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Ruiz MJ, Sirini NE, Stegmayer MÁ, Soto LP, Zbrun MV, Olivero CR, Werning ML, Acosta FF, Signorini ML, Frizzo LS. Inhibitor activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 on thermotolerant campylobacter with different biofilm-forming capacities. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad267. [PMID: 37974052 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the biofilm-forming capacity of thermotolerant Campylobacter (TC) strains from poultry production and to analyse the inhibitory capacity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 against TC on different materials. METHODS AND RESULTS Biofilm-forming capacity by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was analysed by cell adhesion in polystyrene plates. TC were classified as non-biofilm-forming (NBF, 1.3%), weak biofilm-forming (WBF, 68.4%), moderate biofilm-forming (MBF, 27.6%), and strong biofilm-forming (SBF, 2.7%). The inhibitory capacity of L. plantarum LP5 against TC was tested on stainless-steel, nylon, aluminium, and glass disks (treated group) and compared with biofilm-forming TC (control group). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 was inoculated, and then TC. Biofilm was removed in both experimental groups and TC and LP5 bacterial counts were performed. The L. plantarum LP5 presence reduced the formation of TC biofilm (P < 0.001). The material type and strain category influenced biofilm formation, with stainless-steel and the SBF strain being the material and TC having the highest adhesion (P < 0.001). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 formed a similar biofilm on all materials (P = 0.823). CONCLUSIONS This trial showed very promising results; L. plantarum LP5 could be incorporated as a bio-protector of TC on different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina
| | - Noelí E Sirini
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
| | - María Á Stegmayer
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
| | - Lorena P Soto
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
| | - María V Zbrun
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Technology EEA Rafaela, Rafaela, Province of Santa Fe S2300, Argentina
| | - Carolina R Olivero
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
| | - María L Werning
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
| | - Federico F Acosta
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L Signorini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Technology EEA Rafaela, Rafaela, Province of Santa Fe S2300, Argentina
| | - Laureano S Frizzo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis "Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina", Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe S3080, Argentina
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Ruiz MJ, García MD, Canalejo LMM, Krüger A, Padola NL, Etcheverría AI. Antimicrobial activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad202. [PMID: 37660235 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present work was to characterize the Lactiplantibacillus sp. LP5 strain, isolated from pork production, and identify bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by this strain. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, LP5 was identified by species-specific PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, bacterial growth kinetics, antimicrobial activity, the detection of genes related to plantaricin production, and the genetic expression of plantaricins were determined. Lactiplantibacillus sp. LP5 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The well-diffusion test using cell-free supernatants (CFS), neutralized CFS, CFS treated with catalase, and CFS treated with proteinase K showed that inhibitory effects on a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain were produced by bacteriocins. The PCR technique allowed the detection of genes encoding E/F plantaricins, as well as J/K and whole genome sequencing, and bacteriocin mining analysis allowed us to confirm the presence of these plantaricins. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum LP5 isolated from pigs against the STEC EDL933 strain could be associated with the bacteriocins production and represents a potential use as a probiotic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ruiz
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro Daniel García
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Manuel Medina Canalejo
- Food Science and Technology Department, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence, Charles Darwin Annex Building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Inés Etcheverría
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Dong MM, Song L, Xu JQ, Zhu L, Xiong LB, Wei DZ, Wang FQ. Improved cryptic plasmids in probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for antibiotic-free pathway engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12662-6. [PMID: 37405431 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The engineered probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is expected to be employed in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, the introduced plasmids typically require antibiotics to maintain genetic stability, and the cryptic plasmids in EcN are usually eliminated to avoid plasmid incompatibility which may change the inherent probiotic characteristics. Here, we provided a simple design to minimize the genetic change of probiotics by eliminating native plasmids and reintroducing the recombinants carrying functional genes. Specific insertion sites in the vectors showed significant differences in the expression of fluorescence proteins. Selected integration sites were applied in the de novo synthesis of salicylic acid, leading to a titer of 142.0 ± 6.0 mg/L in a shake flask with good production stability. Additionally, the design successfully realized the biosynthesis of ergothioneine (45 mg/L) by one-step construction. This work expands the application scope of native cryptic plasmids to the easy construction of functional pathways. KEY POINTS: • Cryptic plasmids of EcN were designed to express exogenous genes • Insertion sites with different expression intensities in cryptic plasmids were provided • Target products were stably produced by engineering cryptic plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Huang Y, Lin X, Yu S, Chen R, Chen W. Intestinal Engineered Probiotics as Living Therapeutics: Chassis Selection, Colonization Enhancement, Gene Circuit Design, and Biocontainment. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3134-3153. [PMID: 36094344 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal probiotics are often used for the in situ treatment of diseases, such as metabolic disorders, tumors, and chronic inflammatory infections. Recently, there has been an increased emphasis on intelligent, customized treatments with a focus on long-term efficacy; however, traditional probiotic therapy has not kept up with this trend. The use of synthetic biology to construct gut-engineered probiotics as live therapeutics is a promising avenue in the treatment of specific diseases, such as phenylketonuria and inflammatory bowel disease. These studies generally involve a series of fundamental design issues: choosing an engineered chassis, improving the colonization ability of engineered probiotics, designing functional gene circuits, and ensuring the safety of engineered probiotics. In this review, we summarize the relevant past research, the progress of current research, and discuss the key issues that restrict the widespread application of intestinal engineered probiotic living therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Lin
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Siyang Yu
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruiyue Chen
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weizhao Chen
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Microbial Gene Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Tegopoulos K, Stergiou OS, Kiousi DE, Tsifintaris M, Koletsou E, Papageorgiou AC, Argyri AA, Chorianopoulos N, Galanis A, Kolovos P. Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L125, and Evaluation of Its Anti-Proliferative and Cytotoxic Activity in Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111718. [PMID: 34829947 PMCID: PMC8615743 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a diverse species that includes nomadic strains isolated from a variety of environmental niches. Several L. plantarum strains are being incorporated in fermented foodstuffs as starter cultures, while some of them have also been characterized as probiotics. In this study, we present the draft genome sequence of L. plantarum L125, a potential probiotic strain presenting biotechnological interest, originally isolated from a traditional fermented meat product. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis with other potential probiotic L. plantarum strains were performed to determine its evolutionary relationships. Furthermore, we located genes involved in the probiotic phenotype by whole genome annotation. Indeed, genes coding for proteins mediating host–microbe interactions and bile salt, heat and cold stress tolerance were identified. Concerning the potential health-promoting attributes of the novel strain, we determined that L. plantarum L125 carries an incomplete plantaricin gene cluster, in agreement with previous in vitro findings, where no bacteriocin-like activity was detected. Moreover, we showed that cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of L. plantarum L125 exerts anti-proliferative, anti-clonogenic and anti-migration activity against the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29. Conclusively, L. plantarum L125 presents desirable probiotic traits. Future studies will elucidate further its biological and health-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tegopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Odysseas Sotirios Stergiou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Despoina Eugenia Kiousi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Margaritis Tsifintaris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Ellie Koletsou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Anthoula A. Argyri
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Sofokli Venizelou 1, Lycovrissi, 14123 Attiki, Greece; (A.A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Sofokli Venizelou 1, Lycovrissi, 14123 Attiki, Greece; (A.A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Petros Kolovos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.T.); (O.S.S.); (D.E.K.); (M.T.); (E.K.); (A.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.K.)
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6
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Ruiz MJ, Sirini NE, Signorini ML, Etcheverría A, Zbrun MV, Soto LP, Zimmermann JA, Frizzo LS. Protective effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 in a murine model of colonisation by Campylobacter coli DSPV458. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:553-565. [PMID: 34590533 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacter species are the leading cause of foodborne bacterial diarrheal disease worldwide. Campylobacter coli, abundant in pigs and pork products, have been identified as a source of human infection. In this study, we propose the use of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 as a probiotic to reduce colonisation of this intestinal pathogen in a murine colonisation model of C. coli DSPV458. Six-week-old adult female Balb/cCmedc mice were housed in groups: Control, Campy and Pro-Campy. Control and Pro-Campy groups received antibiotics for 5 days and the Campy group for 12 days. Pro-Campy group was inoculated for 7 days with 8.78 log10 cfu total of L. plantarum LP5 suspended in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth. All groups were inoculated with 6.72 log10 cfu of C. coli DSPV458 suspended in brain heart infusion broth. L. plantarum LP5 was recovered only in the Pro- Campy group. C. coli DSPV458 was recovered at higher levels in the Control and Campy groups. The differences with the Pro-Campy group were significant. As regards faeces, Control and Campy groups reached 7.41 and 7.84 log10 cfu/g, respectively, and the Pro-Campy group only 4.62 log10 cfu/g. In the caecum, Control and Campy groups reached 8.01 and 9.26 log10cfu/g, respectively, and the Pro-Campy group only 4.51 log10 cfu/g. In the ileum, Control and Campy groups reached 3.43 and 3.26 log10 cfu/g, respectively, and the Pro-Campy group did not show detectable levels. The reduction of C. coli DSPV458 in the Pro-Campy group compared to the Control group in faeces, caecum and ileum was 99.55, 99.98 and 100%, respectively. Animals were maintained under normal health conditions, and haematological parameters were within the standard values for Balb/cCmedc. The incorporation of a probiotic generated a protective effect in the mice colonisation model. The protective effect would also apply to intestinal colonisation by indigenous enterobacteria. Therefore, the strategy used in this study is of great importance to understand the protection mechanisms in a murine model, as well as its application in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Analysis 'Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina', Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral - National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.,Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - N E Sirini
- Laboratory of Food Analysis 'Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina', Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral - National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M L Signorini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Technology EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Etcheverría
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M V Zbrun
- Laboratory of Food Analysis 'Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina', Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral - National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L P Soto
- Laboratory of Food Analysis 'Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina', Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral - National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - J A Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Food Analysis 'Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina', Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral - National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L S Frizzo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis 'Rodolfo Oscar Dalla Santina', Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral - National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
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