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Pardo AC, Carrasco M, Wintermark P, Nunes D, Chock VY, Sen S, Wusthoff CJ. Neuromonitoring practices for neonates with congenital heart disease: a scoping review. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03484-x. [PMID: 39183308 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This scoping review summarizes neuromonitoring methods in neonates with CHD. We identified 84 studies investigating the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (n = 37), electroencephalography (EEG) (n = 20), amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) (n = 10), transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) (n = 6), and multimodal monitoring (n = 11). NIRS was used to evaluate cerebral oxygenation, identify risk thresholds and adverse events in the intensive care unit (ICU), and outcomes. EEG was utilized to screen for seizures and to predict adverse outcomes. Studies of aEEG have focused on characterizing background patterns, detecting seizures, and outcomes. Studies of TCD have focused on correlation with short-term clinical outcomes. Multimodal monitoring studies characterized cerebral physiologic dynamics. Most of the studies were performed in single centers, had a limited number of neonates (range 3-183), demonstrated variability in neuromonitoring practices, and lacked standardized approaches to neurodevelopmental testing. We identified areas of improvement for future research: (1) large multicenter studies to evaluate developmental correlates of neuromonitoring practices; (2) guidelines to standardize neurodevelopmental testing methodologies; (3) research to address geographic variation in resource utilization; (4) integration and synchronization of multimodal monitoring; and (5) research to establish a standardized framework for neuromonitoring techniques across diverse settings. IMPACT: This scoping review summarizes the literature regarding neuromonitoring practices in neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD). The identification of low cerebral oxygenation thresholds with NIRS may be used to identify neonates at risk for adverse events in the ICU or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Postoperative neuromonitoring with continuous EEG screening for subclinical seizures and status epilepticus, allow for early and appropriate therapy. Future studies should focus on enrolling larger multicenter cohorts of neonates with CHD with a standardized framework of neuromonitoring practices in this population. Postoperative neurodevelopmental testing should utilize standard assessments and testing intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Pardo
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology and Epilepsy). Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US.
| | - Melisa Carrasco
- Department of Neurology. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, US
| | - Pia Wintermark
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Denise Nunes
- Galter Health Sciences Library. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Valerie Y Chock
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, US
| | - Shawn Sen
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology). Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, US
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Vaughan T, Hammoud MS, Pande A, Chu L, Cummins K, McCloskey O, Parfyonov M, Doh CY, Edwards A, Sharew B, Greason C, Abushanab E, Gupta A, Marino B, Najm HK, Karamlou T. Can perioperative electroencephalogram and adverse hemodynamic events predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 168:342-352.e7. [PMID: 37951534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to characterize preoperative and postoperative continuous electroencephalogram metrics and hemodynamic adverse events as predictors of neurodevelopment in congenital heart disease infants undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS From 2010 to 2021, 320 infants underwent congenital heart disease surgery at our institution, of whom 217 had perioperative continuous electroencephalogram monitoring and were included in our study. Neurodevelopment was assessed in 76 patients by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition, consisting of cognitive, communication, and motor scaled scores. Patient and procedural factors, including hemodynamic adverse events, were included by means of the likelihood of covariate selection in our predictive model. Median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up was 1.03 (0.09, 3.44) years with 3 (1, 6) Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition evaluations per patient. RESULTS Median age at index surgery was 7 (4, 23) days, and 81 (37%) were female. Epileptiform discharges, encephalopathy, and abnormality (lethargy and coma) were more prevalent on postoperative continuous electroencephalograms, compared with preoperative continuous electroencephalograms (P < .005). In 76 patients with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition evaluations, patients with diffuse abnormality (P = .009), waveform discontinuity (P = .007), and lack of continuity (P = .037) on preoperative continuous electroencephalogram had lower cognitive scores. Patients with synchrony (P < .005) on preoperative and waveform continuity (P = .009) on postoperative continuous electroencephalogram had higher fine motor scores. Patients with postoperative adverse events had lower cognitive (P < .005) and gross motor scores (P < .005). CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic patterns of perioperative continuous electroencephalogram metrics are associated with late-term neurologic injury in infants with congenital heart disease requiring surgery. Continuous electroencephalogram metrics can be integrated with hemodynamic adverse events in a predictive algorithm for neurologic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Vaughan
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Miza Salim Hammoud
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amol Pande
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lee Chu
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kaleigh Cummins
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Olivia McCloskey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maksim Parfyonov
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chang Yoon Doh
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alyssa Edwards
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Christie Greason
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elham Abushanab
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bradley Marino
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hani K Najm
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Feng J, Lin R, Zhang Y, Ning S, Du N, Li J, Cui Y, Huang G, Wang H, Chen X, Liu T, Chen W, Ma L, Li J. Postoperative EEG abnormalities in relation to neurodevelopmental outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03401-2. [PMID: 38992156 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We had reported that postoperative EEG background including sleep-wake cycle (SWC) and discharge (seizures, spikes/sharp waves) abnormalities were significantly correlated with adverse early outcomes in children after cardiac surgery. We aimed to analyze the relations between these EEG abnormalities and neurodevelopmental outcomes at about 2 years after cardiac surgery. METHODS We enrolled 121 patients undergoing cardiac surgery at 3.3 months (0.03 ~ 28 months). EEG abnormalities described above during the first postoperative 48 h were evaluated. Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Chinese was used to evaluate the quotients of overall development and 5 subscales of the child's locomotor, language, personal-social, eye-hand coordination and performance skills at 16 ~ 31 months of age. RESULTS EEG background abnormalities occurred in 59/121 (48.8%) patients and 33 (55.9%) unrecovered to normal by 48 h. Abnormal SWC occurred in 15 (12.4%) patients and 7 (5.8%) unrecovered to normal by 48 h. EEG seizures occurred in 11 (9.1%) patients with frontal lobe seizures in 4. Spikes/sharp waves occurred in 100 (82.6%). EEG background abnormalities, number of spikes/sharp waves and frontal lobe seizures were significantly associated with neurodevelopmental impairment at about 1 ~ 2 year after surgery (Ps ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Most parameters of EEG abnormalities were significantly associated with neurodevelopmental impairment after cardiac surgery. IMPACT Neurodevelopmental impairment in children with congenital heart disease remain poorly understood. Previous studies had reported that either EEG seizures or background abnormalities were associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Our present study showed that all the EEG background and discharge abnormalities including EEG background, seizures and spikes/sharp waves in the early postoperative period were significantly associated with neurodevelopmental impairment at about 1 ~ 2 years after cardiac surgery. Comprehensive evaluation of early postoperative EEG may provide further insights about postoperative brain injury, its relation with neurodevelopmental impairment, and guide to improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rouyi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuyao Ning
- Department of Electroneurophysiology, Guangzlhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huaizhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Techang Liu
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenxiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Padiyar S, Friedman N, Pestana-Knight E, Franic L, Worley S, Aly H. Continuous Electroencephalogram (cEEG) Findings and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) at 12-24 Months of Age. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06418-y. [PMID: 38819704 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the role of continuous EEG (cEEG) background patterns and duration of cross-clamp time and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac surgery and its correlation with abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12-24 months on Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). METHODS This retrospective cohort study included infants with CHD and cEEG monitoring, who underwent surgery by 44 weeks gestational age. RESULTS 34 patients were included, who were operated at median age - 7 days. Longer duration of cross- camp time was associated with poor language composite scores (LCS) (p value = 0.036). A significant association existed between severity of encephalopathy in 24-hour post-operative period and poor LCS (p value = 0.026). CONCLUSION Majority of neonates with CHD have below average cognitive, language and motor composite scores on BSID-III. Longer duration of cross-clamp time and severity of encephalopathy during 24-hour post-operative EEG monitoring are associated with poor LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Padiyar
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, 9500 Euclid Ave, M-31, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Neil Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Linda Franic
- Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Worley
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, 9500 Euclid Ave, M-31, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Hofer J, Blum M, Wiltsche R, Deluggi N, Holzinger D, Fellinger J, Tulzer G, Blum G, Oberhuber R. Research gaps in the neurodevelopmental assessment of children with complex congenital heart defects: a scoping review. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1340495. [PMID: 38846331 PMCID: PMC11155449 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1340495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Children with congenital heart defects (CHD) are at risk for a range of developmental disabilities that challenge cognition, executive functioning, self-regulation, communication, social-emotional functioning, and motor skills. Ongoing developmental surveillance is therefore key to maximizing neurodevelopmental outcome opportunities. It is crucial that the measures used cover the spectrum of neurodevelopmental domains relevant to capturing possible predictors and malleable factors of child development. Objectives This work aimed to synthesize the literature on neurodevelopmental measures and the corresponding developmental domains assessed in children aged 1-8 years with complex CHD. Methods PubMed was searched for terms relating to psycho-social, cognitive and linguistic-communicative outcomes in children with CHD. 1,380 papers with a focus on complex CHD that reported neurodevelopmental assessments were identified; ultimately, data from 78 articles that used standardized neurodevelopmental assessment tools were extracted. Results Thirty-nine (50%) of these excluded children with syndromes, and 9 (12%) excluded children with disorders of intellectual development. 10% of the studies were longitudinal. The neurodevelopmental domains addressed by the methods used were: 53% cognition, 16% psychosocial functioning, 18% language/communication/speech production, and 13% motor development-associated constructs. Conclusions Data on social communication, expressive and receptive language, speech motor, and motor function are underrepresented. There is a lack of research into everyday use of language and into measures assessing language and communication early in life. Overall, longitudinal studies are required that include communication measures and their interrelations with other developmental domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofer
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria
| | - Marina Blum
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Regina Wiltsche
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Nikoletta Deluggi
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel Holzinger
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Linguistics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Fellinger
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria
- Division of Social Psychiatry, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Tulzer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Heart Center Linz, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Gina Blum
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Raphael Oberhuber
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Heart Center Linz, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Department of Inclusive Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
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Muehlschlegel G, Kubicki R, Jacobs-LeVan J, Kroll J, Klemm R, Humburger F, Stiller B, Fleck T. Neurological Impact of Slower Rewarming during Bypass Surgery in Infants. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 72:e7-e15. [PMID: 38909608 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermia is a neuroprotective strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass. Rewarming entailing a rapid rise in cerebral metabolism might lead to secondary neurological sequelae. In this pilot study, we aimed to validate the hypothesis that a slower rewarming rate would lower the risk of cerebral hypoxia and seizures in infants. METHODS This is a prospective, clinical, single-center study. Infants undergoing cardiac surgery in hypothermia were rewarmed either according to the standard (+1°C in < 5 minutes) or a slow (+1°C in > 5-8 minutes) rewarming strategy. We monitored electrocortical activity via amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) and cerebral oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy during and after surgery. RESULTS Fifteen children in the standard rewarming group (age: 13 days [5-251]) were cooled down to 26.6°C (17.2-29.8) and compared with 17 children in the slow-rewarming group (age: 9 days [4-365]) with a minimal temperature of 25.7°C (20.1-31.4). All neonates in both groups (n = 19) exhibited suppressed patterns compared with 28% of the infants > 28 days (p < 0.05). During rewarming, only 26% of the children in the slow-rewarming group revealed suppressed aEEG traces (vs. 41%; p = 0.28). Cerebral oxygenation increased by a median of 3.5% in the slow-rewarming group versus 1.5% in the standard group (p = 0.9). Our slow-rewarming group revealed no aEEG evidence of any postoperative seizures (0 vs. 20%). CONCLUSION These results might indicate that a slower rewarming rate after hypothermia causes less suppression of electrocortical activity and higher cerebral oxygenation during rewarming, which may imply a reduced risk of postoperative seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeske Muehlschlegel
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Rouven Kubicki
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen Freiburg Branch, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Jacobs-LeVan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Johannes Kroll
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen Freiburg Branch, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Klemm
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Frank Humburger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Freiburg Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Stiller
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen Freiburg Branch, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Fleck
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen Freiburg Branch, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lin R, Du N, Feng J, Li J, Li X, Cui Y, Ning S, Zhang M, Huang G, Wang H, Chen X, Ma L, Li J. Postoperative hypernatremia is associated with worse brain injuries on EEG and MRI following pediatric cardiac surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1320231. [PMID: 38188252 PMCID: PMC10768027 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1320231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dysnatremia is a common electrolyte disturbance after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) and a known risk factor for adverse neurological events and clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of dysnatremia with worse abnormal EEG patterns, brain injuries detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and early adverse outcomes. Methods We monitored continuous EEG in 340 children during the initial 48 h following cardiac surgery. Demographics and clinical characteristics were recorded. Sodium concentrations were measured in the arterial blood gas analysis every 6 h. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia were classified by the average of sodium concentrations over 48 h. Postoperative cerebral MRI was performed before hospital discharge. Results In our patient cohort, dysnatremia was present in 46 (13.5%) patients. Among them, hyponatremia occurred in 21 (6.2%) and hypernatremia in 25 (7.4%). When compared to patients with normonatremia, hyponatremia was not associated with EEG abnormalities and early adverse outcomes (Ps ≥ .14). In hypernatremia group, the CPB time was significantly longer and more frequent use of DHCA (Ps ≤ .049). After adjusting for time, CPB time and the use of DHCA, hypernatremia was significantly associated with worse EEG abnormalities (including background, seizures and pathological delta brushes), more severe brain injuries on MRI (Ps ≤ .04) and trended to be associated with longer postoperative mechanical ventilation time (P = .06). Conclusion Hypernatremia and hyponatremia were common in children after cardiac surgery. Hypernatremia, but not hyponatremia, was significantly associated with worse EEG abnormalities and more severe brain injuries on MRI and extended postoperative mechanical ventilation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyao Ning
- Department of Electroneurophysiology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaizhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Sanz JH, Cox S, Donofrio MT, Ishibashi N, McQuillen P, Peyvandi S, Schlatterer S. [Formula: see text] Trajectories of neurodevelopment and opportunities for intervention across the lifespan in congenital heart disease. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:1128-1154. [PMID: 36752083 PMCID: PMC10406974 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2173162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental challenges across the lifespan. These are associated with neurological changes and potential acquired brain injury, which occur across a developmental trajectory and which are influenced by an array of medical, sociodemographic, environmental, and personal factors. These alterations to brain development lead to an array of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, which impact a characteristic set of skills over the course of development. The current paper reviews existing knowledge of aberrant brain development and brain injury alongside associated neurodevelopmental challenges across the lifespan. These provide a framework for discussion of emerging and potential interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes at each developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H Sanz
- Division of Neuropsychology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Pediatrics at The George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Stephany Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mary T Donofrio
- Division of Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, D.C
- Department of Pediatrics at The George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Pediatrics at The George Washington University School of Medicine
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington D.C
| | - Patrick McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shabnam Peyvandi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sarah Schlatterer
- Department of Pediatrics at The George Washington University School of Medicine
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
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Lin R, Du N, Feng J, Li J, Li L, Cui Y, Ning S, Zhang M, Huang G, Wang H, Zou M, Ma L, Chen X, Li J. Perioperative EEG background and discharge abnormalities in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective single-centre observational study. Br J Anaesth 2023:S0007-0912(23)00240-4. [PMID: 37328305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analysed the characteristics of abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns before, during, and 48 h after cardiac surgery in patients with heterogeneous congenital heart disease to assess their relationship to demographic and perioperative variables and to early patient outcomes. METHODS In 437 patients enrolled in a single centre, EEG was evaluated for background (including sleep-wake cycle) and discharge (seizures, spikes/sharp waves, pathological delta brushes) abnormalities. Clinical data (arterial blood pressure, doses of inotropic drugs, and serum lactate concentrations) were recorded every 3 h. Postoperative brain MRI was performed before discharge. RESULTS Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative EEG was monitored in 139, 215, and 437 patients, respectively. Patients with a degree of preoperative background abnormalities (n=40) had more severe intraoperative and postoperative EEG abnormalities (P<0.0001). Intraoperatively, 106/215 (49.3%) patients progressed into an isoelectric EEG. Longer durations of isoelectric EEG were associated with more severe postoperative EEG abnormalities and brain injury on MRI (Ps≤0.003). Postoperative background abnormalities occurred in 218/437 (49.9%) patients, and 119 (54.6%) of them had not recovered after surgery. Seizures occurred in 36/437 (8.2%) patients, spikes/sharp waves in 359/437 (82.2%), and pathological delta brushes in 9/437 (2.0%). Postoperative EEG abnormalities correlated with degree of brain injury on MRI (Ps≤0.02). Demographic and perioperative variables were significantly correlated with postoperative EEG abnormalities, which in turn correlated with adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative EEG abnormalities occurred frequently and correlated with numerous demographic and perioperative variables and adversely correlated with postoperative EEG abnormalities and early outcomes. The relation of EEG background and discharge abnormalities with long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyao Ning
- Department of Electroneurophysiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaizhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China; Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02520-6. [PMID: 36792651 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery have increased risk of impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes secondary to brain injury. This study aims to characterize pre- and post-operative continuous EEG (cEEG) patterns to detect abnormal cerebral activity in infants with CHD and investigate whether an association exists between the degree of encephalopathy in pre- and post-operative cEEG. METHODS This retrospective cohort study conducted between 2010 and 2018 at a tertiary hospital in Cleveland, OH included infants with CHD with cEEG monitoring, who underwent CPB surgery within first 6 months of life. RESULTS Study included 77 patients, of which 61% were males who were operated at median age 6 days. Pre-operatively, 69% and 87% had normal cEEG and sleep-wake cycles, respectively. Post-operatively, 80% had abnormal cEEG. Longer circulatory arrest time and CPB were associated with lack of continuity (p 0.011), excessive discontinuity (p 0.007) and prolonged inter-burst interval (IBI) duration (p value < 0.001). A significant association existed between severity of encephalopathy in immediate and 24-h post-operative period (p value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS More than 80% of neonates with CHD have abnormal post-operative EEG. Longer circulatory arrest time and CPB were associated with lack of continuity, excessive discontinuity, and prolonged IBI duration on post-operative EEG. IMPACT This study shows that majority of neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) have normal pre-operative EEG with a continuous background and normal sleep-wake cycles. Also, 80% of neonates had abnormal post-operative EEG. Longer duration of arrest time and bypass time was associated with lack of continuity, excessive discontinuity, and prolonged IBI duration during post-operative EEG monitoring. These findings will help clinicians when counseling parents in the intensive care unit, risk stratification, and long-term neurodevelopmental monitoring in these high-risk patients.
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Feldmann M, Hagmann C, de Vries L, Disselhoff V, Pushparajah K, Logeswaran T, Jansen NJG, Breur JMPJ, Knirsch W, Benders M, Counsell S, Reich B, Latal B. Neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and neurodevelopmental follow-up practices in neonatal congenital heart disease: a European survey. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:168-175. [PMID: 35414671 PMCID: PMC9876786 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain injury and neurodevelopmental impairment remain a concern in children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). A practice guideline on neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and neurodevelopmental follow-up in CHD patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is lacking. The aim of this survey was to systematically evaluate the current practice in centers across Europe. METHODS An online-based structured survey was sent to pediatric cardiac surgical centers across Europe between April 2019 and June 2020. Results were summarized by descriptive statistics. RESULTS Valid responses were received by 25 European centers, of which 23 completed the questionnaire to the last page. Near-infrared spectroscopy was the most commonly used neuromonitoring modality used in 64, 80, and 72% preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively, respectively. Neuroimaging was most commonly performed by means of cranial ultrasound in 96 and 84% preoperatively and postoperatively, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 72 and 44% preoperatively and postoperatively, respectively, but was predominantly reserved for clinically symptomatic patients (preoperatively 67%, postoperatively 64%). Neurodevelopmental follow-up was implemented in 40% of centers and planned in 24%. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneity in perioperative neuromonitoring and neuroimaging practice in CHD in centers across Europe is large. The need for neurodevelopmental follow-up has been recognized. A clear practice guideline is urgently needed. IMPACT There is large heterogeneity in neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and neurodevelopmental follow-up practices among European centers caring for neonates with complex congenital heart disease. This study provides a systematic evaluation of the current neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and neurodevelopmental follow-up practice in Europe. The results of this survey may serve as the basis for developing a clear practice guideline that could help to early detect and prevent neurological and neurodevelopmental sequelae in neonates with complex congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feldmann
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Hagmann
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda de Vries
- Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Disselhoff
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kuberan Pushparajah
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Evelina Children's Hospital London, London, UK
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thushiha Logeswaran
- Pediatric Heart Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicolaas J G Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M P J Breur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Knirsch
- Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manon Benders
- Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bettina Reich
- Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beatrice Latal
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Neuromonitoring in neonatal critical care part II: extremely premature infants and critically ill neonates. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02392-2. [PMID: 36434203 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal intensive care has expanded from cardiorespiratory care to a holistic approach emphasizing brain health. To best understand and monitor brain function and physiology in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the most commonly used tools are amplitude-integrated EEG, full multichannel continuous EEG, and near-infrared spectroscopy. Each of these modalities has unique characteristics and functions. While some of these tools have been the subject of expert consensus statements or guidelines, there is no overarching agreement on the optimal approach to neuromonitoring in the NICU. This work reviews current evidence to assist decision making for the best utilization of these neuromonitoring tools to promote neuroprotective care in extremely premature infants and in critically ill neonates. Neuromonitoring approaches in neonatal encephalopathy and neonates with possible seizures are discussed separately in the companion paper. IMPACT: For extremely premature infants, NIRS monitoring has a potential role in individualized brain-oriented care, and selective use of aEEG and cEEG can assist in seizure detection and prognostication. For critically ill neonates, NIRS can monitor cerebral perfusion, oxygen delivery, and extraction associated with disease processes as well as respiratory and hypodynamic management. Selective use of aEEG and cEEG is important in those with a high risk of seizures and brain injury. Continuous multimodal monitoring as well as monitoring of sleep, sleep-wake cycling, and autonomic nervous system have a promising role in neonatal neurocritical care.
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Ortinau CM, Smyser CD, Arthur L, Gordon EE, Heydarian HC, Wolovits J, Nedrelow J, Marino BS, Levy VY. Optimizing Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics 2022; 150:e2022056415L. [PMID: 36317967 PMCID: PMC10435013 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-056415l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental impairment is a common and important long-term morbidity among infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). More than half of those with complex CHD will demonstrate some form of neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, and/or psychosocial dysfunction requiring specialized care and impacting long-term quality of life. Preventing brain injury and treating long-term neurologic sequelae in this high-risk clinical population is imperative for improving neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes. Thus, cardiac neurodevelopmental care is now at the forefront of clinical and research efforts. Initial research primarily focused on neurocritical care and operative strategies to mitigate brain injury. As the field has evolved, investigations have shifted to understanding the prenatal, genetic, and environmental contributions to impaired neurodevelopment. This article summarizes the recent literature detailing the brain abnormalities affecting neurodevelopment in children with CHD, the impact of genetics on neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the best practices for neonatal neurocritical care, focusing on developmental care and parental support as new areas of importance. A framework is also provided for the infrastructure and resources needed to support CHD families across the continuum of care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher D. Smyser
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lindsay Arthur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Erin E. Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Haleh C. Heydarian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joshua Wolovits
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jonathan Nedrelow
- Department of Neonatology, Cook Children’s Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Bradley S. Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago
| | - Victor Y. Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California
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14
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Pittet MP, Marini D, Ly L, Au-Young SH, Chau V, Seed M, Miller SP, Hahn CD. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Impact of Preoperative Seizures in Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease. J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:616-624. [PMID: 33560701 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of electrographic seizures in neonates with complex congenital heart disease before cardiac surgery. METHODS A cohort of 31 neonates with congenital heart disease monitored preoperatively with continuous video-EEG (cEEG) was first reviewed for electrographic seizure burden and EEG background abnormalities. Second, cEEG findings were correlated with brain MRI and 18-month outcomes. RESULTS Continuous video-EEG was recorded preoperatively for a median duration of 20.5 hours (range, 2.5-93.5 hours). The five neonates (16%; 95% confidence interval, 5.5% to 34%) with seizures detected on cEEG in the preoperative period had a diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries or similar physiology, detected in four of five postnatally. None of the 157 recorded electrographic seizures had a clinical correlate. The median time to first seizure was 65 minutes (range, 6-300 minutes) after cEEG hookup. The median maximum hourly seizure burden was 12.4 minutes (range, 7-23 minutes). Before the first electrographic seizure, a prolonged interburst interval (>10 seconds) was not associated with seizures (coefficient 1.2; 95% confidence interval, -1.1 to 3.6). MRI brain lesions were three times more common in neonates with seizures. Sharp wave transients on cEEG were associated with delayed opercular development. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, preoperative electrographic seizures were common, were all subclinical, and were associated with MRI brain injury and postnatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries. The findings motivate further study of the mechanisms of preoperative brain injury, particularly among neonates with a postnatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Pittet
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davide Marini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; and
| | - Linh Ly
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Au-Young
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vann Chau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; and
| | - Steven P Miller
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cecil D Hahn
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Variane GFT, Rodrigues DP, Pietrobom RFR, França CN, Netto A, Magalhães M. Newborns at high risk for brain injury: the role of the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 98:565-571. [PMID: 34986412 PMCID: PMC9617284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is a simplified bedside neurophysiology tool that has been implemented in the neonatal intensive care unit and studied in an extensive range of clinical applications in the past decade. This critical review aimed to evaluate a variety of clinical applications of aEEG monitoring in diagnosis, clinical management, and prognosis assessment in critically ill neonates. SOURCES The databases of Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs, and Cochrane, books, and other online resources were consulted, as well as sources of professional experiences. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The clinical use of aEEG to access real-time brain function, background activity, and utility in seizures detection has been described. A critical review was realized considering the authors' professional experience. Newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and seizures screening represent the most common studied population. However, several studies have shown interesting applications on preterm infants, newborns with congenital heart disease, and other clinical situations of high risk of injury to the developing brain. CONCLUSION The aEEG has shown to be a useful non-invasive bedside monitor that aids in evaluating brain function, background activity, and cyclicity. aEEG findings have also demonstrated good prognostic value in a group of critically ill neonates. The aEEG seizure diagnosis capability has limitations, which have been already well established. The use of neonatal brain monitoring such as aEEG was shown to give valuable information in several high-risk clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fernando Todeschi Variane
- Divisão Neonatal, Grupo Santa Joana, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Divisão Neonatal, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Organização Protegendo Cérebros e Salvando Futuros, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pereira Rodrigues
- Organização Protegendo Cérebros e Salvando Futuros, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Departamento de Enfermagem Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Fabri Rodrigues Pietrobom
- Divisão Neonatal, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Organização Protegendo Cérebros e Salvando Futuros, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nunes França
- Organização Protegendo Cérebros e Salvando Futuros, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Netto
- Divisão Neonatal, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Organização Protegendo Cérebros e Salvando Futuros, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Magalhães
- Divisão Neonatal, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Organização Protegendo Cérebros e Salvando Futuros, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with CHD may be at increased risk for epilepsy. While the incidence of perioperative seizures after surgical repair of CHD has been well-described, the incidence of epilepsy is less well-defined. We aim to determine the incidence and predictors of epilepsy in patients with CHD. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients with CHD who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass at <2 years of age between January, 2012 and December, 2013 and had at least 2 years of follow-up. Clinical variables were extracted from a cardiac surgery database and hospital records. Seizures were defined as acute if they occurred within 7 days after an inciting event. Epilepsy was defined based on the International League Against Epilepsy criteria. RESULTS Two-hundred and twenty-one patients were identified, 157 of whom were included in our analysis. Five patients (3.2%) developed epilepsy. Acute seizures occurred in 12 (7.7%) patients, only one of whom developed epilepsy. Predictors of epilepsy included an earlier gestational age, a lower birth weight, a greater number of cardiac surgeries, a need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or a left ventricular assist device, arterial ischaemic stroke, and a longer hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Epilepsy in children with CHD is rare. The mechanism of epileptogenesis in these patients may be the result of a complex interaction of patient-specific factors, some of which may be present even before surgery. Larger long-term follow-up studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with epilepsy in these patients.
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Schultz B, Schultz M, Boehne M, Dennhardt N. EEG monitoring during anesthesia in children aged 0 to 18 months: amplitude-integrated EEG and age effects. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 35346111 PMCID: PMC8962600 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is a widely used monitoring tool in neonatology / pediatric intensive care. It takes into account the amplitudes, but not the frequency composition, of the EEG. Advantages of the aEEG are clear criteria for interpretation and time compression. During the first year of life, the electroencephalogram (EEG) during sedation / anesthesia changes from a low-differentiated to a differentiated EEG; higher-frequency waves develop increasingly. There are few studies on the use of aEEG during pediatric anesthesia. A systematic evaluation of the aEEG in defined EEG stages during anesthesia / sedation is not yet available. Parameters of pediatric EEGs (power, median frequency, spectral edge frequency) recorded during anesthesia and of the corresponding aEEGs (upper and lower value of the aEEG trace) should be examined for age-related changes. Furthermore, it should be examined whether the aEEG can distinguish EEG stages of sedation / anesthesia in differentiated EEGs.
Methods
In a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study EEGs and aEEGs (1-channel recordings, electrode positions on forehead) of 50 children (age: 0–18 months) were evaluated. EEG stages: A (awake), Slow EEG, E2, F0, and F1 in low-differentiated EEGs and A (awake), B0–2, C0–2, D0–2, E0–2, F0–1 in differentiated EEGs.
Results
Median and spectral edge frequency increased significantly with age (p < 0.001 each). In low-differentiated EEGs, the power of the Slow EEG increased significantly with age (p < 0.001). In differentiated EEGs, the power increased significantly with age in each of the EEG stages B1 to E1 (p = 0.04, or less), and the upper and lower values of the aEEG trace increased with age (p < 0.001). A discriminant analysis using the upper and lower values of the aEEG showed that EEG epochs from the stages B1 to E1 were assigned to the original EEG stage in only 19.3% of the cases. When age was added as the third variable, the rate of correct reclassifications was 28.5%.
Conclusions
The aEEG was not suitable for distinguishing EEG stages above the burst suppression range. For this purpose, the frequency composition of the EEG should be taken into account.
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Variane GFT, Camargo JPV, Rodrigues DP, Magalhães M, Mimica MJ. Current Status and Future Directions of Neuromonitoring With Emerging Technologies in Neonatal Care. Front Pediatr 2022; 9:755144. [PMID: 35402367 PMCID: PMC8984110 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.755144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatology has experienced a significant reduction in mortality rates of the preterm population and critically ill infants over the last few decades. Now, the emphasis is directed toward improving long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and quality of life. Brain-focused care has emerged as a necessity. The creation of neonatal neurocritical care units, or Neuro-NICUs, provides strategies to reduce brain injury using standardized clinical protocols, methodologies, and provider education and training. Bedside neuromonitoring has dramatically improved our ability to provide assessment of newborns at high risk. Non-invasive tools, such as continuous electroencephalography (cEEG), amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), allow screening for seizures and continuous evaluation of brain function and cerebral oxygenation at the bedside. Extended and combined uses of these techniques, also described as multimodal monitoring, may allow practitioners to better understand the physiology of critically ill neonates. Furthermore, the rapid growth of technology in the Neuro-NICU, along with the increasing use of telemedicine and artificial intelligence with improved data mining techniques and machine learning (ML), has the potential to vastly improve decision-making processes and positively impact outcomes. This article will cover the current applications of neuromonitoring in the Neuro-NICU, recent advances, potential pitfalls, and future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fernando Todeschi Variane
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade de Misericordia da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Research Department, Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Neonatology, Grupo Santa Joana, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Vasques Camargo
- Clinical Research Department, Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Data Science Department, OPD Team, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pereira Rodrigues
- Clinical Research Department, Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Magalhães
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade de Misericordia da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Research Department, Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Jenné Mimica
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Cañizo Vázquez D, Hadley SM, Pérez Ordóñez M, Lopez-Abad M, Valls A, Viñals ML, Moscoso BA, Benito Fernandez S, Camprubí-Camprubí M, Sanchez-de-Toledo J. Oxidative Stress and Indicators of Brain Damage Following Pediatric Heart Surgery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030489. [PMID: 35326139 PMCID: PMC8944849 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cardiac surgery induces an increased oxidative stress (OS) response. Increased OS is associated with poor neurologic outcomes in neonatal populations with similar patterns of brain injury. We investigated OS and brain injury in infants undergoing heart surgery. Patients 6 months or younger, undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), were included in this prospective, observational study. Patients were divided into infant (30 days−6 months) and neonatal (<30 days) groups for analysis. Urine OS biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) was quantified pre-surgery and at 0 and 24 h post-surgery. A serum brain damage biomarker S100B protein was also measured pre-surgery and at 0 and 72 h post-surgery. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography during surgery was analyzed. Neuropsychological evaluation using the Bayley III or Vineland test was performed in all patients at 24 months of age. Sixty-two patients were included, 44 of whom underwent follow-up neurologic evaluation. 8-iso-PGF2α and S100B levels were increased after surgery. Postoperative levels of S100B were positively correlated with 8-iso-PGF2α levels 24 h after surgery (rho = 0.5224; p = 0.0261). There was also a correlation between immediate post-surgery levels of 8-iso-PGF2α and intra-surgery seizure burden (rho = 0.4285, p = 0.0205). Patients with an abnormal neurological evaluation had increased levels of S100B 72 h after surgery (p = 0.048). 8-iso-PGF2α levels 24 h after surgery were also related to abnormal neurologic outcomes. Levels of 8-iso-PGF2α following pediatric cardiac surgery are associated with several indicators of brain injury including brain damage biomarkers, intra-operative seizures, and abnormal neurological evaluation at follow-up, suggesting the importance of oxidative stress response in the origin of brain damage in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cañizo Vázquez
- BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.V.); (M.L.-A.)
| | - Stephanie M. Hadley
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Marta Pérez Ordóñez
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Group, Sant Joan de Deu Research Institute, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Miriam Lopez-Abad
- BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.V.); (M.L.-A.)
| | - Anna Valls
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marta López Viñals
- Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Bosco A. Moscoso
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sergio Benito Fernandez
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marta Camprubí-Camprubí
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Sant Joan de Deu Research Institute, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Joan Sanchez-de-Toledo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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Variane GFT, Magalhães M, Pietrobom RFR, Netto A, Rodrigues DP, Gasperini R, Sant’Anna GM. Protecting brains and saving futures guidelines: A prospective, multicenter, and observational study on the use of telemedicine for neonatal neurocritical care in Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262581. [PMID: 35020756 PMCID: PMC8754327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Management of high-risk newborns should involve the use of standardized protocols and training, continuous and specialized brain monitoring with electroencephalography (EEG), amplitude integrated EEG, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, and neuroimaging. Brazil is a large country with disparities in health care assessment and some neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are not well structured with trained personnel able to provide adequate neurocritical care. To reduce this existing gap, an advanced telemedicine model of neurocritical care called Protecting Brains and Saving Futures (PBSF) Guidelines was developed and implemented in a group of Brazilian NICUs.
Methods
A prospective, multicenter, and observational study will be conducted in all 20 Brazilian NICUs using the PBSF Guidelines as standard-of-care. All infants treated accordingly to the guidelines during Dec 2021 to Nov 2024 will be eligible. Ethical approval was obtained from participating centers. The primary objective is to describe adherence to the PBSF Guidelines and clinical outcomes, by center and over a 3-year period. Adherence will be measured by quantification of neuromonitoring, neuroimaging exams, sub-specialties consultation, and clinical case discussions and videoconference meetings. Clinical outcomes of interest are detection of seizures during hospitalization, use of anticonvulsants, inotropes, and fluid resuscitation, death before hospital discharge, length of hospital stay, and referral of patients to specialized follow-up.
Discussion
The study will provide evaluation of PBSF Guidelines adherence and its impact on clinical outcomes. Thus, data from this large prospective, multicenter, and observational study will help determine whether neonatal neurocritical care via telemedicine can be effective. Ultimately, it may offer the necessary framework for larger scale implementation and development of research projects using remote neuromonitoring.
Trial registration
NCT03786497, Registered 26 December 2018, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03786497?term=protecting+brains+and+saving+futures&draw=2&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fernando Todeschi Variane
- Neonatal Division, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neonatal Division, Grupo Santa Joana, São Paulo, Brazil
- Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maurício Magalhães
- Neonatal Division, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neonatal Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fabri Rodrigues Pietrobom
- Neonatal Division, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Netto
- Neonatal Division, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pereira Rodrigues
- Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Gasperini
- Neonatal Division, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Protecting Brains and Saving Futures Organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neonatal Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Hermans T, Thewissen L, Gewillig M, Cools B, Jansen K, Pillay K, De Vos M, Van Huffel S, Naulaers G, Dereymaeker A. Functional brain maturation and sleep organisation in neonates with congenital heart disease. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:115-122. [PMID: 34954621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) have structural delays in brain development. To evaluate whether functional brain maturation and sleep-wake physiology is also disturbed, the Functional Brain Age (FBA) and sleep organisation on EEG during the neonatal period is investigated. METHODS We compared 15 neonates with CHD who underwent multichannel EEG with healthy term newborns of the same postmenstrual age, including subgroup analysis for d-Transposition of the Great Arteries (d-TGA) (n = 8). To estimate FBA, a prediction tool using quantitative EEG features as input, was applied. Second, the EEG was automatically classified into the 4 neonatal sleep stages. Neonates with CHD underwent neurodevelopmental testing using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development-III at 24 months. RESULTS Preoperatively, the FBA was delayed in CHD infants and more so in d-TGA infants. The FBA was positively correlated with motor scores. Sleep organisation was significantly altered in neonates with CHD. The duration of the sleep cycle and the proportion of Active Sleep Stage 1 was decreased, again more marked in the d-TGA infants. Neonates with d-TGA spent less time in High Voltage Slow Wave Sleep and more in Tracé Alternant compared to healthy terms. Both FBA and sleep organisation normalised postoperatively. The duration of High Voltage Slow Wave Sleep remained positively correlated with motor scores in d-TGA infants. INTERPRETATION Altered early brain function and sleep is present in neonates with CHD. These results are intruiging, as inefficient neonatal sleep has been linked with adverse long-term outcome. Identifying how these rapid alterations in brain function are mitigated through improvements in cerebral oxygenation, surgery, drugs and nutrition may have relevance for clinical practice and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hermans
- Division STADIUS, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Thewissen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Gewillig
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Cools
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Jansen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Child Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirubin Pillay
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten De Vos
- Division STADIUS, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Huffel
- Division STADIUS, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Dereymaeker
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Bauer Huang SL, Said AS, Smyser CD, Lin JC, Guilliams KP, Guerriero RM. Seizures Are Associated With Brain Injury in Infants Undergoing Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:230-236. [PMID: 33112194 PMCID: PMC8086759 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820966917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine seizure frequency and association with neurologic outcomes in infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Identify patient or clinical factors associated with seizures or brain injury on imaging. METHODS Retrospective, single-center study including infants less than 1 year of age, who underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between 2012 and 2017. RESULTS A total of 104 infants met study criteria including 45 patients with continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring during their extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run and 59 infants without EEG. Seizures (electrographic-only or electro-clinical) were identified in 18 of the 45 (40%). Among the 18 infants with seizures, 14 (78%) had moderate to severe brain injury, whereas only 44% of those without seizures (12 of 27) on EEG had moderate to severe brain injury (P = .03). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECPR), mode of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, length of stay, survival to discharge, and congenital heart disease were not associated with seizures. One of 10 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease due to hypoplastic left heart syndrome had seizures compared with 7 of 10 patients with non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome lesions (P = .02). Seizures were associated with moderate to severe brain injury, after adjusting for ECPR and congenital heart disease (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Electrographic seizures were common in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and higher than previously reported. Seizures were associated with moderate to severe abnormalities on imaging, after adjusting for ECPR and congenital heart disease. This study adds to recent literature describing the risk of seizures in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and highlights the presence of brain injuries that may be identified by routine EEG surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bauer Huang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ahmed S Said
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher D Smyser
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristin P Guilliams
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Réjean M Guerriero
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, 7548Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA
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23
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Huisenga D, La Bastide‐Van Gemert S, Van Bergen A, Sweeney J, Hadders‐Algra M. Developmental outcomes after early surgery for complex congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:29-46. [PMID: 32149404 PMCID: PMC7754445 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM (1) To systematically review the literature on developmental outcomes from infancy to adolescence of children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) who underwent early surgery; (2) to run a meta-regression analysis on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of infants up to 24 months and IQs of preschool-aged children to adolescents; (3) to assess associations between perioperative risk factors and outcomes. METHOD We searched pertinent literature (January 1990 to January 2019) in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Selection criteria included infants with complex CHD who had primary surgery within the first 9 weeks of life. Methodological quality, including risk of bias and internal validity, were assessed. RESULTS In total, 185 papers met the inclusion criteria; the 100 with high to moderate methodological quality were analysed in detail. Substantial heterogeneity in the group with CHD and in methodology existed. The outcome of infants with single-ventricle CHD was inferior to those with two-ventricle CHD (respectively: average scores for PDI 77 and 88; intelligence scores 92 and 98). Perioperative risk factors were inconsistently associated with developmental outcomes. INTERPRETATION The literature on children undergoing surgery in early infancy suggests that infants with a single ventricle are at highest risk of adverse developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Huisenga
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation and DevelopmentAdvocate Children’s HospitalOak LawnILUSA,University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of PaediatricsDivision of Developmental NeurologyGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Sacha La Bastide‐Van Gemert
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of EpidemiologyGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Andrew Van Bergen
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation and DevelopmentAdvocate Children’s HospitalOak LawnILUSA,Advocate Children’s Heart Institute Division of Pediatric Cardiac Critical CareAdvocate Children’s HospitalOak LawnILUSA
| | - Jane Sweeney
- Pediatric Science Doctoral ProgramRocky Mountain University of Health ProfessionsProvoUTUSA
| | - Mijna Hadders‐Algra
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of PaediatricsDivision of Developmental NeurologyGroningenthe Netherlands
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24
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Finucane E, Jooste E, Machovec KA. Neuromonitoring Modalities in Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia: A Review of the Literature. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:3420-3428. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Naim MY, Putt M, Abend NS, Mastropietro CW, Frank DU, Chen JM, Fuller S, Gangemi JJ, Gaynor JW, Heinan K, Licht DJ, Mascio CE, Massey S, Roeser ME, Smith CJ, Kimmel SE. Development and Validation of a Seizure Prediction Model in Neonates After Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:2041-2048. [PMID: 32738224 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalographic seizures (ESs) after neonatal cardiac surgery are often subclinical and have been associated with poor outcomes. An accurate ES prediction model could allow targeted continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (CEEG) for high-risk neonates. METHODS ES prediction models were developed and validated in a multicenter prospective cohort where all postoperative neonates who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) also underwent CEEG. RESULTS ESs occurred in 7.4% of neonates (78 of 1053). Model predictors included gestational age, head circumference, single-ventricle defect, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest duration, cardiac arrest, nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and delayed sternal closure. The model performed well in the derivation cohort (c-statistic, 0.77; Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = .56), with a net benefit (NB) over monitoring all and none over a threshold probability of 2% in decision curve analysis (DCA). The model had good calibration in the validation cohort (Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = .60); however, discrimination was poor (c-statistic, 0.61), and in DCA there was no NB of the prediction model between the threshold probabilities of 8% and 18%. By using a cut point that emphasized negative predictive value in the derivation cohort, 32% (236 of 737) of neonates would not undergo CEEG, including 3.5% (2 of 58) of neonates with ESs (negative predictive value, 99%; sensitivity, 97%). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective cohort, a prediction model of ESs in neonates after CPB had good performance in the derivation cohort, with an NB in DCA. However, performance in the validation cohort was weak, with poor discrimination, poor calibration, and no NB in DCA. These findings support CEEG of all neonates after CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Y Naim
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Mary Putt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas S Abend
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher W Mastropietro
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Deborah U Frank
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Chen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James J Gangemi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - J William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin Heinan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Daniel J Licht
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher E Mascio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shavonne Massey
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark E Roeser
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Clyde J Smith
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen E Kimmel
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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26
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Gui J, Liang S, Sun Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Wang B, Zhong J, Yu Y, He S. Effect of perioperative amplitude-integrated electroencephalography on neurodevelopmental outcomes following infant heart surgery. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2879-2887. [PMID: 32765785 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of perioperative amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) on neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). A total of 93 children with CHD were included in the current study. All patients enrolled in the present study had undergone cardiac surgery prior to 3 months of age and pre- or postoperative aEEG was monitored. Participants were assessed after 1 year using the Bayley Scales of Infant Test. A total of 82.2% of infants exhibited continuous normal voltage preoperatively (CNV) and 93.7% exhibited CNV postoperatively. Seizures were indicated in 2 infants preoperatively and 3 infants postoperatively. Compared with infants with PDI, infants with cyanotic CHD (β=17.218) exhibited a significantly lower MDI, an increased length of intensive care stay, and lower PDI scores (β=-0.577). Infants that underwent surgery with CPB exhibited higher PDI scores (β=11.956). Infants that exhibited behavioral problems also had lower PDI scores (β=-10.605). An abnormal preoperative background pattern and an absent postoperative SWC independently predicted poorer motor (P=0.014) and cognitive (P=0.049) outcomes at 1 year. The current study demonstrated that infants with CHD who underwent cardiac surgery prior to 3 months of age exhibited delayed neurodevelopmental outcomes, and that an aEEG assessment can aid in predicting these outcomes following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gui
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Suixin Liang
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Sun
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bi Wang
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Yu
- Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shaoru He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of NICU, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.,Department of Neonatal Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Ortinau CM, Shimony JS. The Congenital Heart Disease Brain: Prenatal Considerations for Perioperative Neurocritical Care. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 108:23-30. [PMID: 32107137 PMCID: PMC7306416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered brain development has been highlighted as an important contributor to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease. Abnormalities begin prenatally and include micro- and macrostructural disturbances that lead to an altered trajectory of brain growth throughout gestation. Recent progress in fetal imaging has improved understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms and risk factors for impaired fetal brain development. The impact of the prenatal environment on postnatal neurological care has also gained increased focus. This review summarizes current data on the timing and pattern of altered prenatal brain development in congenital heart disease, the potential mechanisms of these abnormalities, and the association with perioperative neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinkrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Hoskote A, Wray J, Banks V, Brown K, Lakhanpaul M. A referral pathway for potentially abnormal neurodevelopment in children with heart disease in the United Kingdom: a Delphi consensus. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000587. [PMID: 32399503 PMCID: PMC7204815 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with congenital heart disease have complex medical and neurodevelopmental needs. We aimed to develop a multi-professional consensus-based referral pathway applicable to action the results of the brief developmental assessment (BDA), a validated early recognition tool, that categorises the neurodevelopmental status as green (appropriate for age), amber (equivocal) or red (delayed) in children aged between 4 months and 5 years. METHODS A Delphi consensus survey detailing two scenarios-a child categorised as delayed (red) and another as equivocal (amber) on administration of the BDA at the time of discharge from the tertiary centre-was sent to 80 expert professionals from primary, secondary and tertiary care seeking agreement on next steps and referral pathways. An iterative process was proposed with a pre-defined rule of 75% for consensus. RESULTS The survey was completed by 77 Delphi panel experts in Round 1, 73 in Round 2 and 70 in Round 3. Consensus was achieved (1) for the child with amber or red BDA, the child should be under the care of a paediatrician with expertise in cardiology (PEC) (or general paediatrician if no PEC) based at their local hospital, (2) for the child with red BDA, the PEC should initiate referral to community services at first assessment, (3) for child with amber BDA, a re-assessment by the health visitor should occur within 1-2 months, with referral to community services and notification to the PEC if on-going concerns. CONCLUSIONS The Delphi process enabled a consensus to be reached between health professionals on referral pathways for specialist neurodevelopmental assessment/treatment for children with heart disease, in response to amber or red BDA results. The agreed referral pathway, if implemented, could underpin a national guideline to address and intervene on the neurodevelopmental difficulties in children with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Hoskote
- Heart and Lung Directorate, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jo Wray
- Heart and Lung Directorate, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Victoria Banks
- Heart and Lung Directorate, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katherine Brown
- Heart and Lung Directorate, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Population, Policy and Practice Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Peri- and Post-operative Amplitude-integrated Electroencephalography in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pittet-Metrailler MP, Almazrooei AM, Tam EW. Sensory assessment: Neurophysiology in neonates and neurodevelopmental outcome. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 174:183-203. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64148-9.00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Austin T. The development of neonatal neurointensive care. Pediatr Res 2019:10.1038/s41390-019-0729-5. [PMID: 31852010 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain injury remains one of the major unsolved problems in neonatal care, with survivors at high risk of lifelong neurodisability. It is unlikely that a single intervention can ameliorate neonatal brain injury, given the complex interaction between pathological processes, developmental trajectory, genetic susceptibility, and environmental influences. However, a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach to understand the root cause enables early detection, and diagnosis with enhanced clinical care offering the best chance of improving outcomes and facilitate new lines of neuroprotective treatments. Adult neurointensive care has existed as a speciality in its own right for over 20 years; however, it is only recently that large prospective studies have demonstrated the benefit of this model of care. The 'Neuro-intensive Care Nursery' model originated at the University of California San Francisco in 2008, and since then a growing number of units worldwide have adopted this approach. As well as providing consistent coordinated care for infants from a multidisciplinary team, it provides opportunities for specialist education and training in neonatal neurology, neuromonitoring, neuroimaging and nursing. This review outlines the origins of brain-oriented care of the neonate and the development of the Neuro-NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) and discusses some of the challenges and opportunities in expanding this model of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topun Austin
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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Howell HB, Zaccario M, Kazmi SH, Desai P, Sklamberg FE, Mally P. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with congenital heart disease: A review. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2019; 49:100685. [PMID: 31708366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects are the most common birth anomaly affecting approximately 1% of births. With improved survival in this population, there is enhanced ability to assess long-term morbidities including neurodevelopment. There is a wide range of congenital heart defects, from those with minimal physiologic consequence that do not require medical or surgical intervention, to complex structural anomalies requiring highly specialized medical management and intricate surgical repair or palliation. The impact of congenital heart disease on neurodevelopment is multifactorial. Susceptibility for adverse neurodevelopment increases with advancing severity of the defect with initial risk factors originating during gestation. Complex structural heart anomalies may pre-dispose the fetus to abnormal circulatory patterns in utero that ultimately impact delivery of oxygen rich blood to the fetal brain. Thus, the brain of a neonate born with complex congenital heart disease may be particularly vulnerable from the outset. That vulnerability is compounded during the newborn period and through childhood, as this population endures a myriad of medical and surgical interventions. For each individual patient, these factors are likely cumulative and synergistic with progression from fetal life through childhood. This review discusses the spectrum of risk factors that may impact neurodevelopment in children with congenital heart disease, describes current recommendations and practices for neurodevelopmental follow-up of children with congenital heart disease and reviews important neurodevelopmental trends in this high risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Howell
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 317 East 34th Street, Suite 902, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Michele Zaccario
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 317 East 34th Street, Suite 902, New York, NY 10016, USA; Pace University, Department of Psychology, 41 Park Row, New York, NY 10038 USA
| | - Sadaf H Kazmi
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 317 East 34th Street, Suite 902, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Purnahamsi Desai
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 317 East 34th Street, Suite 902, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Felice E Sklamberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 317 East 34th Street, Suite 902, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pradeep Mally
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 317 East 34th Street, Suite 902, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Limjoco J, Zawadzki L, Belden M, Eickhoff J, Ikonomidou C. Amplitude-integrated EEG use in neonatal abstinence syndrome: a pilot study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:3565-3570. [PMID: 30720377 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1579190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Though central nervous system irritability is a well-established consequence of neonatal drug withdrawal, brain function in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is not well understood. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is a bedside tool used for monitoring brain activity and seizures. We describe the prevalence of abnormal aEEG background patterns in infants with NAS.Methods: In this pilot, observational study primary outcomes were aEEG findings, Finnegan scores, and length of hospital stay in NAS patients. Subjects underwent an initial aEEG and a repeat study following pharmacologic treatment. Two independent reviewers analyzed aEEGs post discharge.Results: Six out of nine infants had abnormal aEEGs demonstrating lack of sleep-wake cycling (SWC) (50%), discontinuity (41.7%), and low voltage (8.3%). Seizures were not detected. NAS scores were lower for infants with continuous aEEGs versus those whose aEEGs were not continuous (5.83 versus 9.17; p = .054). Length of stay was 7.8 ± 4.4 days in infants with continuous aEEGs versus 26 ± 10.5 days in infants without continuous aEEGs (p = .003).Conclusions: Infants exposed to opioids in utero are at increased risk for discontinuity and abnormal SWC detectable on aEEG. Infants with abnormal aEEGs are more likely to have higher NAS scores, require pharmacologic treatment and have longer lengths of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Limjoco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucyna Zawadzki
- Department of Neurology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Meghan Belden
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Liamlahi R, Latal B. Neurodevelopmental outcome of children with congenital heart disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 162:329-345. [PMID: 31324319 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64029-1.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) constitutes the most common congenital malformation, with moderate or severe CHD occurring in around 6 in 1000 live births. Due to advances in medical care, survival rates have increased significantly. Thus, the majority of children with CHD survive until adolescence and adulthood. Children with CHD requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairments in various domains, including mild impairments in cognitive and neuromotor functions, difficulties with social interaction, inattention, emotional symptoms, and impaired executive function. The prevalence for these impairments ranges from 20% to 60% depending on age and domain ("high prevalence-low severity"). Domains are often affected simultaneously, leading to school problems with the need for learning support and special interventions. The etiology of neurodevelopmental impairments is complex, consisting of a combination of delayed intrauterine brain development and newly occurring perioperative brain injuries. Mechanisms include altered intrauterine hemodynamic flow as well as neonatal hypoxia and reduced cerebral blood flow. The surgical procedure and postoperative phase add to this cascade of factors interfering with normal brain development. Early identification of children at high risk through structured follow-up programs is mandated to provide individually tailored early interventions and counseling to improve developmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Liamlahi
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Latal
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Claessens NHP, Noorlag L, Weeke LC, Toet MC, Breur JMPJ, Algra SO, Schouten ANJ, Haas F, Groenendaal F, Benders MJNL, Jansen NJG, de Vries LS. Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography for Early Recognition of Brain Injury in Neonates with Critical Congenital Heart Disease. J Pediatr 2018; 202:199-205.e1. [PMID: 30144931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study perioperative amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) as an early marker for new brain injury in neonates requiring cardiac surgery for critical congenital heart disease (CHD). STUDY DESIGN This retrospective observational cohort study investigated 76 neonates with critical CHD who underwent neonatal surgery. Perioperative aEEG recordings were evaluated for background pattern (BGP), sleep-wake cycling (SWC), and ictal discharges. Spontaneous activity transient (SAT) rate, inter-SAT interval (ISI), and percentage of time with an amplitude <5 µV were calculated. Routinely obtained preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were reviewed for brain injury (moderate-severe white matter injury, stroke, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, or cerebral sinovenous thrombosis). RESULTS Preoperatively, none of the neonates showed an abnormal BGP (burst suppression or worse) or ictal discharges. Postoperatively, abnormal BGP was seen in 18 neonates (24%; 95% CI, 14%-33%) and ictal discharges was seen in 13 neonates (17%; 95% CI, 8%-26%). Abnormal BGP and ictal discharges were more frequent in neonates with new postoperative brain injury (P = .08 and .01, respectively). Abnormal brain activity (ie, abnormal BGP or ictal discharges) was the single risk factor associated with new postoperative brain injury in multivariable logistic regression analysis (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.3-12.3; P = .02). Postoperative SAT rate, ISI, or time <5 µV were not associated with new brain injury. CONCLUSION Abnormal brain activity is an early, bedside marker of new brain injury in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Not only ictal discharges, but also abnormal BGP, should be considered a clear sign of underlying brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie H P Claessens
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Noorlag
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren C Weeke
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mona C Toet
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M P J Breur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Selma O Algra
- Department of Radiology; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius N J Schouten
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Haas
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas J G Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography for seizure detection in newborn infants. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 23:175-182. [PMID: 29472139 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) is a filtered and compressed EEG trend that can be used for long-term monitoring of brain function in patients of all ages. aEEG is increasingly used in neonatal intensive care units since several studies have shown its utility in high-risk newborn infants. Main indications for aEEG monitoring include early evaluation of brain function after perinatal asphyxia and seizure detection. The aEEG is usually recorded from one or two channels derived from parietal, central, or frontal leads. Although the aEEG is very useful for identifying high-risk infants and infants with seizures, the compressed trend has limitations with regards to detection of individual seizures. However, modern monitors also display the corresponding EEG (aEEG/EEG), which increases the probability of detecting single brief seizures. For improved evaluation of electrocortical brain activity the aEEG/EEG should be assessed together with repeated conventional EEGs or multi-channel EEG monitoring in a multi-disciplinary team.
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Mebius MJ, Oostdijk NJE, Kuik SJ, Bos AF, Berger RMF, Bilardo CM, Kooi EMW, Ter Horst HJ. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography during the first 72 h after birth in neonates diagnosed prenatally with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:798-803. [PMID: 29244798 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundLittle is known on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) during the first few days after birth in neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD). Our aim was, therefore, to assess electrocortical activity using aEEG within the first 72 h after birth in neonates diagnosed prenatally with CHD, and to define independent prenatal and postnatal predictors for abnormal aEEG.MethodsNeonates with CHD who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between 2010 and 2017 were retrospectively included. We assessed aEEG background patterns, sleep-wake cycling, and epileptic activity during the first 72 h after birth and defined prenatal and postnatal clinical parameters associated with aEEG patterns.ResultsSeventy-two neonates were included. Twenty-six (36%) had mildly abnormal and six (8%) had severely abnormal aEEG background patterns at some point during the study period. Sleep-wake cycling was present in 97% of the neonates. Subclinical seizures were common (15%), whereas none of the neonates had clinical seizures. Only treatment with sedatives was a significant predictor for abnormal aEEG background patterns, explaining 56% of the variance.ConclusionAbnormal aEEG background patterns are common and are strongly associated with treatment with sedatives in neonates with prenatally diagnosed CHD. Future studies should assess the association between early postnatal aEEG abnormalities and neurodevelopmental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe J Mebius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Neonatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie J E Oostdijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Neonatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara J Kuik
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Neonatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Neonatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina M Bilardo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M W Kooi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Neonatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Ter Horst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Neonatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although evidence exists of broadly defined memory impairment among adolescents with critical congenital heart disease (CHD), nuanced investigations of declarative memory in this at-risk population have not been conducted. This study had two primary aims: (1) to conduct a fine-grained analysis of a range of relevant learning and memory processes in adolescents with critical biventricular CHD, and (2) to identify risk, odds, and predictors of memory impairment. METHODS Data were combined from two single-center studies of neurodevelopmental outcomes in critical CHD. Two-hundred seven adolescents (M age =15.61±1.0 years) with critical CHD (139 with dextro-transposition of the great arteries and 68 with tetralogy of Fallot without an identified genetic condition), as well as 61 healthy referents (M age =15.27±1.1 years) completed a neuropsychological evaluation which included the Children's Memory Scale. RESULTS Whereas visual-spatial memory deficits were found in both CHD subgroups, verbal memory abilities were relatively preserved. Adolescents with CHD demonstrated stronger memory for Stories than Word Pairs, t (203)=2.63, p=.009, and for Dot Locations than Faces, t(204)=-2.57, p=.01. CHD subgroup, socioeconomic status, sex, and seizure history were among the most frequent significant predictors of memory impairment. Seizure history, in particular, was associated with a 2 to 3 times greater odds of impaired performance on learning and memory tasks. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with critical biventricular CHD are at risk for deficits in aspects of declarative memory. Independent risk factors for worse outcome include history of seizures. (JINS, 2017, 23, 627-639).
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Stolwijk LJ, Weeke LC, de Vries LS, van Herwaarden MYA, van der Zee DC, van der Werff DBM, Benders MJNL, Toet M, Lemmers PMA. Effect of general anesthesia on neonatal aEEG-A cohort study of patients with non-cardiac congenital anomalies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183581. [PMID: 28859124 PMCID: PMC5578644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of general anesthesia on neonatal brain activity using amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG). Methods A prospective cohort study of neonates (January 2013-December 2015), who underwent major neonatal surgery for non-cardiac congenital anomalies. Anesthesia was administered at the discretion of the anesthetist. aEEG monitoring was started six hours preoperatively until 24 hours after surgery. Analysis of classes of aEEG background patterns, ranging from continuous normal voltage to flat trace in six classes, and quantitative EEG-measures, using spontaneous activity transients (SATs) and interSATintervals (ISI), was performed. Results In total, 111 neonates were included (36 preterm/75 full-term), age at time of surgery was (median (range) 2 (0–32) days. During anesthesia depression of brain activity was seen, with background patterns ranging from flat trace to discontinuous normal voltage. In most patients brain activity was two background pattern classes lower during anesthesia. After cessation of anesthesia, recovery to preoperative brain activity occurred within 24 hours in 86% of the preterm and 96% of the term infants. Gestational age and the dose of sevoflurane were significantly associated with SAT-rate (F(2,68) = 9.288, p < 0.001) and ISI- durations during surgery (F(3,71) = 12.96, p < 0.001). Background pattern and quantitative EEG-values were not associated with brain lesions (χ2(4) = 2.086, ns). Conclusion aEEG shows a variable reduction of brain activity in response to anesthesia in neonates with noncardiac congenital anomalies, with fast recovery after cessation of anesthesia. This reduction is related to gestational age and the dose of sevoflurane. The aEEG offers the opportunity to monitor the depth of anesthesia in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne J. Stolwijk
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lauren C. Weeke
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda S. de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - David C. van der Zee
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mona Toet
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M. A. Lemmers
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Mebius MJ, Kooi EMW, Bilardo CM, Bos AF. Brain Injury and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2016-4055. [PMID: 28607205 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Brain injury during prenatal and preoperative postnatal life might play a major role in neurodevelopmental impairment in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) who require corrective or palliative surgery during infancy. A systematic review of cerebral findings during this period in relation to neurodevelopmental outcome (NDO), however, is lacking. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between prenatal and postnatal preoperative cerebral findings and NDO in infants with CHD who require corrective or palliative surgery during infancy. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, reference lists. STUDY SELECTION We conducted 3 different searches for English literature between 2000 and 2016; 1 for prenatal cerebral findings, 1 for postnatal preoperative cerebral findings, and 1 for the association between brain injury and NDO. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently screened sources and extracted data on cerebral findings and neurodevelopmental outcome. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS Abnormal cerebral findings are common during the prenatal and postnatal preoperative periods. Prenatally, a delay of cerebral development was most common; postnatally, white matter injury, periventricular leukomalacia, and stroke were frequently observed. Abnormal Doppler measurements, brain immaturity, cerebral oxygenation, and abnormal EEG or amplitude-integrated EEG were all associated with NDO. LIMITATIONS Observational studies, different types of CHD with different pathophysiological effects, and different reference values. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal and postnatal preoperative abnormal cerebral findings might play an important role in neurodevelopmental impairment in infants with CHD. Increased awareness of the vulnerability of the young developing brain of an infant with CHD among caregivers is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe J Mebius
- Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Elisabeth M W Kooi
- Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Catherina M Bilardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands; and
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Perioperative Cerebral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Variability and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Congenital Heart Patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:499-500. [PMID: 28475540 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Harbison AL, Votava-Smith JK, del Castillo S, Kumar SR, Lee V, Schmithorst V, Lai HA, O'Neil S, Bluml S, Paquette L, Panigrahy A. Clinical Factors Associated with Cerebral Metabolism in Term Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease. J Pediatr 2017; 183:67-73.e1. [PMID: 28109537 PMCID: PMC5368020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine associations between patient and clinical factors with postnatal brain metabolism in term neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) via the use of quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy. STUDY DESIGN Neonates with CHD were enrolled prospectively to undergo pre- and postoperative 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging. Short-echo single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of parietal white matter was used to quantify metabolites related to brain maturation (n-acetyl aspartate, choline, myo- inositol), neurotransmitters (glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid), energy metabolism (glutamine, citrate, glucose, and phosphocreatine), and injury/apoptosis (lactate and lipids). Multivariable regression was performed to search for associations between (1) patient-specific/prenatal/preoperative factors with concurrent brain metabolism and (2) intraoperative and postoperative factors with postoperative brain metabolism. RESULTS A total of 83 magnetic resonance images were obtained on 55 subjects. No patient-specific, prenatal, or preoperative factors associated with concurrent metabolic brain dysmaturation or elevated lactate could be identified. Chromosome 22q11 microdeletion and age at surgery were predictive of altered concurrent white matter phosphocreatine (P < .0055). The only significant intraoperative association found was increased deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time with reduced postoperative white matter glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (P < .0072). Multiple postoperative factors, including increased number of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation days (P < .0067), intensive care unit, length of stay (P < .0047), seizures in the intensive care unit (P < .0009), and home antiepileptic use (P < .0002), were associated with reduced postoperative white matter n-acetyl aspartate. CONCLUSION Multiple postoperative factors were found to be associated with altered brain metabolism in term infants with CHD, but not patient-specific, preoperative, or intraoperative factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lonyai Harbison
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jodie K. Votava-Smith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sylvia del Castillo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S. Ram Kumar
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles/University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vince Lee
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vincent Schmithorst
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hollie A. Lai
- Division of Radiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sharon O'Neil
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stefan Bluml
- Division of Radiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa Paquette
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Gunn JK, Hunt RW. Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography Following Infant Cardiac Surgery: a Window to the Brain or a Crystal Ball? J Pediatr 2016; 178:10-12. [PMID: 27539396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Gunn
- Newborn Intensive Care The Royal Children's Hospital Neonatal Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rodney W Hunt
- Newborn Intensive Care The Royal Children's Hospital Neonatal Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Latal B, Wohlrab G, Brotschi B, Beck I, Knirsch W, Bernet V. Postoperative Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography Predicts Four-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Children with Complex Congenital Heart Disease. J Pediatr 2016; 178:55-60.e1. [PMID: 27453368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the predictive value of pre- and postoperative amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children operated for congenital heart disease (CHD). STUDY DESIGN Prospectively enrolled cohort of 60 infants with CHD who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in the first 3 months of life. Infants with a genetic comorbidity were excluded. aEEG was assessed for 12 hours pre- and 48 hours postoperatively. Background pattern was classified by the use of standard categories, and the presence of seizures and sleep-wake cycles (SWCs) was noted. Outcome at 1 and 4 years of age was assessed with standardized developmental tests. RESULTS Preoperatively, infants either showed continuous normal voltage (n = 56) or discontinuous normal voltage (n = 4). Postoperatively, abnormal background pattern (flat trace, burst suppression, or continuous low voltage) was detected in 7 (12%), discontinuous normal voltage in 37 (61%), and continuous normal voltage in 16 (27%) infants. Nineteen infants (32%) did not return to normal SWCs within the recording period. Seizures were detected in 4 infants preoperatively and in another 4 postoperatively. After we controlled for surgical and postoperative risk factors, abnormal postoperative background pattern and lack of return to SWCs independently predicted poorer intelligence quotient at 4 years (P = .03 and P = .04 respectively) but was not related to motor outcome. CONCLUSION aEEG is a useful bedside tool that helps to predict outcome in infants undergoing open-heart surgery for CHD. Abnormal postoperative background pattern and lack of return to SWCs are markers for subsequent impaired cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Latal
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriele Wohlrab
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Brotschi
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Beck
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Knirsch
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Bernet
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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Gunn JK, Beca J, Hunt RW, Goldsworthy M, Brizard CP, Finucane K, Donath S, Shekerdemian LS. Perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment after cardiac surgery in early infancy. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101:1010-1016. [PMID: 27272973 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Historical cohort studies have reported adverse neurodevelopment following cardiac surgery during early infancy. Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have coincided with updating of neurodevelopmental assessment tools. We aimed to determine perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment at 2 years following surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in early infancy. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We undertook a prospective longitudinal study of 153 full-term infants undergoing surgery for CHD before 2 months of age. Infants were excluded if they had a genetic syndrome associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. OUTCOME MEASURES Predefined perioperative parameters were recorded and infants were classified according to cardiac anatomy. At 2 years, survivors were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III. RESULTS At 2 years, 130 children (98% of survivors) were assessed. Mean cognitive, language and motor scores were 93.4±13.6, 93.6±16.1 and 96.8±12.5 respectively (100±15 norm). Twenty (13%) died and 12 (9%) survivors had severe impairment (score <70), mostly language (8%). The lowest scores were in infants born with single ventricle physiology with obstruction to the pulmonary circulation who required a neonatal systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. Additional risk factors for impairment included reduced gestational age, postoperative elevation of lactate or S100B and repeat cardiac surgery. CONCLUSIONS In the modern era of infant cardiac surgery and perioperative care, children continue to demonstrate neurodevelopmental delays. The use of updated assessment tools has revealed early language dysfunction and relative sparing of motor function. Ongoing follow-up is critical in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Gunn
- Newborn Intensive Care, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Neonatal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Beca
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rodney W Hunt
- Newborn Intensive Care, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Neonatal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Goldsworthy
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christian P Brizard
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsten Finucane
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Donath
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lara S Shekerdemian
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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46
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Mehta B, Hunt R, Walker K, Badawi N. Evaluation of Preoperative Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG) Monitoring for Predicting Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome Among Infants Undergoing Major Surgery in the Neonatal Period. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:1276-81. [PMID: 27287185 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816653781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors aimed to evaluate preoperative amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) patterns for predicting neurodevelopmental outcome among infants undergoing major surgery in the neonatal period. They retrospectively reviewed the preoperative aEEG data of 58 neonates who had undergone major neonatal surgery between 2006 and 2008. The authors classified aEEGs using a weighted background score. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at 3 years of age using the Bayley Scales of Toddler and Infant Development III. Over a third of infants (36%) showed an abnormal aEEG background. Seizure activity was identified in 11 (19%) infants. The majority (68%) of infants had developmental delay, with no significant differences between cardiac and other surgery groups. Logistic regression found no statistically significant but some clinically important associations between aEEG background and neurodevelopmental outcome. Comorbidity was associated with worse outcomes. While the predictive utility of aEEG in this population remains unclear, the findings suggest that further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Mehta
- Grace Centre for Newborn Care, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodney Hunt
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Walker
- Grace Centre for Newborn Care, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Grace Centre for Newborn Care, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to discuss the physiology, perioperative management, surgical correction, and outcomes of infants with transposition of the great arteries and common variants undergoing the arterial switch operation. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE and PubMed. CONCLUSION The widespread adoption of the arterial switch operation for transposition of great arteries has been one of the more gratifying advances in pediatric cardiovascular care, and represents the simultaneous improvements in diagnostics, surgical and bypass techniques, anesthesia in the neonate, improvements in intensive care technology, nursing strategies, and system-wide care delivery. Many of the strategies adopted for the neonate with transposition of the great arteries have been translated to neonatal care for other congenital heart lesions. Continued work is necessary to investigate the effects of perioperative care on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, as well as collaboration between centers to spread "best practices" for outcome, cost, and morbidity reduction.
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Aĝirbaşli M, Song J, Lei F, Wang S, Kunselman AR, Clark JB, Myers JL, Ündar A. Apolipoprotein E levels in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif Organs 2015; 39:28-33. [PMID: 25626577 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) may play a critical role in modulating the response to neurological injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. Plasma samples were collected from 38 pediatric patients. Half of the patients received nonpulsatile flow and the other half underwent pulsatile flow during CPB. Plasma samples were collected at three time points: at baseline prior to incision (T1), 1 h after CPB (T2), and 24 h after CPB (T3). The study included 38 pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery (mean age 2.5 ± 2.1 years). Baseline apoE levels were low (<30 μg/mL) in 21 patients (55%). ApoE levels were significantly decreased at 1 h after CPB compared with baseline (22 ± 14 vs. 34 ± 18 μg/mL, P = 0.001). At 24 h after CPB, apoE levels were significantly increased compared with baseline (47 ± 25 vs. 34 ± 18 μg/mL, P = 0.002). Pulsatile mode was associated with lower apoE levels at 24 h after CPB compared with nonpulsatile mode (38 ± 14 vs. 57 ± 29 μg/mL, P = 0.018). ApoE levels correlated negatively with pump time (r = -0.525, P = 0.021) and cross-clamp time (r = -0.464, P = 0.045) at 24 h following CPB for the nonpulsatile group but not for the pulsatile group. In this cohort of young children with congenital heart disease, baseline apoE levels were low in the majority of patients prior to surgery. ApoE levels decreased further at 1 h after CPB, and then significantly increased by 24 h. The mode of perfusion and the duration of pump time and clamp time influence the apoE levels after CPB. An improved understanding of these mechanisms may translate into the development of new techniques to improve the clinical outcomes after pediatric CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Aĝirbaşli
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University College of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mulkey SB, Yap VL, Bai S, Ramakrishnaiah RH, Glasier CM, Bornemeier RA, Schmitz ML, Bhutta AT. Amplitude-integrated EEG in newborns with critical congenital heart disease predicts preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52:599-605. [PMID: 25838043 PMCID: PMC4442075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims are to evaluate cerebral background patterns using amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in newborns with critical congenital heart disease, determine if amplitude-integrated electroencephalography is predictive of preoperative brain injury, and assess the incidence of preoperative seizures. We hypothesize that amplitude-integrated electroencephalography will show abnormal background patterns in the early preoperative period in infants with congenital heart disease that have preoperative brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Twenty-four newborns with congenital heart disease requiring surgery at younger than 30 days of age were prospectively enrolled within the first 3 days of age at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Infants had amplitude-integrated electroencephalography for 24 hours beginning close to birth and preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging. The amplitude-integrated electroencephalographies were read to determine if the background pattern was normal, mildly abnormal, or severely abnormal. The presence of seizures and sleep-wake cycling were noted. The preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were used for brain injury and brain atrophy assessment. RESULTS Fifteen of 24 infants had abnormal amplitude-integrated electroencephalography at 0.71 (0-2) (mean [range]) days of age. In five infants, the background pattern was severely abnormal. (burst suppression and/or continuous low voltage). Of the 15 infants with abnormal amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, 9 (60%) had brain injury. One infant with brain injury had a seizure on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography. A severely abnormal background pattern on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography was associated with brain atrophy (P = 0.03) and absent sleep-wake cycling (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Background cerebral activity is abnormal on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography following birth in newborns with congenital heart disease who have findings of brain injury and/or brain atrophy on preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Mulkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 1 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Vivien L. Yap
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Raghu H. Ramakrishnaiah
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 1 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Charles M. Glasier
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 1 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Renee A. Bornemeier
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Michael L. Schmitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
| | - Adnan T. Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, 72202 USA
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Subclinical seizures identified by postoperative electroencephalographic monitoring are common after neonatal cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150:169-78; discussion 178-80. [PMID: 25957454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society recommends continuous electroencephalographic monitoring after neonatal cardiac surgery because seizures are common, often subclinical, and associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes. We performed a quality improvement project to monitor for postoperative seizures in neonates with congenital heart disease after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS We implemented routine continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and reviewed the results for an 18-month period. Clinical data were collected by chart review, and continuous electroencephalographic tracings were interpreted using standardized American Clinical Neurophysiology Society terminology. Electrographic seizures were classified as electroencephalogram-only or electroclinical seizures. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between seizures and potential clinical and electroencephalogram predictors. RESULTS A total of 161 of 172 eligible neonates (94%) underwent continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. Electrographic seizures occurred in 13 neonates (8%) beginning at a median of 20 hours after return to the intensive care unit after surgery. Neonates with all types of congenital heart disease had seizures. Seizures were electroencephalogram only in 11 neonates (85%). Status epilepticus occurred in 8 neonates (62%). In separate multivariate models, delayed sternal closure or longer deep hypothermic circulatory arrest duration was associated with an increased risk for seizures. Mortality was higher among neonates with than without seizures (38% vs 3%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring identified seizures in 8% of neonates after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The majority of seizures had no clinical correlate and would not have been otherwise identified. Seizure occurrence is a marker of greater illness severity and increased mortality. Further study is needed to determine whether seizure identification and management lead to improved outcomes.
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