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Leung KHB, Hartley L, Moncur L, Gillon S, Short S, Chan TCY, Clegg GR. Assessing feasibility of proposed extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation programmes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Scotland via geospatial modelling. Resuscitation 2024; 200:110256. [PMID: 38806142 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) can improve survival for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We sought to assess the feasibility of a proposed ECPR programme in Scotland, considering both in-hospital and pre-hospital implementation scenarios. METHODS We included treated OHCAs in Scotland aged 16-70 between August 2018 and March 2022. We defined those clinically eligible for ECPR as patients where the initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, or pulseless electrical activity, and where pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation was not achieved. We computed the call-to-ECPR access time interval as the amount of time from emergency medical service (EMS) call reception to either arrival at an ECPR-ready hospital or arrival of a pre-hospital ECPR crew. We determined the number of patients that had access to ECPR within 45 min, and estimated the number of additional survivors as a result. RESULTS A total of 6,639 OHCAs were included in the geospatial modelling, 1,406 of which were eligible for ECPR. Depending on the implementation scenario, 52.9-112.6 (13.8-29.4%) OHCAs per year had a call-to-ECPR access time within 45 min, with pre-hospital implementation scenarios having greater and earlier access to ECPR for OHCA patients. We further estimated that an ECPR programme in Scotland would yield 11.8-28.2 additional survivors per year, with the pre-hospital implementation scenarios yielding higher numbers. CONCLUSION An ECPR programme for OHCA in Scotland could provide access to ECPR to a modest number of eligible OHCA patients, with pre-hospital ECPR implementation scenarios yielding higher access to ECPR and higher numbers of additional survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Benjamin Leung
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Scottish Ambulance Service, Edinburgh, Scotland.
| | - Louise Hartley
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Lyle Moncur
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland; Great North Air Ambulance Service, Eaglescliffe, England
| | - Stuart Gillon
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Timothy C Y Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gareth R Clegg
- Scottish Ambulance Service, Edinburgh, Scotland; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland; Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Bonizzoni MA, Scquizzato T, Pieri M, Delrio S, Nardelli P, Ortalda A, Dell'Acqua A, Scandroglio AM. Organ donation after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a metropolitan cardiac arrest centre in Milan, Italy. Resuscitation 2024; 200:110214. [PMID: 38609062 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) may improve survival in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) but also expand the donor pool as these patients often become eligible for organ donation. Our aim is to describe the impact of organ donation in OHCA patients treated with ECPR in a high-volume cardiac arrest centre. METHODS Rate of organ donation (primary outcome), organs harvested, a composite of patient survival with favourable neurological outcome or donation of ≥1 solid organ (ECPR benefit), and the potential total number of individuals benefiting from ECPR (survivors with favourable neurological outcome and potential recipients of one solid organ) were analysed among all-rhythms refractory OHCA patients treated with ECPR between January 2013-November 2022 at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy. RESULTS Among 307 adults with refractory OHCA treated with ECPR (95% witnessed, 66% shockable, low-flow 70 [IQR 58-81] minutes), 256 (83%) died during hospital stay, 33% from brain death. Donation of at least one solid organ occurred in 58 (19%) patients, 53 (17%) after determination of brain death and 5 (1.6%) after determination of circulatory death, contributing a total of 167 solid organs (3.0 [IQR 2.5-4.0] organs/donor). Overall, 196 individuals (29 survivors with favourable neurological outcome and 167 potential recipients of 1 solid organ) possibly benefited from ECPR. ECPR benefit composite outcome was achieved in 87 (28%) patients. Solid organ donation decreased from 19% to 16% in patients with low-flow <60 min and to 11% with low-flow <60 min and initial shockable rhythm. CONCLUSIONS When ECPR fails in patients with refractory OHCA, organ donation after brain or circulatory death can help a significant number of patients awaiting transplantation, enhancing the overall benefit of ECPR. ECPR selection criteria may affect the number of potential organ donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Aldo Bonizzoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Scquizzato
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Pieri
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Delrio
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Nardelli
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ortalda
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Dell'Acqua
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mara Scandroglio
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Sandroni C, D'Arrigo S. Brain death is common after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR): An undesired outcome with potential benefits. Resuscitation 2024; 200:110246. [PMID: 38768678 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sandroni
- Department of Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Anaesthesiology - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Italy; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sonia D'Arrigo
- Department of Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Anaesthesiology - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Italy; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Senay B, Ibekwe E, Gokun Y, Elmer J, Hinduja A. Clinical Factors Associated With Mode of Death Following Cardiac Arrest. Am J Crit Care 2024; 33:290-297. [PMID: 38945819 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2024145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Death after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is common. Although associated factors have been identified, knowledge about their relationship with specific modes of death is limited. OBJECTIVE To identify clinical factors associated with specific modes of death following cardiac arrest. METHODS This study involved a retrospective medical record review of patients admitted to a single health care center from January 2015 to March 2020 after resuscitation from cardiac arrest who died during their index hospitalization. Mode of death was categorized as either brain death, withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies due to neurologic causes, death due to medical causes, or withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies due to patient preference. Clinical characteristics across modes of death were compared. RESULTS The analysis included 731 patients. Death due to medical causes was the most common mode of death. Compared with the other groups of patients, those with brain death were younger, had fewer comorbidities, were more likely to have experienced unwitnessed and longer cardiac arrest, and had more severe acidosis and hyperglycemia on presentation. Patients who died owing to medical causes or withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies due to patient preference were older and had more comorbidities, fewer unfavorable cardiac arrest characteristics, and fewer days between cardiac arrest and death. CONCLUSIONS Significant associations were found between several clinical characteristics and specific mode of death following cardiac arrest. Decision-making regarding withdrawal of care after resuscitation from cardiac arrest should be based on a multimodal approach that takes account of a variety of personal and clinical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Senay
- Blake Senay is a neurocritical care fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Elochukwu Ibekwe
- Elochukwu Ibekwe is a neurology resident, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Yevgeniya Gokun
- Yevgeniya Gokun is a senior biostatistician, Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University
| | - Jonathan Elmer
- Jonathan Elmer is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Archana Hinduja
- Archana Hinduja is an associate professor, Department of Neurocritical Care, The Ohio State University
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Steinberg A. Emergent Management of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2024; 30:588-610. [PMID: 38830064 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article outlines interventions used to improve outcomes for patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Emergent management of patients after cardiac arrest requires prevention and treatment of primary and secondary brain injury. Primary brain injury is minimized by excellent initial resuscitative efforts. Secondary brain injury prevention requires the detection and correction of many pathophysiologic processes that may develop in the hours to days after the initial arrest. Key physiologic parameters important to secondary brain injury prevention include optimization of mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and ventilation, intracranial pressure, temperature, and cortical hyperexcitability. This article outlines recent data regarding the treatment and prevention of secondary brain injury. Different patients likely benefit from different treatment strategies, so an individualized approach to treatment and prevention of secondary brain injury is advisable. Clinicians must use multimodal sources of data to prognosticate outcomes after cardiac arrest while recognizing that all prognostic tools have shortcomings. ESSENTIAL POINTS Neurologists should be involved in the postarrest care of patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury to improve their outcomes. Postarrest care requires nuanced and patient-centered approaches to the prevention and treatment of primary and secondary brain injury and neuroprognostication.
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Holmaas G, Hilton E, Foss S, Wathle GK, Kvåle R. Potential organ donors during two years at the second largest hospital in Norway. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2024. [PMID: 38801275 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western Norway has the lowest number of actual deceased organ donors per million inhabitants in Norway. We wished to find the total number of potential donors and donor organs during 2 years at Haukeland University Hospital, the largest hospital in the region, and evaluate where and why potential donors were lost. METHODS We evaluated all patients who died at Haukeland University Hospital in 2018-19. We checked if intensive care patients, filling the criteria as organ donors after brain death, became donors, and the reasons why potential donors were lost. We also estimated the number of potential donors after circulatory death. We checked if patients transferred from the intensive care units and patients never admitted to intensive care were potential donors. Location, gender, age, and possible number of organs were registered. RESULTS Of 1453 in-hospital deaths, 20 brain-dead patients became actual donors. One brain-dead and two other potential donors, one of them discharged to a bed ward, were not evaluated at the intensive care units. Relatives refused in five patients. Three fulfilled the Norwegian criteria from 2021 as organ donors after circulatory death. Ten potential donors after brain death were never admitted to intensive care and died on neurological or neurosurgical wards. If all potential organ donors were realised, the number of donors would double. The number of transplanted organs would increase less, as organs used per donor would drop from 3.50 to 2.90. CONCLUSION Our study cannot explain the low number of donors in our region compared with the rest of Norway. If all potential donations were implemented, the number of actual donors would double. Patients dying outside the intensive care units represent the largest potential source for extra donors, maximally increasing the number of donors by 42%, high-quality livers 44% and kidneys 18%. Introducing organ donation after circulatory death may increase the number of donors by 15% and the number of high-quality livers and kidneys by 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Holmaas
- Department of Surgical Services, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Edle Hilton
- Medical Faculty, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Foss
- Unit of Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute K Wathle
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidar Kvåle
- Department of Surgical Services, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Yumoto T, Tsukahara K, Obara T, Hongo T, Nojima T, Naito H, Nakao A. Organ donation after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 2024; 28:160. [PMID: 38741176 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available on organ donation practices and recipient outcomes, particularly when comparing donors who experienced cardiac arrest and received extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) followed by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) decannulation, versus those who experienced cardiac arrest without receiving ECPR. This study aims to explore organ donation practices and outcomes post-ECPR to enhance our understanding of the donation potential after cardiac arrest. METHODS We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study using data from the Japan Organ Transplant Network database, covering all deceased organ donors between July 17, 2010, and August 31, 2022. We included donors who experienced at least one episode of cardiac arrest. During the study period, patients undergoing ECMO treatment were not eligible for a legal diagnosis of brain death. We compared the timeframes associated with each donor's management and the long-term graft outcomes of recipients between ECPR and non-ECPR groups. RESULTS Among 370 brain death donors with an episode of cardiac arrest, 26 (7.0%) received ECPR and 344 (93.0%) did not; the majority were due to out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. The median duration of veno-arterial ECMO support after ECPR was 3 days. Patients in the ECPR group had significantly longer intervals from admission to organ procurement compared to those not receiving ECPR (13 vs. 9 days, P = 0.005). Lung graft survival rates were significantly lower in the ECPR group (log-rank test P = 0.009), with no significant differences in other organ graft survival rates. Of 160 circulatory death donors with an episode of cardiac arrest, 27 (16.9%) received ECPR and 133 (83.1%) did not. Time intervals from admission to organ procurement following circulatory death and graft survival showed no significant differences between ECPR and non-ECPR groups. The number of organs donated was similar between the ECPR and non-ECPR groups, regardless of brain or circulatory death. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide study reveals that lung graft survival was lower in recipients from ECPR-treated donors, highlighting the need for targeted research and protocol adjustments in post-ECPR organ donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yumoto
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kohei Tsukahara
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takafumi Obara
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Hongo
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nojima
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Naito
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Preuß S, Multmeier J, Stenzel W, Major S, Ploner CJ, Storm C, Nee J, Leithner C, Endisch C. Survival, but not the severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, is associated with higher mean arterial blood pressure after cardiac arrest: a retrospective cohort study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1337344. [PMID: 38774664 PMCID: PMC11106407 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1337344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigates the association between the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), vasopressor requirement, and severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) after cardiac arrest (CA). Methods Between 2008 and 2017, we retrospectively analyzed the MAP 200 h after CA and quantified the vasopressor requirements using the cumulative vasopressor index (CVI). Through a postmortem brain autopsy in non-survivors, the severity of the HIE was histopathologically dichotomized into no/mild and severe HIE. In survivors, we dichotomized the severity of HIE into no/mild cerebral performance category (CPC) 1 and severe HIE (CPC 4). We investigated the regain of consciousness, causes of death, and 5-day survival as hemodynamic confounders. Results Among the 350 non-survivors, 117 had histopathologically severe HIE while 233 had no/mild HIE, without differences observed in the MAP (73.1 vs. 72.0 mmHg, pgroup = 0.639). Compared to the non-survivors, 211 patients with CPC 1 and 57 patients with CPC 4 had higher MAP values that showed significant, but clinically non-relevant, MAP differences (81.2 vs. 82.3 mmHg, pgroup < 0.001). The no/mild HIE non-survivors (n = 54), who regained consciousness before death, had higher MAP values compared to those with no/mild HIE (n = 179), who remained persistently comatose (74.7 vs. 69.3 mmHg, pgroup < 0.001). The no/mild HIE non-survivors, who regained consciousness, required fewer vasopressors (CVI 2.1 vs. 3.6, pgroup < 0.001). Independent of the severity of HIE, the survivors were weaned faster from vasopressors (CVI 1.0). Conclusions Although a higher MAP was associated with survival in CA patients treated with a vasopressor-supported MAP target above 65 mmHg, the severity of HIE was not. Awakening from coma was associated with less vasopressor requirements. Our results provide no evidence for a MAP target above the current guideline recommendations that can decrease the severity of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Preuß
- Department of Neurology, AG Emergency and Critical Care Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Multmeier
- Department of Neurology, AG Emergency and Critical Care Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Ada Health GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Major
- Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Ploner
- Department of Neurology, AG Emergency and Critical Care Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Storm
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cardiac Arrest Center of Excellence Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Nee
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cardiac Arrest Center of Excellence Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Leithner
- Department of Neurology, AG Emergency and Critical Care Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Endisch
- Department of Neurology, AG Emergency and Critical Care Neurology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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You Y, Park JS, Min JH, Jeong W, Ahn HJ, In YN, Jeon SY, Lee JK, Kang C. Blood-brain barrier permeability for the first 24 hours in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2024; 198:110150. [PMID: 38401708 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and intracranial pressure (ICP) for the first 24 h after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and their association with injury severity of cardiac arrest. METHODS This prospective study analysed the BBB permeability assessed using the albumin quotient (Qa) and ICP every 2 h for the first 24 h after ROSC. The injury severity of cardiac arrest was assessed using Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC) scores. The primary outcome was the time course of changes in the BBB permeability and ICP for the first 24 h after ROSC and their association with injury severity (PCAC scores of 1-4). RESULTS Qa and ICP were measured 274 and 197 times, respectively, in 32 enrolled patients. Overall, the BBB permeability increased progressively over time after ROSC, and then it increased significantly at 18 h after ROSC compared with the baseline. In contrast, the ICP revealed non-significant changes for the first 24 h after ROSC. The Qa in the PCAC 2 group was < 0.01, indicating normal or mild BBB disruption at all time points, whereas the PCAC 3 and 4 groups showed a significant increase in BBB permeability at 14 and 22 h, and 12 and 14 h after ROSC, respectively. CONCLUSION BBB permeability increased progressively over time for the first 24 h after ROSC despite post-resuscitation care, whereas ICP did not change over time. BBB permeability has an individual pattern when stratified by injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonho You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20, Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoon Jeong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Joon Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Nam In
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20, Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Jeon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Changshin Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Portell Penadés E, Alvarez V. A Comprehensive Review and Practical Guide of the Applications of Evoked Potentials in Neuroprognostication After Cardiac Arrest. Cureus 2024; 16:e57014. [PMID: 38681279 PMCID: PMC11046378 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory arrest is a very common cause of morbidity and mortality nowadays, and many therapeutic strategies, such as induced coma or targeted temperature management, are used to reduce patient sequelae. However, these procedures can alter a patient's neurological status, making it difficult to obtain useful clinical information for the reliable estimation of neurological prognosis. Therefore, complementary investigations are conducted in the early stages after a cardiac arrest to clarify functional prognosis in comatose cardiac arrest survivors in the first few hours or days. Current practice relies on a multimodal approach, which shows its greatest potential in predicting poor functional prognosis, whereas the data and tools to identify patients with good functional prognosis remain relatively limited in comparison. Therefore, there is considerable interest in investigating alternative biological parameters and advanced imaging technique studies. Among these, somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) remain one of the simplest and most reliable tools. In this article, we discuss the technical principles, advantages, limitations, and prognostic implications of SSEPs in detail. We will also review other types of evoked potentials that can provide useful information but are less commonly used in clinical practice (e.g., visual evoked potentials; short-, medium-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials; and event-related evoked potentials, such as mismatch negativity or P300).
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11
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Busl KM, Maciel CB. In search of simplicity for a complicated matter-a creative step forward, but still falling short in the early prediction of the hypoxic-ischemic spiraling of death. Resuscitation 2024; 195:110118. [PMID: 38220063 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Busl
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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12
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Case NP, Callaway CW, Elmer J, Coppler PJ. Simple approach to quantify hypoxic-ischemic brain injury severity from computed tomography imaging files after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2024; 195:110050. [PMID: 37977348 PMCID: PMC10922650 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grey-white ratio (GWR) can estimate severity of cytotoxic cerebral edema secondary to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest and predict progression to death by neurologic criteria (DNC). Current approaches to calculating GWR are not standardized and have variable interrater reliability. We tested if measures of variance of brain density on early computed tomographic (CT) imaging after cardiac arrest could predict DNC. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study, identifying post-arrest patients treated between 2011 and 2020 at our single center. We extracted demographic data from our registry and Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files for each patient's first brain CT. We analyzed slices 15-20 of each DICOM, corresponding to the level of the basal ganglia while accommodating differences in patient anatomy. We extracted pixel arrays and converted the radiodensities to Hounsfield units (HU). To focus on brain tissue densities, we excluded HU > 60 and < 10. We calculated the variance of each patient's HU distribution and the difference between the means of a two-group Gaussian finite mixture model. We compared these novel metrics to existing measures of cerebral edema, then randomly divided our data into 80% training and 20% test sets and used logistic regression to predict DNC. RESULTS Of 1,133 included subjects, 457 (40%) were female, mean (standard deviation) age was 58 (16) years, and 115 (10%) progressed to DNC. CTs were obtained a median [interquartile range] of 4.2 [2.8-5.7] hours post-arrest. Our novel measures correlated weakly with GWR. HU variance, but not difference between mixture model means, differed significantly between subjects with and without sulcal or cistern effacement. GWR outperformed our novel measures in predicting progression to DNC with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.82, compared to HU variance (AUC = 0.73) and the difference between mixture model means (AUC = 0.56). CONCLUSION There are differences in the distribution of HU on post-arrest CT in patients with qualitative measures of cerebral edema. Current methods to quantify cerebral edema outperform simple measures of attenuation variance on early brain CT. Further analyses could investigate if these measures of variance, or other distributional characteristics of brain density, have improved predictive performance on brain CTs obtained later in the clinical course or derived from discrete regions of anatomical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Case
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clifton W Callaway
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Elmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Coppler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Lazzeri C, Manuela B, Peris A. Out of hospital cardiac arrest and organ donation: the innovative approach for emergency physicians. Eur J Emerg Med 2024; 31:5-6. [PMID: 37800649 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lazzeri
- Intensive Care Unit and Regional ECMO Referral centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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14
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Perman SM, Elmer J, Maciel CB, Uzendu A, May T, Mumma BE, Bartos JA, Rodriguez AJ, Kurz MC, Panchal AR, Rittenberger JC. 2023 American Heart Association Focused Update on Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2024; 149:e254-e273. [PMID: 38108133 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest is common and deadly, affecting up to 700 000 people in the United States annually. Advanced cardiac life support measures are commonly used to improve outcomes. This "2023 American Heart Association Focused Update on Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support" summarizes the most recent published evidence for and recommendations on the use of medications, temperature management, percutaneous coronary angiography, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and seizure management in this population. We discuss the lack of data in recent cardiac arrest literature that limits our ability to evaluate diversity, equity, and inclusion in this population. Last, we consider how the cardiac arrest population may make up an important pool of organ donors for those awaiting organ transplantation.
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15
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Jones D, Daglish FM, Tanner BM, Wilkie FJM. A review of pre-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its potential application in the North East of England. Int J Emerg Med 2024; 17:7. [PMID: 38191285 PMCID: PMC10773118 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-023-00581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients in the UK who suffer an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pre-hospital environment. Current survival outcomes are low in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a technique which is offered to patients in specialised centres which provides better blood flow and oxygen delivery than conventional chest compressions. Shortening the interval between cardiac arrest and restoration of circulation is associated with improved outcomes in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Delivering extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pre-hospital environment can shorten this interval, improving outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This article will review recently published studies and summarise studies currently being undertaken in pre-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It will also discuss the potential application of a pre-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation programme in the North East of England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Jones
- Emergency Department, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Northumbria Way, Cramlington, NE23 6NZ, UK.
| | - Fiona M Daglish
- Emergency Department, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Northumbria Way, Cramlington, NE23 6NZ, UK
| | - Benjamin M Tanner
- Emergency Department, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Northumbria Way, Cramlington, NE23 6NZ, UK
| | - Fergus J M Wilkie
- Emergency Department, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Northumbria Way, Cramlington, NE23 6NZ, UK
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16
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Javaudin F, Bougouin W, Fanet L, Diehl JL, Jost D, Beganton F, Empana JP, Jouven X, Adnet F, Lamhaut L, Lascarrou JB, Cariou A, Dumas F. Cumulative dose of epinephrine and mode of death after non-shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a registry-based study. Crit Care 2023; 27:496. [PMID: 38124126 PMCID: PMC10734153 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epinephrine increases the chances of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), especially when the initial rhythm is non-shockable. However, this drug could also worsen the post-resuscitation syndrome (PRS). We assessed the association between epinephrine use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and subsequent intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with ROSC after non-shockable OHCA. METHODS We used data prospectively collected in the Sudden Death Expertise Center (SDEC) registry (capturing OHCA data located in the Greater Paris area, France) between May 2011 and December 2021. All adults with ROSC after medical, cardiac and non-cardiac causes, non-shockable OHCA admitted to an ICU were included. The mode of death in the ICU was categorized as cardiocirculatory, neurological, or other. RESULTS Of the 2,792 patients analyzed, there were 242 (8.7%) survivors at hospital discharge, 1,004 (35.9%) deaths from cardiocirculatory causes, 1,233 (44.2%) deaths from neurological causes, and 313 (11.2%) deaths from other etiologies. The cardiocirculatory death group received more epinephrine (4.6 ± 3.8 mg versus 1.7 ± 2.8 mg, 3.2 ± 2.6 mg, and 3.5 ± 3.6 mg for survivors, neurological deaths, and other deaths, respectively; p < 0.001). The proportion of cardiocirculatory death increased linearly (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001) with cumulative epinephrine doses during CPR (17.7% in subjects who did not receive epinephrine and 62.5% in those who received > 10 mg). In multivariable analysis, a cumulative dose of epinephrine was strongly associated with cardiocirculatory death (adjusted odds ratio of 3.45, 95% CI [2.01-5.92] for 1 mg of epinephrine; 12.28, 95% CI [7.52-20.06] for 2-5 mg; and 23.71, 95% CI [11.02-50.97] for > 5 mg; reference 0 mg; population reference: alive at hospital discharge), even after adjustment on duration of resuscitation. The other modes of death (neurological and other causes) were also associated with epinephrine use, but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS In non-shockable OHCA with ROSC, the dose of epinephrine used during CPR is strongly associated with early cardiocirculatory death. Further clinical studies aimed at limiting the dose of epinephrine during CPR seem warranted. Moreover, strategies for the prevention and management of PRS should take this dose of epinephrine into consideration for future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Javaudin
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France.
- Emergency Department, Nantes University Hospital, 44000, Nantes, France.
- SAMU, 1 Quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes Cedex1, France.
| | - Wulfran Bougouin
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, 6 Avenue du Noyer Lambert, 91300, Massy, France
- AfterROSC Network, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Fanet
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Diehl
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, INSERM 1140, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Jost
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- BSPP (Paris Fire-Brigade Emergency-Medicine Department), 1 Place Jules Renard, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Frankie Beganton
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Empana
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jouven
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, AP-HP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Adnet
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- SAMU de Paris, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Lamhaut
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- SAMU de Paris, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Lascarrou
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- AfterROSC Network, Paris, France
- Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Nantes University Hospital, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Cariou
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- AfterROSC Network, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Florence Dumas
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- Emergency Department, AP-HP, Cochin-Hotel-Dieu Hospital, 75014, Paris, France
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17
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Manara A, Rubino A, Tisherman S. ECPR and organ donation: Emerging clarity in decision making. Resuscitation 2023; 193:110035. [PMID: 37944851 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Manara
- Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonio Rubino
- Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Sam Tisherman
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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18
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Chan PS, Greif R, Anderson T, Atiq H, Bittencourt Couto T, Considine J, De Caen AR, Djärv T, Doll A, Douma MJ, Edelson DP, Xu F, Finn JC, Firestone G, Girotra S, Lauridsen KG, Kah-Lai Leong C, Lim SH, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Moskowitz A, Mullasari Sankardas A, Mustafa Mohamed MT, Myburgh MC, Nadkarni VM, Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Odakha JA, Olasveengen TM, Orosz J, Perkins GD, Previdi JK, Vaillancourt C, Montgomery WH, Sasson C, Nallamothu BK. Ten Steps Toward Improving In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Quality of Care and Outcomes. Resuscitation 2023; 193:109996. [PMID: 37942937 PMCID: PMC10769812 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Chan
- Mid-America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, United States.
| | - Robert Greif
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Huba Atiq
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Allan R De Caen
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Therese Djärv
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Doll
- Global Resuscitation Alliance, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew J Douma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Dana P Edelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, IL, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China
| | - Judith C Finn
- School of Nursing, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Grace Firestone
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Health, Santa Monica, United States
| | - Saket Girotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | | | | | - Swee Han Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Peter T Morley
- Department of Intensive Care, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laurie J Morrison
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ari Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Vinay M Nadkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert W Neumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | | | - Theresa M Olasveengen
- Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Judit Orosz
- Department of Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brahmajee K Nallamothu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical, Ann Arbor, United States
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19
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Smalcova J, Havranek S, Pokorna E, Franek O, Huptych M, Kavalkova P, Pudil J, Rob D, Dusik M, Belohlavek J. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation-based approach to refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A focus on organ donation, a secondary analysis of a Prague OHCA randomized study. Resuscitation 2023; 193:109993. [PMID: 37806620 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a poor outcome. In patients, who cannot be rescued despite using advanced techniques like extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), organ donation may be considered. This study aims to evaluate, in refractory OHCA, how ECPR versus a standard-based approach allows organ donorship. METHODS The Prague OHCA trial randomized adults with a witnessed refractory OHCA of presumed cardiac origin to either an ECPR-based or standard approach. Patients who died of brain death or those who died of primary circulatory reasons and were not candidates for cardiac transplantation or durable ventricle assist device were evaluated as potential organ donors by a transplant center. In this post-hoc analysis, the effect on organ donation rates and one-year organ survival in recipients was examined. RESULTS Out of 256 enrolled patients, 75 (29%) died prehospitally or within 1 hour after admission and 107 (42%) during the hospital stay. From a total of 24 considered donors, 21 and 3 (p = 0.01) were recruited from the ECPR vs standard approach arm, respectively. Fifteen brain-dead and none cardiac-dead subjects were ultimately accepted, 13 from the ECPR and two from the standard strategy group. A total of 36 organs were harvested. The organs were successfully transplanted into 34 recipients. All transplanted organs were fully functional, and none of the recipients died due to graft failure within the one-year period post-transplant. CONCLUSION The ECPR-based approach in the refractory OHCA trial is associated with increased organ donorship and an excellent outcome of transplanted organs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01511666. Registered January 19, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smalcova
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Emergency Medical Service Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Havranek
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E Pokorna
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Franek
- Emergency Medical Service Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Huptych
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics (CIIRC), Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Kavalkova
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pudil
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Rob
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Dusik
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Belohlavek
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Nallamothu BK, Greif R, Anderson T, Atiq H, Couto TB, Considine J, De Caen AR, Djärv T, Doll A, Douma MJ, Edelson DP, Xu F, Finn JC, Firestone G, Girotra S, Lauridsen KG, Leong CKL, Lim SH, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Moskowitz A, Mullasari Sankardas A, Mohamed MTM, Myburgh MC, Nadkarni VM, Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Athieno Odakha J, Olasveengen TM, Orosz J, Perkins GD, Previdi JK, Vaillancourt C, Montgomery WH, Sasson C, Chan PS. Ten Steps Toward Improving In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Quality of Care and Outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2023; 16:e010491. [PMID: 37947100 PMCID: PMC10659256 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.123.010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Greif
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland (R.G.)
| | - Theresa Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical, Ann Arbor (B.K.N., T.A.)
| | - Huba Atiq
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan (H.A.)
| | | | | | - Allan R. De Caen
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.R.D.C.)
| | - Therese Djärv
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (T.D.)
| | - Ann Doll
- Global Resuscitation Alliance, Seattle, WA (A.D.)
| | - Matthew J. Douma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada (M.J.D.)
| | - Dana P. Edelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (D.P.E.)
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China (F.X.)
| | - Judith C. Finn
- School of Nursing, Curtin University, Perth, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Grace Firestone
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Health, Santa Monica (G.F.)
| | - Saket Girotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.)
| | | | - Carrie Kah-Lai Leong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital (C.K.-L.L., S.H.L.)
| | - Swee Han Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital (C.K.-L.L., S.H.L.)
| | - Peter T. Morley
- Department of Intensive Care, The University of Melbourne, Australia (P.T.M.)
| | - Laurie J. Morrison
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.J.M.)
| | - Ari Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, NY (A.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Vinay M. Nadkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (V.N.)
| | - Robert W. Neumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.W.N.)
| | - Jerry P. Nolan
- University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.P.N., G.D.P.)
| | | | - Theresa M. Olasveengen
- Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway (T.M.O.)
| | - Judit Orosz
- Department of Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia (J.O.)
| | - Gavin D. Perkins
- University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.P.N., G.D.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul S. Chan
- Mid-America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (P.S.C.)
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21
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Kitlen E, Kim N, Rubenstein A, Keenan C, Garcia G, Khosla A, Johnson J, Miller PE, Wira C, Greer D, Gilmore EJ, Beekman R. Development and validation of a novel score to predict brain death after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2023; 192:109955. [PMID: 37661012 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Brain death (BD) occurs in 9-24% of successfully resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). To predict BD after OHCA, we developed a novel brain death risk (BDR) score. METHODS We identified independent predictors of BD after OHCA in a retrospective, single academic center cohort between 2011 and 2021. The BDR score ranges from 0 to 7 points and includes: non-shockable rhythm (1 point), drug overdose as etiology of arrest (1 point), evidence of grey-white differentiation loss or sulcal effacement on head computed tomography (CT) radiology report within 24 hours of arrest (2 points), Full-Outline-Of-UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score of 0 (2 points), FOUR score 1-5 (1 point), and age <45 years (1 point). We internally validated the BDR score using k-fold cross validation (k = 8) and externally validated the score at an independent academic center. The main outcome was BD. RESULTS The development cohort included 362OHCA patients, of whom 18% (N = 58) experienced BD. Internal validation provided an area under the receiving operator characteristic curve (AUC) (95% CI) of 0.931 (0.905-0.957). In the validation cohort, 19.8% (N = 17) experienced BD. The AUC (95% CI) was 0.849 (0.765-0.933). In both cohorts, a BDR score >4 was the optimal cut off (sensitivity 0.903 and 0.882, specificity 0.830 and 0.652, in the development and validation cohorts respectively). DISCUSSION The BDR score identifies those at highest risk for BD after OHCA. Our data suggest that a BDR score >4 is the optimal cut off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kitlen
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Noah Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alexandra Rubenstein
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caitlyn Keenan
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabriella Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Akhil Khosla
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - P Elliott Miller
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles Wira
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David Greer
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rachel Beekman
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Morrison LJ, Sandroni C, Grunau B, Parr M, Macneil F, Perkins GD, Aibiki M, Censullo E, Lin S, Neumar RW, Brooks SC. Organ Donation After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation 2023; 148:e120-e146. [PMID: 37551611 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE REVIEW Improving rates of organ donation among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who do not survive is an opportunity to save countless lives. The objectives of this scientific statement were to do the following: define the opportunity for organ donation among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; identify challenges and opportunities associated with organ donation by patients with cardiac arrest; identify strategies, including a generic protocol for organ donation after cardiac arrest, to increase the rate and consistency of organ donation from this population; and provide rationale for including organ donation as a key clinical outcome for all future cardiac arrest clinical trials and registries. METHODS The scope of this International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation scientific statement was approved by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation board and the American Heart Association, posted on ILCOR.org for public comment, and then assigned by section to primary and secondary authors. A unique literature search was completed and updated for each section. RESULTS There are a number of defining pathways for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest to become organ donors; however, modifications in the Maastricht classification system need to be made to correctly identify these donors and to report outcomes with consistency. Suggested modifications to the minimum data set for reporting cardiac arrests will increase reporting of organ donation as an important resuscitation outcome. There are a number of challenges with implementing uncontrolled donation after cardiac death protocols, and the greatest impediment is the lack of legislation in most countries to mandate organ donation as the default option. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation has the potential to increase organ donation rates, but more research is needed to derive neuroprognostication rules to guide clinical decision-making about when to stop extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and to evaluate cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS All health systems should develop, implement, and evaluate protocols designed to optimize organ donation opportunities for patients who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and failed attempts at resuscitation.
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Raphalen JH, Soumagnac T, Blanot S, Bougouin W, Bourdiault A, Vimpere D, Ammar H, Dagron C, An K, Mungur A, Carli P, Hutin A, Lamhaut L. Kidneys recovered from brain dead cardiac arrest patients resuscitated with ECPR show similar one-year graft survival compared to other donors. Resuscitation 2023; 190:109883. [PMID: 37355090 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among patients treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) as a second line of treatment for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), some may develop brain death and become eligible for organ donation. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes of kidney grafts recovered from these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective monocentric observational study between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2017. We exclusively included patients eligible for planned donation after brainstem death and from whom at least one organ graft was retrieved and transplanted. We compared two groups of brain dead patients: those treated with ECPR for refractory OHCA (ECPR group) and a diverse group of patients who did not receive ECPR, from which only 5/23 (22%) had OHCA (control group). The primary outcome was one-year kidney graft survival. RESULTS We included 45 patients, 23 in the control group and 22 in the ECPR group. Although patients in the ECPR group were younger and had a lower prevalence of chronic renal disease (p = 0.01), their kidney function was more severely impaired upon admission in the ICU. A total of 68 kidney grafts were retrieved, transplanted, and studied, 34 in each study group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of one-year kidney graft survival (p = 0.52). CONCLUSION Organ transplantation from patients treated with ECPR after refractory OHCA showed one-year kidney graft survival rates comparable to those of patients not treated with ECPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Herlé Raphalen
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Tal Soumagnac
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanot
- Pediatric and Obstetric ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Wulfran Bougouin
- INSERM U970, Team 4 "Sudden Death Expertise Center", Paris, France; Jacques Cartier Hospital, Massy, France
| | - Alexandre Bourdiault
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Damien Vimpere
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Hatem Ammar
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Dagron
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Kim An
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Akshay Mungur
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Carli
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Hutin
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France; INSERM U955, Team 3, Créteil, France
| | - Lionel Lamhaut
- SAMU de Paris-ICU, Necker University Hospital, Greater Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France; INSERM U970, Team 4 "Sudden Death Expertise Center", Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
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Drabek T. Where have all the kidneys gone? After ECPR, they are here to stay. Resuscitation 2023; 190:109912. [PMID: 37506815 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Drabek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop St., Suite C-200, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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25
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Morrison LJ, Sandroni C, Grunau B, Parr M, Macneil F, Perkins GD, Aibiki M, Censullo E, Lin S, Neumar RW, Brooks SC. Organ Donation After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 2023; 190:109864. [PMID: 37548950 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE REVIEW Improving rates of organ donation among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who do not survive is an opportunity to save countless lives. The objectives of this scientific statement were to do the following: define the opportunity for organ donation among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; identify challenges and opportunities associated with organ donation by patients with cardiac arrest; identify strategies, including a generic protocol for organ donation after cardiac arrest, to increase the rate and consistency of organ donation from this population; and provide rationale for including organ donation as a key clinical outcome for all future cardiac arrest clinical trials and registries. METHODS The scope of this International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation scientific statement was approved by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation board and the American Heart Association, posted on ILCOR.org for public comment, and then assigned by section to primary and secondary authors. A unique literature search was completed and updated for each section. RESULTS There are a number of defining pathways for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest to become organ donors; however, modifications in the Maastricht classification system need to be made to correctly identify these donors and to report outcomes with consistency. Suggested modifications to the minimum data set for reporting cardiac arrests will increase reporting of organ donation as an important resuscitation outcome. There are a number of challenges with implementing uncontrolled donation after cardiac death protocols, and the greatest impediment is the lack of legislation in most countries to mandate organ donation as the default option. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation has the potential to increase organ donation rates, but more research is needed to derive neuroprognostication rules to guide clinical decision-making about when to stop extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and to evaluate cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS All health systems should develop, implement, and evaluate protocols designed to optimise organ donation opportunities for patients who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and failed attempts at resuscitation.
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Elmer J, Steinberg A, Callaway CW. Paucity of neuroprognostic testing after cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation 2023; 188:109762. [PMID: 36924822 PMCID: PMC10293050 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies for perceived poor neurological prognosis is the most common cause of death for patients hospitalized after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Accurate neuroprognostication is challenging and high stakes, so guidelines recommend multimodality testing. We quantified the frequency and timing with which guideline recommended diagnostics were acquired prior to in-hospital death after cardiac arrest. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Optum® deidentified Electronic Health Record dataset for 2010 to 2021. We included in-hospital decedents admitted after resuscitation from non-traumatic cardiac arrest. We quantified the number of decedents who underwent head computed tomographic imaging, electroencephalography, somatosensory evoked potentials, brain magnetic resonance imaging, or evaluation by a neurologist, as well as the timing of these tests. RESULTS Of 34,585 included patients, median age was 66 [interquartile range 53 - 79] years and 13,609 (39%) were female. Median hospital length of stay was 0 days [0-1] days, and only 16% of deaths occurred on or after day three. Only 3,245 patients (9%) had at least one neurodiagnostic test acquired and only 1,708 (5%) were evaluated by a neurologist. The most common neurological diagnostic test to be obtained was CT imaging, acquired in 3,004 (9%) of the overall cohort. Only 852 patients (2%) of patients had at least two diagnostic modalities obtained. DISCUSSION In this retrospective cohort, we found few patients hospitalized after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest underwent guideline-recommended prognostic testing. If validated in prospective cohorts with more granular clinical information, better guideline adherence and more frequent use of multimodality neuroprognostication offer an opportunity to improve quality of post-arrest care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Elmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Alexis Steinberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clifton W Callaway
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rajajee V, Muehlschlegel S, Wartenberg KE, Alexander SA, Busl KM, Chou SHY, Creutzfeldt CJ, Fontaine GV, Fried H, Hocker SE, Hwang DY, Kim KS, Madzar D, Mahanes D, Mainali S, Meixensberger J, Montellano F, Sakowitz OW, Weimar C, Westermaier T, Varelas PN. Guidelines for Neuroprognostication in Comatose Adult Survivors of Cardiac Arrest. Neurocrit Care 2023; 38:533-563. [PMID: 36949360 PMCID: PMC10241762 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among cardiac arrest survivors, about half remain comatose 72 h following return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication of poor neurological outcome in this population may result in withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy and death. The objective of this article is to provide recommendations on the reliability of select clinical predictors that serve as the basis of neuroprognostication and provide guidance to clinicians counseling surrogates of comatose cardiac arrest survivors. METHODS A narrative systematic review was completed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Candidate predictors, which included clinical variables and prediction models, were selected based on clinical relevance and the presence of an appropriate body of evidence. The Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, Timing, Setting (PICOTS) question was framed as follows: "When counseling surrogates of comatose adult survivors of cardiac arrest, should [predictor, with time of assessment if appropriate] be considered a reliable predictor of poor functional outcome assessed at 3 months or later?" Additional full-text screening criteria were used to exclude small and lower-quality studies. Following construction of the evidence profile and summary of findings, recommendations were based on four GRADE criteria: quality of evidence, balance of desirable and undesirable consequences, values and preferences, and resource use. In addition, good practice recommendations addressed essential principles of neuroprognostication that could not be framed in PICOTS format. RESULTS Eleven candidate clinical variables and three prediction models were selected based on clinical relevance and the presence of an appropriate body of literature. A total of 72 articles met our eligibility criteria to guide recommendations. Good practice recommendations include waiting 72 h following ROSC/rewarming prior to neuroprognostication, avoiding sedation or other confounders, the use of multimodal assessment, and an extended period of observation for awakening in patients with an indeterminate prognosis, if consistent with goals of care. The bilateral absence of pupillary light response > 72 h from ROSC and the bilateral absence of N20 response on somatosensory evoked potential testing were identified as reliable predictors. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain > 48 h from ROSC and electroencephalography > 72 h from ROSC were identified as moderately reliable predictors. CONCLUSIONS These guidelines provide recommendations on the reliability of predictors of poor outcome in the context of counseling surrogates of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest and suggest broad principles of neuroprognostication. Few predictors were considered reliable or moderately reliable based on the available body of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishna Rajajee
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3552 Taubman Health Care Center, SPC 5338, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA.
| | - Susanne Muehlschlegel
- Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Katharina M Busl
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sherry H Y Chou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gabriel V Fontaine
- Departments of Pharmacy and Neurosciences, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Herbert Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sara E Hocker
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Y Hwang
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keri S Kim
- Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dominik Madzar
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dea Mahanes
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shraddha Mainali
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver W Sakowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center Ludwigsburg-Heilbronn, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Christian Weimar
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- BDH-Clinic Elzach, Elzach, Germany
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Fordyce CB, Kramer AH, Ainsworth C, Christenson J, Hunter G, Kromm J, Lopez Soto C, Scales DC, Sekhon M, van Diepen S, Dragoi L, Josephson C, Kutsogiannis J, Le May MR, Overgaard CB, Savard M, Schnell G, Wong GC, Belley-Côté E, Fantaneanu TA, Granger CB, Luk A, Mathew R, McCredie V, Murphy L, Teitelbaum J. Neuroprognostication in the Post Cardiac Arrest Patient: A Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:366-380. [PMID: 37028905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) is associated with a low rate of survival with favourable neurologic recovery. The most common mechanism of death after successful resuscitation from CA is withdrawal of life-sustaining measures on the basis of perceived poor neurologic prognosis due to underlying hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neuroprognostication is an important component of the care pathway for CA patients admitted to hospital but is complex, challenging, and often guided by limited evidence. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to evaluate the evidence underlying factors or diagnostic modalities available to determine prognosis, recommendations were generated in the following domains: (1) circumstances immediately after CA; (2) focused neurologic exam; (3) myoclonus and seizures; (4) serum biomarkers; (5) neuroimaging; (6) neurophysiologic testing; and (7) multimodal neuroprognostication. This position statement aims to serve as a practical guide to enhance in-hospital care of CA patients and emphasizes the adoption of a systematic, multimodal approach to neuroprognostication. It also highlights evidence gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Fordyce
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, and the Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
| | - Andreas H Kramer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Critical Care, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Craig Ainsworth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Christenson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Gary Hunter
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Julie Kromm
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Critical Care, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Carmen Lopez Soto
- Department of Critical Care, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damon C Scales
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mypinder Sekhon
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, International Centre for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Laura Dragoi
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Josephson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Critical Care, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Jim Kutsogiannis
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Michel R Le May
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher B Overgaard
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Savard
- Department of Neurological Sciences CHU de Québec - Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory Schnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Graham C Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, and the Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Emilie Belley-Côté
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tadeu A Fantaneanu
- Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adriana Luk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Mathew
- CAPITAL Research Group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, and the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria McCredie
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, the Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, and Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurel Murphy
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeanne Teitelbaum
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Donors brain-dead after successful resuscitation of cardiac arrest: Early outcome and postoperative complications of lung recipients. Resuscitation 2023; 184:109720. [PMID: 36740093 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes of lung transplantation (LT) recipients who received a graft from a brain-dead donor after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest (CA donors) have been poorly described. This study compared the one-year survival of LT recipients depending on the CA status of the donor. METHODS This prospective observational single-centre study analysed all consecutive patients who underwent LT at Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, between January 2016 and December 2020. All donors who experienced CA prior to organ donation, regardless of rhythm or duration, were considered CA donors. The postoperative complications and outcomes of LT recipients were analysed. The one-year survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Independent risk factors for one-year mortality were assessed using multivariate analysis (p < 0.05 was considered significant). The Paris North Hospitals Institutional Review Board approved the study. RESULTS A total of 236 LT recipients were analysed and 66 (28%) received a graft from a CA donor. The median durations of no/low flow were 4 [0-10]/20 [15-30] minutes, respectively. Shockable and non-shockable rhythms were observed in 11 (17%) and 47 (72%) of the CA donors, respectively. The characteristics of the grafts and early postoperative complications were not different in the CA and non-CA groups. Receiving a graft from a CA donor was not an independent risk factor for recipient one-year mortality. CONCLUSION Receiving a graft from a CA donor did not worsen the outcome of LT recipients. Acceptation of these grafts must be systematically considered to increase the pool of available grafts.
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Liu Y, Ren M, Kuang Z, Luo X, Li H, Zhang Y, Wen W, Cai Y, Ni X, Chen Y. Efficacy of acupuncture for cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integr Med Res 2023; 12:100925. [PMID: 36865050 PMCID: PMC9971281 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral resuscitation is one of the main therapeutic aims in the treatment of cardiac arrest (CA) patients who experience a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). However, the therapeutic effects of current treatments are not ideal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of neurological function of acupuncture combined with conventional cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitationthe (CPCR) for patients after ROSC. Methods Seven electronic databases and other related websites were searched to identify studies on acupuncture combined with conventional CPCR for patients after ROSC. R software was used to conduct a meta-analysis, and the outcomes that could not be pooled were analyzed using a descriptive analysis. Results Seven RCTs involving 411 participants who had experienced ROSC were eligible for inclusion. The main acupoints were Neiguan (PC6), Shuigou (DU26), Baihui (DU20), Yongquan (KI1), and Sanyinjiao (SP6). Compared to conventional CPCR, acupuncture combined with conventional CPCR led to significantly higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on day 3 (mean difference (MD)=0.89, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.35, I2 = 0%), day 5 (MD = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.27, 2.15; I2 = 0%), and day 7 (MD = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.50; I2 = 0%). Conclusion Acupuncture-assisted conventional CPCR may have a potential role in improving neurological function in CA patients after ROSC, but the certainty of evidence is very low and more high-quality studies are required. Protocol registration This review was registered at the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42021262262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlan Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengjuan Ren
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Luo
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huishan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanxin Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yefeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding authors at: Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China (X. Ni); Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China (Y. Chen).
| | - Yaolong Chen
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,Research Unit of Evidence-Based Evaluation and Guidelines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU017), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou University, an Affiliate of the Cochrane China Network, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou University GRADE Center, Lanzhou, China,Corresponding authors at: Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China (X. Ni); Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China (Y. Chen).
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Watanabe M, Matsuyama T, Miyamoto Y, Kitamura T, Komukai S, Ohta B. The impact of different targeted temperatures on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a nationwide cohort study. Crit Care 2022; 26:380. [PMID: 36482479 PMCID: PMC9733046 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted temperature management (TTM) is recommended in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) when coma persists after the return of spontaneous circulation. In the setting of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for OHCA patients, TTM is associated with good neurological outcomes and is recommended in the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization guidelines. However, the optimal targeted temperature for these patients has not yet been adequately investigated. This study aimed to compare the impact of different targeted temperatures on the outcomes in OHCA patients receiving ECMO. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of data from the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM)-OHCA Registry, a multicentre nationwide prospective database in Japan in which 103 institutions providing emergency care participated. OHCA patients aged ≥ 18 years who required ECMO with TTM between June 2014 and December 2019 were included in our analysis. The primary outcome was 30-day survival with favourable neurological outcomes, defined as a Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2. Patients were divided into two groups according to their targeted temperature: normothermic TTM (n-TTM) (35-36 °C) and hypothermic TTM (h-TTM) (32-34 °C). We compared the outcomes between the two targeted temperature groups using multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability weighting (IPW). RESULTS A total of 890 adult OHCA patients who received ECMO and TTM were eligible for our analysis. Of these patients, 249 (28%) and 641 (72%) were treated with n-TTM and h-TTM, respectively. The proportions of patients with 30-day favourable neurological outcomes were 16.5% (41/249) and 15.9% (102/641), in the n-TTM and h-TTM groups, respectively. No difference in neurological outcomes was observed in the multiple regression analysis [adjusted odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-1.43], and the result was constant in the IPW (odds ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.67-1.54). CONCLUSION No difference was observed between n-TTM and h-TTM in OHCA patients receiving TTM with ECMO. The current understanding that changes to the targeted temperature have little impact on the outcome of patients may remain true regardless of ECMO use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Tasuku Matsuyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Division of Biomedical Statistics Department of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bon Ohta
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
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Hinduja A, Gokun Y, Ibekwe E, Senay B, Elmer J. Risk factors for development of cerebral edema following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2022; 181:297-303. [PMID: 36280215 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral edema following cardiac arrest is a well-known complication of resuscitation and portends a poor outcome. We identified predictors of post-cardiac arrest cerebral edema and tested the association of cerebral edema with discharge outcome. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review including patients admitted at a single center between January 2015-March 2020 following resuscitation from in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who had head computed tomography imaging. Our primary outcome was moderate-to-severe cerebral edema, which we defined as loss of grey-white differentiation with effacement of the basal and ambient cisterns and radiographic evidence of uncal herniation. We used logistic regression to test associations of demographic information, clinical predictors and comorbidities with moderate-severe cerebral edema. RESULTS We identified 727 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of whom 102 had moderate-to-severe cerebral edema. We identified six independent predictors of moderate-to-severe cerebral edema: younger age, prolonged arrest duration, pulseless electrical activity/asystole as initial rhythm, unwitnessed cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia on admission, and lower Glasgow coma score on presentation. Of patients with moderate-to-severe cerebral edema, 2% survived to discharge, 56% had withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies and 42% progressed to death by neurological criteria. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified several risk factors associated with the development of cerebral edema following cardiac arrest. Further studies are needed to determine the benefits of early interventions in these high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Hinduja
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Yevgeniya Gokun
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elochukwu Ibekwe
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Blake Senay
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan Elmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Critical Care Medicine and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Jensen CW, Jawitz OK, Benkert AR, Spencer PJ, Bryner BS, Schroder JN, Milano CA. Cardiovascular mechanism of donor brain death and heart recipient survival. J Card Surg 2022; 37:4621-4627. [PMID: 36378929 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.17150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart donation after donor brain death from cardiac arrest despite successful resuscitation may be associated with worse recipient outcomes due to potential graft ischemia or underlying rhythmic/structural defects. However, selected grafts from such donors often have normal cardiac function and anatomy. We investigated whether a cardiovascular mechanism of donor brain death (CV-DBD) was associated with worse recipient outcomes. METHODS We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database for first-time, single-organ, adult (age 18+) heart transplant recipients and their associated donors between January 2005 and March 2021. Recipients were stratified by donor status (CV-DBD vs. non-CV-DBD). We performed multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling to ascertain whether receiving a CV-DBD graft was independently associated with mortality. RESULTS Of 35,833 included recipients, 2,702 (7.5%) received CV-DBD grafts. The associated donors were significantly more likely to be female, older, and have a history of diabetes, hypertension, and substance use (all p < .001). On unadjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis, CV-DBD recipients had a significantly reduced median survival than non-CV-DBD recipients (12.0 vs. 13.1 years, log-rank p = .04). However, after adjusting for donor/recipient age, recipient comorbidities, annualized center volume, and transplantation era, CV-DBD organ status was not associated with recipient mortality (hazard ratio: 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.96-1.13, p = .28). CONCLUSION In this analysis of over 35,000 heart transplants, CV-DBD status was not associated with adjusted recipient survival. Donor brain death due to cardiac arrest should not be an absolute contraindication to heart donation, although graft function should be carefully assessed before transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Jensen
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oliver K Jawitz
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abigail R Benkert
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip J Spencer
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bryner
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob N Schroder
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmelo A Milano
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Kim B, Kwon H, Kim SM, Kim JS, Ryoo SM, Kim YJ, Kim WY. Ion Shift Index at the Immediate Post-Cardiac Arrest Period as an Early Prognostic Marker in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206187. [PMID: 36294511 PMCID: PMC9604862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ion shift index (ISI) is a suggested marker to reflect the magnitude of ischemic damage. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the ISI for predicting poor neurological outcomes at 6 months in comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivors by comparing it with the OHCA and Cardiac Arrest Hospital Prognosis (CAHP) scores. This observational registry-based cohort study included adult comatose OHCA survivors admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Korea between 2015 and 2021. The ISI was calculated using the serum electrolyte levels obtained within one hour of resuscitation. The primary outcome was poor neurological function (Cerebral Performance Category score of 3−5) at 6 months. Of the 250 OHCA survivors, 164 (65.6%) had poor neurological outcomes. These patients had a higher median ISI than those with good neurological outcomes (4.95 vs. 3.26, p < 0.001). ISI (adjusted odds ratio, 2.107; 95% confidence interval, 1.350−3.288, p = 0.001) was associated with poor neurological outcomes. The prognostic performance of ISI (area under the curve [AUC], 0.859) was similar to that of the OHCA score (AUC, 0.858; p = 0.968) and the CAHP score (AUC, 0.894; p = 0.183). ISI would be a prognostic biomarker for comatose OHCA survivors that is available during the immediate post-cardiac arrest period.
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Busl KM, Maciel CB. When the heart comes back but the brain is lost-are we ready to predict brain death after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 2022; 179:256-258. [PMID: 36089161 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Busl
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Coppler PJ, Flickinger KL, Darby JM, Doshi A, Guyette FX, Faro J, Callaway CW, Elmer J. Early risk stratification for progression to death by neurological criteria following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2022; 179:248-255. [PMID: 35914657 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) progress to death by neurological criteria (DNC). We hypothesized that initial brain imaging, electroencephalography (EEG), and arrest characteristics predict progression to DNC. METHODS We identified comatose OHCA patients from January 2010 to February 2020 treated at a single quaternary care facility in Western Pennsylvania. We abstracted demographics and arrest characteristics; Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category, initial motor exam and pupillary light reflex; initial brain computed tomography (CT) grey-to-white ratio (GWR), sulcal or basal cistern effacement; initial EEG background and suppression ratio. We used two modeling approaches: fast and frugal tree (FFT) analysis to create an interpretable clinical risk stratification tool and ridge regression for comparison. We used bootstrapping to randomly partition cases into 80% training and 20% test sets and evaluated test set sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS We included 1,569 patients, of whom 147 (9%) had diagnosed DNC. Across bootstrap samples, >99% of FFTs included three predictors: sulcal effacement, and in cases without sulcal effacement, the combination of EEG background suppression and GWR ≤ 1.23. This tree had mean sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 81%. Ridge regression with all available predictors had mean sensitivity 91 % and mean specificity 83%. Subjects falsely predicted as likely to progress to DNC generally died of rearrest or withdrawal of life sustaining therapies due to poor neurological prognosis. Two of these cases awakened from coma during the index hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Sulcal effacement on presenting brain CT or EEG suppression with GWR ≤ 1.23 predict progression to DNC after OHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Coppler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Joseph M Darby
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ankur Doshi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francis X Guyette
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Faro
- Department of Family Medicine, Soin Medical Center - Kettering Health Network, Beavercreek, OH, USA
| | - Clifton W Callaway
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Elmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ashburn NP, Beaver BP, Snavely AC, Nazir N, Winslow JT, Nelson RD, Mahler SA, Stopyra JP. One and Done Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest? Outcomes in a Multiagency United States Study. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2022; 27:751-757. [PMID: 36041188 PMCID: PMC10088522 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2022.2120135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest guidelines recommend epinephrine every 3-5 minutes during cardiac arrest resuscitation. However, it is unclear if multiple epinephrine doses are associated with improved outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine if a single-dose epinephrine protocol was associated with improved survival compared to traditional multidose protocols. METHODS We conducted a pre-post study across five North Carolina EMS agencies from 11/1/2016 to 10/29/2019. Patients ≥18 years old with attempted resuscitation for non-traumatic prehospital cardiac arrest were included. Data were collected 1 year before and after implementation of the single-dose epinephrine protocol. Prior to implementation, all agencies used a multidose epinephrine protocol. The Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) was used to obtain patient outcomes. Study outcomes were survival to hospital discharge (primary) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Analysis was by intention to treat. Outcomes were compared pre- vs. post-implementation using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering within EMS agencies. Adjusted analyses included age, sex, race, shockable vs. non-shockable rhythm, witnessed arrest, automatic external defibrillator availability, EMS response interval, and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. RESULTS During the study period there were 1,690 encounters (899 pre- and 791 post-implementation). The population was 74.7% white, 61.1% male, and had a median age of 65 (IQR 53-76) years. Survival to hospital discharge was similar pre- vs. post-implementation [13.6% (122/899) vs. 15.4% (122/791); OR 1.19, 95%CI 0.89-1.59]. However, ROSC was more common post-implementation [42.3% (380/899) vs. 32.5% (257/791); OR 0.66, 95%CI 0.54-0.81]. After adjusting for covariates, the single-dose protocol was associated with similar survival to discharge rates (aOR 0.88, 95%CI 0.77-1.29), but with decreased ROSC rates (aOR 0.58, 95%CI 0.47-0.72). CONCLUSION A prehospital single-dose epinephrine protocol was associated with similar survival to hospital discharge, but decreased ROSC rates compared to the traditional multidose epinephrine protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklaus P. Ashburn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bryan P. Beaver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anna C. Snavely
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Niaman Nazir
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - James T. Winslow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - R. Darrell Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Simon A. Mahler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jason P. Stopyra
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Lambeck J, Strecker C, Niesen WD, Bardutzky J. Exclusive color-coded duplex sonography of extracranial vessels reliably confirms brain death: A prospective study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:992511. [PMID: 36212655 PMCID: PMC9539749 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.992511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD) can be used as an ancillary test for determining irreversible loss of brain function (ILBF) when demonstration of cerebral circulatory arrest (CCA) is required. However, visualization of the intracranial vessels by TCCD is often difficult, or even impossible, in this patient cohort due to elevated intracranial pressure, an insufficient transtemporal bone window, or warped anatomical conditions. Since extracranial color-coded duplex sonography (ECCD) can be performed without restriction in the aforementioned situations, we investigated the feasibility of omitting TCCD altogether, such that the ILBF examination would be simplified, without compromising on its reliability. Methods A total of 122 patients were prospectively examined by two experienced neurointensivists for the presence of ILBF from 01/2019-12/2021. Inclusion criteria were (i) the presence of a severe cerebral lesion on cranial CT or MRI, and (ii) brainstem areflexia. Upon standardized clinical examination, 9 patients were excluded due to incomplete brainstem areflexia, and a further 22 due to the presence of factors with a potentially confounding influence on apnea testing, EEG or sonography. A total of 91 patients were enrolled and underwent needle-EEG recording for >30 min (= gold standard), as well as ECCD and TCCD. The sonographer was blinded to the EEG result. Results All patients whose ECCD result was consistent with ILBF had this diagnosis confirmed by EEG (n = 77; specificity: 1). Both ECCD and EEG were not consistent with ILBF in a further 12 patients. In the remaining two patients, ECCD detected reperfusion due to long-lasting cerebral hypoxia; however, ILBF was ultimately confirmed by EEG (sensitivity: 0.975). This yielded a positive predictive value (PPV) of one and a negative predictive value of 0.857 for the validity of ECCD in ILBF confirmation. TCCD was not possible/inconclusive in 31 patients (34%). Conclusions The use of ECCD for the confirmation of ILBF is associated with high levels of specificity and a high positive predictive value when compared to needle-electrode EEG. This makes ECCD a potential alternative to the ancillary tests currently used in this setting, but confirmation in a multi-center trial is warranted. Trial registration https://www.drks.de, DRKS00017803.
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Levy Y, Hutin A, Polge N, Lidouren F, Fernandez R, Kohlhauer M, Leger PL, Rambaud J, Debaty G, Lurie K, Ghaleh B, Lamhaut L, Tissier R. HEAD AND THORAX ELEVATION PREVENTS THE RISE OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE DURING EXTRACORPOREAL RESUSCITATION IN SWINE. Shock 2022; 58:236-240. [PMID: 35959782 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Head and thorax elevation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves cerebral hemodynamics and ultimate neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. Its effect during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) is unknown. We tested whether this procedure could improve hemodynamics in swine treated by E-CPR. Methods and Results: Pigs were anesthetized and submitted to 15 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation followed by E-CPR. Animals randomly remained in flat position (flat group) or underwent head and thorax elevation since E-CPR institution (head-up group). Electric shocks were delivered after 30 minutes until the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). They were followed during 120 minutes after ROSC. After 30 minutes of E-CPR, ROSC was achieved in all animals, with no difference regarding blood pressure, heart rate, and extracorporeal membrane of oxygenation flow among groups. The head-up group had an attenuated increase in ICP as compared with the flat group after cardiac arrest (13 ± 1 vs. 26 ± 2 mm Hg at the end of the follow-up, respectively). Cerebral perfusion pressure tended to be higher in the head-up versus flat group despite not achieving statistical difference (66 ± 1 vs 46 ± 1 mm Hg at the end of the follow-up). Carotid blood flow and cerebral oxygen saturation were not significantly different among groups. Conclusion: During E-CPR, head and thorax elevation prevents ICP increase. Whether it could improve the ultimate neurological outcome in this situation deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillaume Debaty
- CNRS TIMC Laboratory - UMR 5525, Department of Emergency Medicine, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Lionel Lamhaut
- Université de Paris, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, SAMU de Paris-ICU, Paris, France
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Devanand NA, Ruknuddeen MI, Soar N, Edwards S. Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy in intensive care unit patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An Australian metropolitan ICU experience. Heart Lung 2022; 56:96-104. [PMID: 35810678 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy is a common phenomenon following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The clinical practices surrounding withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy remain unclear and warrant further inspection due to their reported impact on post-cardiac arrest mortality. OBJECTIVES To determine factors associated with withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS A retrospective review of ICU patients' clinical records following OHCA was conducted from January 2010 to December 2015. Demographic features, cardiac arrest characteristics, and targeted temperature management practices were compared between patients with and without WLST. We dichotomised WLST into early (ICU length of stay <72 h) and late (ICU length of stay ≥72 h). Factors independently associated with WLST were determined by multivariable binary logistic regression. RESULTS The study cohort included 260 post-OHCA ICU patients. The mean age was 58 years, and majority were males (178, 68%); 145 (56%) underwent WLST, with the majority undergoing early WLST (89, 61%). Status myoclonus was the strongest independent factor associated with early WLST (OR 42.53, 95% CI 4.97-363.60; p < 0.001). Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) motor response of <4 on day three post-OHCA was the strongest factor associated with delayed WLST (OR 48.76, 95% CI 11.87-200.27; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The majority of deaths in ICU patients post-OHCA occurred following early WLST. Status myoclonus and a GCS motor response of <4 on day three post-OHCA are independently associated with WLST.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Devanand
- Intensive Care Unit, Level 4, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - M I Ruknuddeen
- Intensive Care Unit, Level 2, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Haydown Road, Elizabeth Vale, SA 5112, Australia
| | - N Soar
- Intensive Care Unit, Level 2, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Haydown Road, Elizabeth Vale, SA 5112, Australia
| | - S Edwards
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment (AHTA), School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Renaudier M, Binois Y, Dumas F, Lamhaut L, Beganton F, Jost D, Charpentier J, Lesieur O, Marijon E, Jouven X, Cariou A, Bougouin W. Organ donation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a population-based study of data from the Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center. Ann Intensive Care 2022; 12:48. [PMID: 35666323 PMCID: PMC9170852 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-022-01023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ shortage is a major public health issue, and patients who die after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) could be a valuable source of organs. Here, our objective was to identify factors associated with organ donation after brain death complicating OHCA, in unselected patients entered into a comprehensive real-life registry covering a well-defined geographic area. METHODS We prospectively analyzed consecutive adults with OHCA who were successfully resuscitated, but died in intensive care units in the Paris region in 2011-2018. The primary outcome was organ donation after brain death. Independent risk factors were identified using logistic regression analysis. One-year graft survival was assessed using Cox and log-rank tests. RESULTS Of the 3061 included patients, 136 (4.4%) became organ donors after brain death, i.e., 28% of the patients with brain death. An interaction between admission pH and post-resuscitation shock was identified. By multivariate analysis, in patients with post-resuscitation shock, factors associated with organ donation were neurological cause of OHCA (odds ratio [OR], 14.5 [7.6-27.4], P < 0.001), higher pH (OR/0.1 increase, 1.3 [1.1-1.6], P < 0.001); older age was negatively associated with donation (OR/10-year increase, 0.7 [0.6-0.8], P < 0.001). In patients without post-resuscitation shock, the factor associated with donation was neurological cause of OHCA (OR, 6.9 [3.0-15.9], P < 0.001); higher pH (OR/0.1 increase, 0.8 [0.7-1.0], P = 0.04) and OHCA at home (OR, 0.4 [0.2-0.7], P = 0.006) were negatively associated with organ donation. One-year graft survival did not differ according to Utstein characteristics of the donor. CONCLUSIONS 4% of patients who died in ICU after OHCA led to organ donation. Patients with OHCA constitute a valuable source of donated organs, and special attention should be paid to young patients with OHCA of neurological cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renaudier
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France
| | - Y Binois
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France
| | - F Dumas
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France.,Emergency Department, Cochin-Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - L Lamhaut
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit and SAMU 75, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - F Beganton
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France
| | - D Jost
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France.,Brigade Des Sapeurs-Pompiers de Paris (BSPP), Paris, France
| | - J Charpentier
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - O Lesieur
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Saint Louis General Hospital, La Rochelle, France
| | - E Marijon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - X Jouven
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A Cariou
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France. .,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cedex 14, France.
| | - W Bougouin
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, Paris, France.,Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, Paris, France.,Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy, France
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42
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Wittwer MR, Armstrong T, Conway J, Ruknuddeen MI, Zeitz C, Beltrame JF, Arstall MA. In-hospital mode of death after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resusc Plus 2022; 10:100229. [PMID: 35368521 PMCID: PMC8971337 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Factors associated with in-hospital mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), such as mode of death and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (WLST), are not well established. This study aimed to compare clinical characteristics, timing of WLST and death, and precipitating aetiology between modes of death for OHCAs treated at hospital within a local health network. Methods Retrospective cohort study of adult non-traumatic OHCAs included in a hospital based OHCA registry between 2011 and 2016 and deceased at hospital discharge, excluding cases retrieved to external hospitals. Mode of death was defined as (1) cardiovascular instability, (2) non-neurological WLST, (3) neurological WLST, and (4) formal brain death. Relevant data were extracted from the registry and stratified according to mode of death and timing of death as early (within the emergency department) or late (after admission). Results Mode of death data was available for 69 early and 144 late deaths. Cardiovascular instability was the primary mode for 75% of early deaths, while 72% of late deaths were attributed to neurological injury (47% neurological WLST and 24% brain death, combined). Cardiovascular instability was associated with cardiac aetiology, brain death was associated with younger age and highest rates of organ donation, and neurological WLST was associated with highest rates of targeted temperature management, and longest time from arrest to death (p < 0.05). Conclusions This is the first study to compare clinical characteristics of adult patients resuscitated from OHCA according to in-hospital mode of death. A consensus on the definition of mode of death with standardised classification is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Wittwer
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Haydown Road, Elizabeth Vale, SA 5112, Australia.
| | - Thomas Armstrong
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jordan Conway
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ishaq Ruknuddeen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Zeitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John F Beltrame
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret A Arstall
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
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43
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Eleven-year retrospective study characterizing patients with severe brain damage and poor neurological prognosis -role of physicians' attitude toward life-sustaining treatment. BMC Palliat Care 2022; 21:79. [PMID: 35581603 PMCID: PMC9115963 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-00975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe brain hemorrhage/infarction and cardiac arrest constitute the most critical situations leading to poor neurological prognosis. Characterization of these patients is required to offer successful end-of-life care, but actual practice is affected by multiple confounding factors, including ethicolegal issues, particular in Japan and Asia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical courses of patients with severe brain damage and to assess the preference of end-of-life care for these patients in Japanese hospitals. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted between 2008 and 2018. All intracranial hemorrhage/infarction and cardiac arrest out-patients (n = 510) who were admitted to our two affiliated hospitals and survived but with poor neurologic outcomes were included. Demographic characteristics as well as prognosis and treatment policies were also assessed. Results Patients were divided into two categories; cases with absent brainstem reflex (BSR) (BSR[-]) and those with preserved BSR (BSR[ +]). The survival rate was higher and the length of hospitalization was longer in patients with BSR[ +] than in those with BSR[-]. Among three life-sustaining policies (i.e., aggressive treatment, withdrawal of treatment, and withholding of treatment), withholding of treatment was adopted to most patients. In BSR[-], the proportion of three treatment policies performed at the final decision did not differ from that at the initial diagnosis on neurological status (p = 0.432). In contrast, this proportion tended to be altered in BSR[ +] (p = 0.072), with a decreasing tendency of aggressive treatment and a modest increasing tendency of withdrawal of treatment. Furthermore, the requests from patients’ families to withdraw life-sustaining treatment, including discontinuation of mechanical ventilation, increased, but actual implementation of withdrawal by physicians was less than half of the requests. Conclusions BSR constitutes a crucial determinant of mortality and length of hospitalization in comatose patients with severe brain damage. Although the number of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment tends to increase over time in BSR[ +] patients, there are many more requests from patients’ families for withdrawal. Since physicians has a tendency to desist from withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, more in-depth communication between medical staff and patients’ families will facilitate mutual understanding over ethicolegal and religious issues and may thus improve end-of-life care.
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44
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Song H, Oh SH, Woo HR. Brain Death and Its Prediction in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated with Targeted Temperature Management. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051190. [PMID: 35626345 PMCID: PMC9140750 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution toward brain death (BD) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with targeted temperature management (TTM) provides opportunities for organ donation. However, knowledge regarding BD in these patients is limited. We retrospectively analyzed the TTM registry of one hospital where life-sustaining therapy was not withdrawn. In-hospital death patients were categorized into BD and non-BD groups. We explored the process of evolution toward BD and its predictors by comparing the serial measurements of clinical variables and the results of various prognostic tests between the two groups. Of the 121 patients who died before hospital discharge, 19 patients (15.7%) developed BD at a median of 6 (interquartile range, 5.0–7.0) days after cardiac arrest. Four patients with pupillary light reflexes at 48 h eventually developed BD. The area under the curves of the gray-to-white matter ratio (GWR) on early brain computed tomography images and the level of S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) at 72 h were 0.67 (95% CI, 0.55–0.77) and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.55–0.83), respectively. In conclusion, approximately one-sixth of all in-hospital deaths were diagnosed with BD at a median of 6 days after cardiac arrest. The use of GWR and serial S100B measurements may help to screen potential BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Sang Hoon Oh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-1988; Fax: +82-2-2258-1997
| | - Hye Rim Woo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
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45
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Gasteiger L, Putzer G, Unterpertinger R, Cardini B, Schneeberger S, Eschertzhuber S, Mair P. Solid Organ Donation From Brain-dead Donors With Cardiorespiratory Arrest After Snow Avalanche Burial: A Retrospective Single-center Study. Transplantation 2022; 106:584-587. [PMID: 33859150 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete snow avalanche burial is associated with high mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and incidence of organ retrieval in brain-dead donors following cardiorespiratory arrest due to avalanche burial and to evaluate the function of transplanted organs. METHODS The transplant registry of the Medical University of Innsbruck was searched for organ donors with a history of avalanche burial, and the function and survival of transplanted organs were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-three organs were procured from eight donors and 31 organs (13 kidneys, 6 livers, 3 pancreases, 5 hearts, and 4 lungs) were ultimately transplanted. Allograft and recipient 1-y survival were 100% and both initial and long-term graft function were good. Only one-third of all avalanche victims who died in the intensive care unit with signs of irreversible hypoxic brain injury became organ donors. CONCLUSIONS Initial experience from this retrospective study suggests that organs from brain-dead avalanche victims can be transplanted with good results. Starting a Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death program might be an option for increasing the number of organ donations from avalanche victims with irreversible hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gasteiger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Putzer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Regina Unterpertinger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benno Cardini
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Eschertzhuber
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Hall in Tirol, Tirol, Austria.,Regional transplant coordinator, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Mair
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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46
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Abrams D, MacLaren G, Lorusso R, Price S, Yannopoulos D, Vercaemst L, Bělohlávek J, Taccone FS, Aissaoui N, Shekar K, Garan AR, Uriel N, Tonna JE, Jung JS, Takeda K, Chen YS, Slutsky AS, Combes A, Brodie D. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults: evidence and implications. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:1-15. [PMID: 34505911 PMCID: PMC8429884 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-021-06514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rates of survival with functional recovery for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are notably low. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is emerging as a modality to improve prognosis by augmenting perfusion to vital end-organs by utilizing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during conventional CPR and stabilizing the patient for interventions aimed at reversing the aetiology of the arrest. Implementing this emergent procedure requires a substantial investment in resources, and even the most successful ECPR programs may nonetheless burden healthcare systems, clinicians, patients, and their families with unsalvageable patients supported by extracorporeal devices. Non-randomized and observational studies have repeatedly shown an association between ECPR and improved survival, versus conventional CPR, for in-hospital cardiac arrest in select patient populations. Recently, randomized controlled trials suggest benefit for ECPR over standard resuscitation, as well as the feasibility of performing such trials, in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest within highly coordinated healthcare delivery systems. Application of these data to clinical practice should be done cautiously, with outcomes likely to vary by the setting and system within which ECPR is initiated. ECPR introduces important ethical challenges, including whether it should be considered an extension of CPR, at what point it becomes sustained organ replacement therapy, and how to approach patients unable to recover or be bridged to heart replacement therapy. The economic impact of ECPR varies by health system, and has the potential to outstrip resources if used indiscriminately. Ideally, studies should include economic evaluations to inform health care systems about the cost-benefits of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Abrams
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 W168th St., PH 8E, Room 101, New York, NY 10032 USA ,Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Graeme MacLaren
- Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Price
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK ,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Demetris Yannopoulos
- Center for Resuscitation Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Leen Vercaemst
- Department of Perfusion, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Bělohlávek
- Second Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio S. Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadia Aissaoui
- Intensive Care Unit, APHP, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Inserm U 970, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kiran Shekar
- Adult Intensive Care Services, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia ,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ,Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - A. Reshad Garan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Nir Uriel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Joseph E. Tonna
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT USA ,Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jae Seung Jung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Koji Takeda
- Division of Cardiac, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Yih-Sharng Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Arthur S. Slutsky
- Keenan Research Center, St. Michael’s Hospital, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada ,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alain Combes
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ,Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Brodie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 W168th St., PH 8E, Room 101, New York, NY 10032 USA ,Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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47
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Filidou E, Tarapatzi G, Spathakis M, Papadopoulos P, Papadopoulos C, Kandilogiannakis L, Stavrou G, Doumaki E, Sioga A, Meditskou S, Arvanitidis K, Papamitsou T, Grosomanidis V, Kolios G, Kotzampassi K. Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome Is Not Associated with An Early Bacterial Translocation. J Surg Res 2021; 272:51-60. [PMID: 34936912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial translocation and its possible role in the development of post-resuscitation inflammatory response following Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest. METHODS Munich female swine were employed for a model of cardiac arrest via application of electrical current. After 7 min, CPR was initiated, and animals were either successfully return to spontaneous circulation (ROSC) within 40 min or not (no-ROSC). At the end of experimental period and prior to sacrifice, samples from the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver and portal vein blood were obtained. Evaluation of inflammation and gut permeability was performed; MLN, liver and portal vein samples were analyzed for 16 s rRNA detection and cytokine mRNA expression. RESULTS A decreased expression of the tight junction protein Occludin, with higher levels of inflammation, greater epithelial disintegration, ulceration, loss of crypts and villi height were found in the intestines of the ROSC swine in comparison to no-ROSC. The macrophage surface antigen CD-14 staining was relatively more intense in the ROSC than in no-ROSC. Higher levels of TNF-α mRNA expression were present in the liver of the ROSC group. Finally, despite the inflammatory response and the gut mucosal alterations in ROSC group, no bacterial translocation was detected in liver, MLN and portal vein. CONCLUSIONS We show that resuscitation from cardiac arrest induces inflammatory response and intestinal permeability in swine 4h after resuscitation, but not a bacterial translocation. Bacterial translocation is not an early phase phenomenon but probably part of the pathophysiologic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Charalampos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Stavrou
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleni Doumaki
- Intensive Care Unit, 424 Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonia Sioga
- Laboratory of Histology- Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Laboratory of Histology- Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Laboratory of Histology- Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Grosomanidis
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Katerina Kotzampassi
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
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48
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Yazdimoghaddam H, Manzari ZS, Heydari A, Mohammadi E. The ethical obligation to provide care to patients diagnosed with brain death until the end stages based on grounded theory. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2021; 14:2. [PMID: 34849211 PMCID: PMC8595073 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v14i2.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurses are faced with tremendous pressure when providing brain-dead patients with care. There is limited guidance for nurses on the care of these patients. The present study aimed to report the experiences of nurses regarding the care of patients diagnosed with brain death. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 nurses and other stakeholders, and the observations and field notes were analyzed using continuous and comparative analysis based on grounded theory. The qualitative analysis of the data resulted in extraction of six final categories, including 'facing increased tensions and conflicts', 'organ donation: a distinct care element', 'inconsistency of care management', 'effective care requirements', 'challenges, rights and duty requirements', and 'moral obligation to provide holistic care until the last minute'. Data analysis identified 'Challenges, rights and duty requirements' as the main issue and showed that the nurses managed this issue using the strategy of 'moral obligation to provide holistic care until the last minute' as the core variable. According to the results, it is recommended that the healthcare system (especially hospital management) take supportive action for nurses in various fields of care of brain-dead patients to resolve educational, moral and legal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Yazdimoghaddam
- Assistant Professor, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Operating Room Department, Faculty of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Manzari
- Associate Professor, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Heydari
- Professor, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Eesa Mohammadi
- Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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49
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Sandroni C, Cronberg T, Sekhon M. Brain injury after cardiac arrest: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47:1393-1414. [PMID: 34705079 PMCID: PMC8548866 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-021-06548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Post-cardiac arrest brain injury (PCABI) is caused by initial ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain following resuscitation. In those who are admitted to intensive care unit after cardiac arrest, PCABI manifests as coma, and is the main cause of mortality and long-term disability. This review describes the mechanisms of PCABI, its treatment options, its outcomes, and the suggested strategies for outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sandroni
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Anaesthesiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tobias Cronberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mypinder Sekhon
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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50
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Liu M, Xu R, Yi F, Wei Y, Zhu S, Zhang W. The benefits and risks of pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in small-cell lung cancer: a single-arm meta-analysis of noncomparative clinical studies and randomized control trials. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:298. [PMID: 34645484 PMCID: PMC8515717 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pembrolizumab has shown clinical benefit in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), its actual efficacy in combination with a conventional chemotherapy drug has not been determined. We performed this study to discern the efficacy and risk of pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in SCLC patients. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for relevant studies. The main outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS We identified 2980 articles and included 6 studies (5 were noncomparative open-label studies and 1 was a randomized controlled trial [RCT]) involving 396 patients in our meta-analysis. The pooled median OS (mOS) was 9.6 months (95% CI, 8.0-11.2), and the pooled median PFS (mPFS) was 4.2 months (95% CI, 2.2-6.1). The 1-year overall survival rate (OSR-1y) and 6-month progression-free survival rate (PFSR-6m) were 45.1% (95% CI, 33-57.2%) and 41.6% (95% CI, 24.3-59%), respectively. The objective response rate (ORR) was 38.8% (95% CI, 11.9-65.67%), disease control rate (DCR) was 69.30% (95% CI, 51.6-87.0%), complete response (CR) was 2.20% (95% CI, 0.8-3.7%), partial response (PR) was 34.70% (95% CI, 7.8-61.5%), and stable disease (SD) was 20.90% (95% CI, 9.1-32.6%). The grade 3-4 adverse effect (AE) rate was 20.88% (95% CI, 1.22-54.85%). The most common AEs were neutropenia (90.16%), anemia (53.21%), dysphagia (41.96%), platelet count decrease (34.87%), and esophagitis (32.89%); severe AEs included neutropenia, respiratory failure, pneumonitis, acute coronary syndrome, and colitis/intestinal ischemia. CONCLUSIONS The combination of pembrolizumab with conventional chemotherapy is an effective therapeutic schedule with acceptable and manageable efficacy and toxicity in patients with SCLC. More high-quality and well-designed RCTs with large sample sizes are warranted to further validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangyun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Miaowen Liu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ruoxin Xu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Fengming Yi
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shuqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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