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LeFort KR, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ. Contributing roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver diseases through oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:34. [PMID: 38214802 PMCID: PMC10786752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes in multiple liver diseases, including but not limited to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). While the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) is mainly responsible for oxidizing binge alcohol via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, it is also responsible for metabolizing many xenobiotics, including pollutants, chemicals, drugs, and specific diets abundant in n-6 fatty acids, into toxic metabolites in many organs, including the liver, causing pathological insults through organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula. Oxidative imbalances (oxidative stress) in mitochondria promote the covalent modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Excessive changes stimulate various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and histones. Increased PTMs of mitochondrial proteins inactivate many enzymes involved in the reduction of oxidative species, fatty acid metabolism, and mitophagy pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy depletion, and apoptosis. Unique from other organelles, mitochondria control many signaling cascades involved in bioenergetics (fat metabolism), inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis of hepatocytes. When mitochondrial homeostasis is shifted, these pathways become altered or shut down, likely contributing to the death of hepatocytes with activation of inflammation and hepatic stellate cells, causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review will encapsulate how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis in several types of liver diseases in order to provide recommendations for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli R LeFort
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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ALDH2 deficiency increases susceptibility to binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness, endotoxemia, and acute liver injury in mice through the gut-liver axis. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102577. [PMID: 36528936 PMCID: PMC9792909 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the major enzyme responsible for metabolizing toxic acetaldehyde to acetate and acts as a protective or defensive protein against various disease states associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), including alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD). We hypothesized that Aldh2-knockout (KO) mice are more susceptible to binge alcohol-mediated liver injury than wild-type (WT) mice through increased oxidative stress, gut leakiness and endotoxemia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of ALDH2 in binge alcohol-induced gut permeability, endotoxemia, and acute inflammatory liver injury by exposing Aldh2-KO or WT mice to a single oral dose of binge alcohol 3.5, 4.0, or 5.0 g/kg. Our findings showed for the first time that ALDH2 deficiency in Aldh2-KO mice increases their sensitivity to binge alcohol-induced oxidative and nitrative stress, enterocyte apoptosis, and nitration of gut tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ) proteins, leading to their degradation. These resulted in gut leakiness and endotoxemia in Aldh2-KO mice after exposure to a single dose of ethanol even at 3.5 g/kg, while no changes were observed in the corresponding WT mice. The elevated serum endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and bacterial translocation contributed to systemic inflammation, hepatocyte apoptosis, and subsequently acute liver injury through the gut-liver axis. Treatment with Daidzin, an ALDH2 inhibitor, exacerbated ethanol-induced cell permeability and reduced TJ/AJ proteins in T84 human colon cells. These changes were reversed by Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ALDH2 in T84 cells increased alcohol-mediated cell damage and paracellular permeability. All these findings demonstrate the critical role of ALDH2 in alcohol-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction and suggest that ALDH2 deficiency or gene mutation in humans is a risk factor for alcohol-mediated gut and liver injury, and that ALDH2 could be an important therapeutic target against alcohol-associated tissue or organ damage.
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Lin L, Suda M, Xu C, Zhang Y, Yanagiba Y, Nie J, Nakajima T, Weng Z, Wang RS. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency significantly exacerbates tert-butyl alcohol-induced toxicity in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:979-990. [PMID: 32059264 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the use of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) as a fuel additive, the possible adverse effects of ETBE exposure have become a public concern. Our previous study showed that ETBE-induced toxicity in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) gene knockout (KO) mice was caused by its primary metabolite acetaldehyde, which was toxic. However, it is unclear whether tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), another main metabolite of ETBE, plays a role in ETBE-induced toxicity. To investigate this relationship, we analyzed the changes of TBA concentrations in tissues after ETBE exposure, and then evaluated the toxicity after direct TBA treatment in both KO and wild-type (WT) mice. An exposure to 500 ppm ETBE via inhalation resulted in the formation of its three metabolites, TBA, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and ethanol, whose concentrations in the liver, brain, fat and testis of male KO mice were significantly higher than the corresponding concentrations observed in male WT mice. Direct treatment to TBA (20 mg/mL of drinking water) caused significant changes in relative organ weights and histopathology, and increased levels of genetic damages in both types of mice. These toxic effects were also seen in KO mice exposed to a lower concentration of TBA (5 mg/mL), which was associated with increased oxidative stress in serum (reduced glutathione and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio decreased). Our findings indicate that ALDH2 is involved in the metabolism of ETBE and TBA, and ALDH2 deficiency could greatly increase the sensitivity to TBA-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Megumi Suda
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Chenlan Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuehan Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jisheng Nie
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zuquan Weng
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Wang
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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Weng Z, Shi Y, Suda M, Yanagiba Y, Kawamoto T, Nakajima T, Wang RS. Inhalation exposure to low levels of ethyl tertiary butyl ether: Its genetic effects were significantly modified by ALDH2 activity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:145-153. [PMID: 30474146 DOI: 10.1002/em.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments showed that high concentrations of ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) exposure (500-5,000 ppm) significantly resulted in DNA damages in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) knockout (KO) mice. This study was aimed to verify the genotoxic effects in three genetic types, Aldh2 KO, heterogeneous (HT), and wild type (WT), of mice exposed to lower concentrations of ETBE (50-500 ppm) by inhalation. Histopathology assessments in the livers, measurements of genotoxic biomarkers in blood and livers, and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosion (8-OH-dG) for the oxidative DNA damage of whole body were performed. Significant histopathological changes and DNA strand breaks both in hepatocytes and leukocytes were found in HT and KO male mice exposed to ≥200 ppm ETBE, but not in 50 ppm ETBE. 8-OH-dG levels either in liver or urine were higher in the HT and KO male mice exposed to ≥200 ppm ETBE. The pathological and genetic effects of ETBE were almost at the same extents for HT and KO mice. Thus, 50 ppm could be the no observed adverse effect level for ETBE in HT and KO male mice, which was far lower than the 500 ppm in WT mice. These results suggested that decrease and deficiency of ALDH2 activity would significantly increase the sensitivity to ETBE-induced genotoxicity as well as hepatotoxic effects after exposure even to low concentrations of ETBE. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60: 145-153, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuquan Weng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuhong Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Megumi Suda
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rui-Sheng Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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Kim H, Kim YJ, Jeong HY, Kim JY, Choi EK, Chae SW, Kwon O. A standardized extract of the fruit of Hovenia dulcis alleviated alcohol-induced hangover in healthy subjects with heterozygous ALDH2: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:167-174. [PMID: 28750942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hovenia dulcis, known as the oriental raisin tree, is mainly found in East Asia. It has long been used as traditional folk remedies for alcohol intoxication. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the anti-hangover effect of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. fruit extract (HDE) in a randomized controlled crossover trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six eligible male adults with heterozygous ALDH2 (23.7±0.3 years old) consumed 360mL of Korean Soju (50g alcohol) together with HDE (2460mg) or matched placebo with subsequent crossover. The blood samples were taken at baseline and 1, 4, and 12h post-treatment. RESULTS Blood alcohol, acetaldehyde, and total hangover scores were highest at 1h post-treatment with no difference between groups, but declines in hangover symptom scores were significant in the HDE group compared to the placebo group. Significant differences between groups were also observed on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-10/IL-6 ratio, and aspartate aminotransferase levels, but not on endotoxins. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between total hangover symptom scores and IL-6 and IL-10 level. Further analyses by CYP2E1 polymorphism at rs10776687, rs2031920, rs3813867, and rs4838767 alleles showed a reversed association, suggesting that CYP2E1 polymorphism might be an effect modifier. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that a favorable effect of HDE on alcohol hangovers might be associated with enhancing homeostatic regulation of inflammatory response. The magnitude of impact might be different in the presence of CYP2E1 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoejin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yun Jeong
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Choi
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Weng Z, Suda M, Ohtani K, Mei N, Kawamoto T, Nakajima T, Wang RS. Subchronic exposure to ethyl tertiary butyl ether resulting in genetic damage in Aldh2 knockout mice. Toxicology 2013; 311:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee HS, Isse T, Kawamoto T, Baik HW, Park JY, Yang M. Effect of Korean pear (Pyruspyrifolia cv. Shingo) juice on hangover severity following alcohol consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ethanol intake and ethanol-induced locomotion and locomotor sensitization in Cyp2e1 knockout mice. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:217-25. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328324e726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim YD, Eom SY, Ogawa M, Oyama T, Isse T, Kang JW, Zhang YW, Kawamoto T, Kim H. Ethanol-induced oxidative DNA damage and CYP2E1 expression in liver tissue of Aldh2 knockout mice. J Occup Health 2008; 49:363-9. [PMID: 17951967 DOI: 10.1539/joh.49.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased risks of many diseases including cancer. We evaluated oxidative DNA damage in Aldh2 +/+ and Aldh2 -/- mice after they had been subjected to acute ethanol exposure. Olive tail moment, which was measured using a comet assay, was not increased by ethanol treatment in both Aldh2 +/+ and Aldh2 -/- mice. However, after controlling for the effect of ethanol exposure, the Aldh2 genotype was a significant determinant for Olive tail moments. Although the ethanol treatment significantly increased the hepatic 8-OHdG generation in only Aldh2 +/+ mice, the level of 8-OHdG was the highest in Aldh2 -/- ethanol treated mice. The increase in the level of 8-OHdG was associated with hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The levels of Olive tail moment and the hepatic 8-OHdG in the Aldh2 -/- control group were significantly higher than those of the Aldh2 +/+ control group. The level of CYP2E1 in liver tissue showed a similar pattern to those of the oxidative DNA damage markers. This study shows that acute ethanol consumption increases oxidative DNA damage and that expression of CYP2E1 protein may play a pivotal role in the induction of oxidative DNA damage. The finding that oxidative DNA damage was more intense in Aldh2 -/- mice than in Aldh2 +/+ mice suggests that ALDH2-deficient individuals may be more susceptible than wild-type ALDH2 individuals to ethanol-mediated liver disease, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Republic of Korea
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Matsumoto A, Ichiba M, Horita M, Yamashita Z, Takahashi T, Isse T, Oyama T, Kawamoto T, Tomokuni K. Lack of aldehyde dehydrogenase ameliorates oxidative stress induced by single-dose ethanol administration in mouse liver. Alcohol 2007; 41:57-9. [PMID: 17452299 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), denoted ALDH2*2, is far more common in East Asian countries. Acetaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of ethanol, is metabolized very slowly in people who have ALDH2*2, as the mutated ALDH2 lacks acetaldehyde metabolizing activity. On the other hand, it is well established that metabolism of ethanol causes oxidative stress in liver tissue. To examine the consequences of this polymorphism on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue, we conducted a study using Aldh2 knockout mice. Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice were orally administered ethanol at a dose of 5g/kg body weight. Levels of malondialdehyde, an indicator of oxidative stress, and glutathione, a key antioxidant, in liver tissue were analyzed 0-24h after administration. Levels of malondialdehyde were significantly lower in Aldh2-/- mice than in Aldh2+/+ mice at 12h after injection, while levels of glutathione were higher in Aldh2-/- mice than in Aldh2+/+ mice at 6 and 12h after injection. Our results suggest that a lack of ALDH ameliorates ethanol-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Eom SY, Zhang YW, Ogawa M, Oyama T, Isse T, Kang JW, Lee CJ, Kim YD, Kawamoto T, Kim H. Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes Induced by Ethanol Exposure in Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Knockout Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Yan Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Masanori Ogawa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Tsunehiro Oyama
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Toyohi Isse
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Jong-Won Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Chung-Jong Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University
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Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ, Harris RA, Arends MA, Koob GF. Alcohol-related genes: contributions from studies with genetically engineered mice. Addict Biol 2006; 11:195-269. [PMID: 16961758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since 1996, nearly 100 genes have been studied for their effects related to ethanol in mice using genetic modifications including gene deletion, gene overexpression, gene knock-in, and occasionally by studying existing mutants. Nearly all such studies have concentrated on genes expressed in brain, and the targeted genes range widely in their function, including most of the principal neurotransmitter systems, several neurohormones, and a number of signaling molecules. We review 141 published reports of effects (or lack thereof) of 93 genes on responses to ethanol. While most studies have focused on ethanol self-administration and reward, and/or sedative effects, other responses studied include locomotor stimulation, anxiolytic effects, and neuroadaptation (tolerance, sensitization, withdrawal). About 1/4 of the engineered mutations increase self-administration, 1/3 decrease it, and about 40% have no significant effect. In many cases, the effects on self-administration are rather modest and/or depend on the specific experimental procedures. In some cases, genes in the background strains on which the mutant is placed are important for results. Not surprisingly, review of the systems affected further supports roles for serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioids and dopamine, all of which have long been foci of alcohol research. Novel modulatory effects of protein kinase C and G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are also suggested. Some newer research with cannabinoid systems is promising, and has led to ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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