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Yue H, Xu X, He S, Cui X, Guo Y, Zhao J, Peng B, Liu Q. Antifungal Mechanisms of a Chinese Herbal Medicine, Cao Huang Gui Xiang, Against Candida Species. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:813818. [PMID: 35355715 PMCID: PMC8959912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.813818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cao Huang Gui Xiang (CHGX) formula, a Chinese herbal medicine, has been empirically used for the treatment of Candida infections. In the present study, we discovered that the CHGX showed potent antifungal activities against the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and other clinical Candida species. Besides, we indicated that CHGX had in vivo efficacy on treating C. albicans infection in mice without noticeable toxicity at the clinical therapeutic concentration. We then set out to investigate the antifungal mechanisms of CHGX against C. albicans. We found that CHGX played an important role in inhibiting biofilm formation and filament development, two critical virulence factors of C. albicans. We further demonstrated that CHGX disrupted cell membrane integrity, triggered the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), followed by a rapid fungal cell death in C. albicans. Multiple pathways, including the conserved Ras1-cAMP pathway and mitochondrial protein Mcu1 are involved in CHGX-induced cell death. Our finding expands the understanding of antifungal mechanism of CHGX against C. albicans, and provides new insights in treating patients with Candida infections in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Yue
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha He
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuran Cui
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Peng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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2
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Pawłowski P, Szczęsny P, Rempoła B, Poznańska A, Poznański J. Combined in silico and 19F NMR analysis of 5-fluorouracil metabolism in yeast at low ATP conditions. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20192847. [PMID: 31742586 PMCID: PMC6904775 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on yeast cells is thought to be mainly via a misincorporation of fluoropyrimidines into both RNA and DNA, not only DNA damage via inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) by fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP). However, some studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae show a drastic decrease in ATP concentration under oxidative stress, together with a decrease in concentration of other tri- and diphosphates. This raises a question if hydrolysis of 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine diphosphate (FdUDP) under oxidative stress could not lead to the presence of FdUMP and the activation of so-called 'thymine-less death' route. We attempted to answer this question with in silico modeling of 5-FU metabolic pathways, based on new experimental results, where the stages of intracellular metabolism of 5-FU in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tracked by a combination of 19F and 31P NMR spectroscopic study. We have identified 5-FU, its nucleosides and nucleotides, and subsequent di- and/or triphosphates. Additionally, another wide 19F signal, assigned to fluorinated unstructured short RNA, has been also identified in the spectra. The concentration of individual metabolites was found to vary substantially within hours, however, the initial steady-state was preserved only for an hour, until the ATP concentration dropped by a half, which was monitored independently via 31P NMR spectra. After that, the catabolic process leading from triphosphates through monophosphates and nucleosides back to 5-FU was observed. These results imply careful design and interpretation of studies in 5-FU metabolism in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr H. Pawłowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szczęsny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożenna Rempoła
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Poznańska
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Population Health Monitoring and Analysis, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Wang J, Ding H, Zheng F, Li Y, Liu C, Niu C, Li Q. Physiological Changes of Beer Brewer's Yeast During Serial Beer Fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2018.1546030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huajian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feiyun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chengtuo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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4
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Altıntaş A, Martini J, Mortensen UH, Workman CT. Quantification of oxidative stress phenotypes based on high-throughput growth profiling of protein kinase and phosphatase knockouts. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov101. [PMID: 26564984 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to oxidative stress are important for restoring redox balance and ensuring cell survival. Genetic defects in response factors can lead to impaired response to oxidative damage and contribute to disease and aging. In single cell organisms, such as yeasts, the integrity of the oxidative stress response can be observed through its influences on growth characteristics. In this study, we investigated the time-dependent batch growth effects as a function of oxidative stress levels in protein kinase and phosphatase deletion backgrounds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In total, 41 different protein kinases and phosphatase mutants were selected for their known activities in oxidative stress or other stress response pathways and were investigated for their dosage-dependent response to hydrogen peroxide. Detailed growth profiles were analyzed after the induction of stress for growth rate, lag time duration and growth efficiency, and by a novel method to identify stress-induced diauxic shift delay. This approach extracts more phenotypic information than traditional plate-based methods due to the assessment of time dynamics in the time scale of minutes. With this approach, we were able to identify surprisingly diverse sensitivity and resistance patterns as a function of gene knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Altıntaş
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jacopo Martini
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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Berlowska J, Kregiel D, Rajkowska K. Biodiversity of brewery yeast strains and their fermentative activities. Yeast 2014; 32:289-300. [PMID: 25267007 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic, biochemical, fermentative and physiological characteristics of brewery yeast strains and performed a hierarchical cluster analysis to evaluate their similarity. We used five different ale and lager yeast strains, originating from different European breweries and deposited at the National Collection of Yeast Cultures (UK). Ale and lager strains exhibited different genomic properties, but their assimilation profiles and pyruvate decarboxylase activities corresponded to their species classifications. The activity of another enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase, varied between different brewing strains. Our results confirmed that ATP and glycogen content, and the activity of the key metabolic enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase, may be good general indicators of cell viability. However, the genetic properties, physiology and fermentation capacity of different brewery yeasts are unique to individual strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Berlowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Poland
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6
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Berlowska J, Kregiel D, Ambroziak W. Physiological tests for yeast brewery cells immobilized on modified chamotte carrier. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:703-14. [PMID: 23887884 PMCID: PMC3824387 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study yeast cell physiological activity was assessed on the basis of the in situ activity of two important enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase. FUN1 dye bioconversion and cellular ATP content were also taken as important indicators of yeast cell activity. The study was conducted on six brewing yeast strains, which were either free cells or immobilized on a chamotte carrier. The experimental data obtained indicate clearly that, in most cases, the immobilized cells showed lower enzyme activity than free cells from analogous cultures. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity in immobilized cells was higher than in planktonic cell populations only in the case of the Saccharomyces pastorianus 680 strain. However, in a comparative assessment of the fermentation process, conducted with the use of free and immobilized cells, much more favorable dynamics and carbon dioxide productivity were observed in immobilized cells, especially in the case of brewing lager yeast strains. This may explain the higher total cell density per volume unit of the fermented medium and the improved resistance of immobilized cells to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Berlowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Technical University of Lodz, ul. Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924, Lodz, Poland,
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7
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Belenky P, Camacho D, Collins JJ. Fungicidal drugs induce a common oxidative-damage cellular death pathway. Cell Rep 2013; 3:350-8. [PMID: 23416050 PMCID: PMC3656588 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin, miconazole, and ciclopirox are antifungal agents from three different drug classes that can effectively kill planktonic yeast, yet their complete fungicidal mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we employ a systems biology approach to identify a common oxidative-damage cellular death pathway triggered by these representative fungicides in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This mechanism utilizes a signaling cascade involving the GTPases Ras1 and Ras2 and protein kinase A, and it culminates in death through the production of toxic reactive oxygen species in a tricarboxylic-acid-cycle- and respiratory-chain-dependent manner. We also show that the metabolome of C. albicans is altered by antifungal drug treatment, exhibiting a shift from fermentation to respiration, a jump in the AMP/ATP ratio, and elevated production of sugars; this coincides with elevated mitochondrial activity. Lastly, we demonstrate that DNA damage plays a critical role in antifungal-induced cellular death and that blocking DNA-repair mechanisms potentiates fungicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Belenky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for BioDynamics Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diogo Camacho
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for BioDynamics Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James J. Collins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for BioDynamics Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Silva A, Almeida B, Sampaio-Marques B, Reis M, Ohlmeier S, Rodrigues F, Vale AD, Ludovico P. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a specific substrate of yeast metacaspase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:2044-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Comparison of transcriptional and translational changes caused by long-term menadione exposure in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Barros MH, da Cunha FM, Oliveira GA, Tahara EB, Kowaltowski AJ. Yeast as a model to study mitochondrial mechanisms in ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:494-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Oxidative stress-associated impairment of glucose and ammonia metabolism in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger B1-D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:1049-55. [PMID: 18693104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress events have been shown to be associated with reduced consumption of nutrients in yeasts, but there are very few studies in filamentous fungi. In the present study we investigated the impact of oxidative stress on glucose and ammonia utilization in batch cultures of Aspergillus niger B1-D. The addition of 1mM H(2)O(2) significantly reduced both glucose and ammonia uptake rates in these cultures. Associated with the decreased nutrient uptake, the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was greatly reduced; conversely, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. During the period of reduced nutrient uptake, the intracellular ATP and NADPH levels decreased while the amount of trehalose increased. The activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase, two key enzymes of ammonia assimilation, remained unchanged in response to H(2)O(2) up to 1mM, suggesting the decreased ammonia uptake rate noted under such conditions is not due to enzyme inactivation caused by oxidative stress, but may be due to an insufficient supply of ATP and NADPH, which are required for ammonia assimilation.
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Loret MO, Pedersen L, François J. Revised procedures for yeast metabolites extraction: application to a glucose pulse to carbon-limited yeast cultures, which reveals a transient activation of the purine salvage pathway. Yeast 2007; 24:47-60. [PMID: 17192850 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have revised our original procedure of yeast metabolites extraction. We showed that: (a) less than 5% of intracellular metabolites leaks out during the step of rapid arrest of cellular metabolism by quenching yeast cells into a 60% methanol solution kept at -40 degrees C; and (b) with a few exception, the stability of metabolites were not altered during the 3 min boiling procedure in a buffered ethanol solution. However, there was a loss of external added metabolites of 5-30%, depending on the type of metabolites. This was mainly attributable to their retention on cellular debris after ethanol treatment, which prevented centrifugation of the cellular extracts before evaporation of ethanol. We further simplified our previous high-performance ionic chromatography (HPIC) techniques for easier, more reliable and robust quantitative measurements of organic acids, sugar phosphates and sugar nucleotides, and extended these techniques to purine and pyrimidine bases, using a variable wavelength detector set at 220 and 260 nm in tandem with a pulsed electrochemical or suppressed conductivity detector. These protocols were successfully applied to a glucose pulse to carbon-limited yeast cultures on purines metabolism. This study showed that glucose induced a fast activation of the purine salvage pathway, as indicated by a transient drop of ATP and ADP with a concomitant rise of IMP and inosine. This metabolic perturbation was accompanied by a rapid increase in the activity of the ISN1-encoded specific IMP-5'-nucleotidase. The mechanism of this activation remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Odile Loret
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Bioprocédés, UMR-CNRS 5504, UMR-INRA 792, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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Silles E, Osorio H, Maia R, Günther Sillero MA, Sillero A. Micromolar HgCl2 concentrations transitorily duplicate the ATP level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4044-8. [PMID: 16023109 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low concentrations of HgCl2 elicited, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a transitory increase in the ATP level followed by a decrease of its concentration, until almost disappearance. At 1 microM HgCl2, the increase in ATP lasted for about 30 min, while at 10 microM the increase was only observed in the first 5 min of treatment. The initial burst of ATP was accompanied by a decrease in the level of hexose phosphates, whereas during the decrease of ATP an increase in the inosine and hexose phosphates levels took place. The treatment with HgCl2 inhibited the plasma membrane proton ATPase but not the activities of hexokinase or 6-phosphofructokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Silles
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM/CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Osório H, Silles E, Maia R, Peleteiro B, Moradas-Ferreira P, Günther Sillero MA, Sillero A. Influence of chronological aging on the survival and nucleotide content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown in different conditions: occurrence of a high concentration of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in stationary cells grown in 2% glucose. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:387-98. [PMID: 15691744 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (strain W303) grown in a minimal medium (containing 2% or 0.1% glucose) until exponential or stationary phase, were subjected to chronological aging in water, and yeast viability and nucleotide content were analyzed along several days of nutrient starvation. Cells collected in exponential phase (whether grown in the presence of 0.1% or 2% glucose) were viable up to five days and thereafter the viability decreased linearly with a half-survival rate of around eight days. ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates decreased similarly in both cases. Cells collected in stationary phase, and transferred to water, behaved differently whether grown in 0.1% or in 2% glucose, with a half-survival life of around nine and 28 days respectively. A double mutant in glycogen synthase (gsy1delta gsy2delta) and its isogenic wild-type strain, grown to stationary phase in 2% glucose, presented a similar half-survival life of around eight days. The W303 cells grown to stationary phase in the presence of 2% glucose showed a 7-fold increase of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as compared with the level present in the cells grown in any of the other three metabolic situations. The nature of UDP-GlcNAc was established by MALDI-TOF ionization analysis. It is also worth noting that the rate of decay of NAD+ was lower than that of ATP in any of the situations here considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Osório
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM/CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abstract
The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) acidifies compartments of the vacuolar system of eukaryotic cells. In renal epithelial cells, it resides on the plasma membrane and is essential for bicarbonate transport and acid-base homeostasis. The factors that regulate the H+-ATPase remain largely unknown. The present study examines the effect of glucose on H+-ATPase activity in the pig kidney epithelial cell line LLC-PK1. Cellular pH was measured by performing ratiometric fluorescence microscopy using the pH-sensitive indicator BCECF-AM. Intracellular acidification was induced with NH3/NH4+prepulse, and rates of intracellular pH (pHi) recovery (after in situ calibration) were determined by the slopes of linear regression lines during the first 3 min of recovery. The solutions contained 1 μM ethylisopropylamiloride and were K+free to eliminate Na+/H+exchange and H+-K+-ATPase activity. After NH3/NH4+-induced acidification, LLC-PK1cells had a significant pHirecovery rate that was inhibited entirely by 100 nM of the V-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A. Acute removal of glucose from medium markedly reduced V-ATPase-dependent pHirecovery activity. Readdition of glucose induced concentration-dependent reactivation of V-ATPase pHirecovery activity within 2 min. Glucose replacement produced no significant change in cell ATP or ADP content. H+-ATPase activity was completely inhibited by the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (20 mM) but only partially inhibited by the mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor antimycin A (20 μM). The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin (500 nM) abolished glucose activation of V-ATPase, and activity was restored after wortmannin removal. Glucose activates V-ATPase activity in kidney epithelial cells through the glycolytic pathway by a signaling pathway that requires PI3K activity. These findings represent an entirely new physiological effect of glucose, linking it to cellular proton secretion and vacuolar acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesille, Florida 32610, USA.
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