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Santomartino R, Riego-Ruiz L, Bianchi MM. Three, two, one yeast fatty acid desaturases: regulation and function. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:89. [PMID: 28390014 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of biological membranes functionally adapts to environmental conditions by changing its composition through the activity of lipid biosynthetic enzymes, including the fatty acid desaturases. Three major desaturases are present in yeasts, responsible for the generation of double bonds in position C9-C10, C12-C13 and C15-C16 of the carbon backbone. In this review, we will report data addressed to define the functional role of basidiomycete and ascomycete yeast desaturase enzymes in response to various external signals and the regulation of the expression of their corresponding genes. Many yeast species have the complete set of three desaturases; however, only the Δ9 desaturase seems to be necessary and sufficient to ensure yeast viability. The evolutionary issue of this observation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Santomartino
- Dip. di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lina Riego-Ruiz
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), A.C., San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Michele M Bianchi
- Dip. di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Cámara E, Landes N, Albiol J, Gasser B, Mattanovich D, Ferrer P. Increased dosage of AOX1 promoter-regulated expression cassettes leads to transcription attenuation of the methanol metabolism in Pichia pastoris. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44302. [PMID: 28295011 PMCID: PMC5353721 DOI: 10.1038/srep44302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The methanol-regulated alcohol oxidase promoter (PAOX1) of Pichia pastoris is one of the strongest promoters for heterologous gene expression in this methylotrophic yeast. Although increasing gene dosage is one of the most common strategies to increase recombinant protein productivities, the increase of gene dosage of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) in P. pastoris has been previously shown to reduce cell growth, lipase production and substrate consumption in high-copy strains. To better assess that physiological response, transcriptomics analysis was performed of a subset of strains with 1 to 15 ROL copies. The macroscopic physiological parameters confirm that growth yield and carbon uptake rate are gene dosage dependent, and were supported by the transcriptomic data, showing the impact of increased dosage of AOX1 promoter-regulated expression cassettes on P. pastoris physiology under steady methanolic growth conditions. Remarkably, increased number of cassettes led to transcription attenuation of the methanol metabolism and peroxisome biogenesis in P. pastoris, concomitant with reduced secretion levels of the heterologous product. Moreover, our data also point to a block in ROL mRNA translation in the higher ROL-copies constructs, while the low productivities of multi-copy strains under steady growth conditions do not appear to be directly related to UPR and ERAD induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cámara
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nils Landes
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joan Albiol
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pau Ferrer
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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De Angelis L, Rinaldi T, Cirigliano A, Bello C, Reverberi M, Amaretti A, Montanari A, Santomartino R, Raimondi S, Gonzalez A, Bianchi MM. Functional roles of the fatty acid desaturases encoded by KlOLE1, FAD2 and FAD3 in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1435-1445. [PMID: 27233577 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional properties of cell membranes depend on their composition, particularly on the relative amount of saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cell membrane composition on cell fitness, adaptation and stress response in Kluyveromyces lactis. To this purpose, we have deleted the genes FAD2 and FAD3 encoding Δ12 and ω3 desaturases in Kluyveromyces lactis, thus generating mutant strains with altered fatty acid composition of membranes. These strains were viable and able to grow in stressing conditions like hypoxia and low temperature. Deletion of the Δ9 desaturase-encoding gene KlOLE1 resulted in lethality, suggesting that this enzyme has an essential role in this yeast. Transcription of the desaturase genes KlOLE1, FAD2 and FAD3 and cellular localization of the corresponding enzymes, have been studied under hypoxia and cold stress. Our findings indicate that expression of these desaturase genes and membrane composition were modulated by hypoxia and temperature stress, although the changes induced by these and other assayed conditions did not dramatically affect the general cellular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Angelis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Teresa Rinaldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Pasteur Institute Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Cirigliano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bello
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Amaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università, 4, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Arianna Montanari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Rosa Santomartino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università, 4, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Alicia Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Michele M Bianchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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