total PAHs concentration in surface soils ranged from 2223 to 11,266 ng/g and 729 to 5359 ng/g (dw), respectively, for Jamshedpur and Bokaro. Higher concentrations of PAHs were recorded at the selected industrial areas and heavy traffic zones of both cities. In JSR city 4-ring PAHs contributed 43% of total PAHs trailed by 5-ring PAHs 27.2%. Similarly, in BKR city 4-ring PAHs contributed 34% of the total PAHs, followed by 3-ring PAHs 28.9% and 5-ring PAHs 22.9%. Total organic carbon in surface soils exhibited moderate correlation with the low molecular weight (ΣLMW) PAHs (R2 = 0.69) and a comparatively strong correlation with the ΣHMW PAHs (R2 = 0.89), suggesting strong adsorption of HMW PAHs to urban soils. The Diagnostic and PMF modelling analysis indicated that the major sources of PAHs contamination in soils were petroleum combustion, vehicular emissions, biomass, and coal combustion. The health risk assessment shows that the cumulative probability of carcinogenic risks was under the acceptable limits of 10-4 to 10-6. At some sampling areas in both cities, the maximum value of total exposure cancer risk slightly exceeded the acceptable limits indicating some carcinogenic risk for adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India.
| | - Shrikanta Shankar Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang B, Wei W, Zhu H, Liu X, Lv L, Chen H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China: The bidirectional effects of urbanization and anthropogenic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113930. [PMID: 35868582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the variations in environmental behavior (levels, distribution, sources, and soil toxicity) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under the impact of anthropogenic activities during the urbanization process, we collected soil samples from 195 sites in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration (CPUA), North China, and analyzed 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PAH priority pollutants. We divided the sampling sites into three groups (urban area, industrial area, and farmland) and collected soil samples (0-20 cm surface layer). ∑16PAHs concentrations in the soils of the urban area, industrial area, and farmland ranged from 24.2 to 4400 ng/g, 12.3-8780 ng/g, and 20.9-852 ng/g (the average value of 349, 634, and 186 ng/g), respectively. The 4 to 5 ring PAHs were dominant compounds in three soil types, accounting for 65-80% of the ∑16PAHs. The results of the source analysis showed that the PAHs in the soils of CPUA were mainly from energy consumption. PAH levels in urban and industrial soils had a potential low cancer risk. The impact of urbanization on PAHs in the soil was bidirectional. On the one hand, the level of PAHs in the farmland soil might increase due to burning coal and agricultural machinery, which releases diesel or petrol fumes. On the other hand, in the urbanization process, the PAH content in urban soil and industrial soil showed a downward trend due to the implementation of environmental protection policies in China, which have reduced the atmospheric input of PAHs into the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenhao Wei
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Lv
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|