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Hisada S, Tsubota K, Inoue K, Yamada H, Ikeda T, Sistare FD. Survey of tumorigenic sensitivity in 6-month rasH2-Tg mice studies compared with 2-year rodent assays. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:53-73. [PMID: 35221496 PMCID: PMC8828610 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic endpoint of a 25-fold increase in human exposure is one of the
specified criteria for high-dose selection for 2-year carcinogenicity studies in rodents
according to ICH S1C(R2). However, this criterion is not universally accepted for 6-month
carcinogenicity tests in rasH2-Tg mice. To evaluate an appropriate multiple for rasH2-Tg
mice, we evaluated data for 53 compounds across five categories of rasH2-Tg mouse-positive
[(1) genotoxic and (2) non-genotoxic] carcinogens and rasH2-Tg mouse-negative [(3)
non-genotoxic carcinogens with clear or uncertain human relevance; (4) non-genotoxic
rodent-specific carcinogens; and (5) non-carcinogens], and surveyed their tumorigenic
activities and high doses in rasH2-Tg mice and 2-year rodent models. Our survey indicated
that area under the curve (AUC) margins (AMs) or body surface area-adjusted dose ratios
(DRs) of tumorigenesis in rasH2-Tg mice to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) were
0.05- to 5.2-fold in 6 category (1) compounds with small differences between models and
0.2- to 47-fold in 7 category (2) including three 2-year rat study-negative compounds.
Among all 53 compounds, including 40 compounds of the rasH2-Tg mouse-negative category
(3), (4), and (5), no histopathologic risk factors for rodent neoplasia were induced only
at doses above 50-fold AM or DR in rasH2-Tg mice except for two compounds, which induced
hyperplasia and had no relationship with the tumors observed in the rasH2-Tg mouse or
2-year rodent studies. From the results of these surveys, we confirmed that exceeding a
high dose level of 50-fold AM in rasH2-Tg mouse carcinogenicity studies does not appear to
be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Hisada
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, The Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Tsubota
- Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Inoue
- Maruho Co., Ltd., 93 Chudoji Awatacho, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8815, Japan
| | - Hisaharu Yamada
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, The Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Frank D. Sistare
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
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Adachi M, Hoshino Y, Izumi Y, Takagi S. Immunohistochemical detection of a potential molecular therapeutic target for canine hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:649-56. [PMID: 26685984 PMCID: PMC4873857 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a progressive malignant neoplasm of dogs for which there is currently no effective treatment. A recent study suggested that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the PI3K/Akt/m-TOR and MAPK pathways are all activated in canine and human HSA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the overexpression of these proteins by immunohistochemistry in canine splenic HSA to identify potential molecular therapeutic targets. A total of 10 splenic HSAs and two normal splenic samples surgically resected from dogs were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological diagnosis or analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The expression of RTKs, c-kit, VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-2, as well as PI3K/Akt/m-TOR and MEK was higher in canine splenic HSAs compared to normal spleens. These proteins may therefore be potential therapeutic targets in canine splenic HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Adachi
- Laboratory of Advanced Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Abstract
AIMS This review is aimed at highlighting the potential mitogenic/tumour growth-promoting or antimitogenic/tumour growth-inhibiting effects of the main antihyperglycaemic drug classes. METHODS We review and discuss the most current studies evaluating the association between antidiabetic medications used in clinical practice and malignancies as described so far. RESULTS Metformin seems to be the only antidiabetic drug to exert protective effects both on monotherapy and also when combined with other oral antidiabetic drugs or insulins in several site-specific cancers. In contrast, several other drug classes may increase cancer risk. Some reason for concern remains regarding sulphonylureas and also the incretin-based therapies regarding pancreas and thyroid cancers and the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors as well as pioglitazone regarding bladder cancer. The majority of meta-analyses suggest that there is no evidence for a causal relationship between insulin glargine and elevated cancer risk, although the studies have been controversially discussed. For α-glucosidase inhibitors and glinides, neutral or only few data upon cancer risk exist. CONCLUSION Although the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, a potential risk of mitogenicity and tumour growth promotion cannot be excluded in case of several antidiabetic drug classes. However, more large-scale, randomized, well-designed clinical studies with especially long follow-up time periods are needed to get reliable answers to these safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Z Lutz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Division of Nutritional and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Update of carcinogenicity studies in animals and humans of 535 marketed pharmaceuticals. Mutat Res 2012; 750:1-51. [PMID: 21968027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This survey is a compendium of information retrieved on carcinogenicity in animals and humans of 535 marketed pharmaceuticals whose expected clinical use is continuous for at least 6 months or intermittent over an extended period of time. Of the 535 drugs, 530 have the result of at least one carcinogenicity assay in animals, and 279 (52.1%) of them gave a positive response in at least one assay. Only 186 drugs (34.8%) have retrievable information on carcinogenicity in humans, and 104 of them gave to a variable extent evidence of a potential carcinogenic activity. Concerning the correlation between results obtained in animals and epidemiological findings, 58 drugs gave at least one positive result in carcinogenicity assays performed in animals and to a variable extent displayed evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, but 97 drugs tested positive in animals and were noncarcinogenic in humans or vice versa. Our findings, which are in agreement with previous studies, indicate that the evaluation of the benefit/carcinogenic risk ratio should be always made in prescribing a drug.
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Nambiar PR, Turnquist SE, Morton D. Spontaneous tumor incidence in rasH2 mice: review of internal data and published literature. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:614-23. [PMID: 22328410 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternate transgenic mouse models are accepted as replacements for the standard carcinogenicity mouse bioassay by regulatory agencies with a companion 2-year rat bioassay. The slower rate of industry acceptance of these shorter transgenic mouse cancer bioassays has been due to lack of historical data and diagnostic criteria, and the use of nonstandardized terminologies in published data. To address these issues, especially that of generating a large historical database, a retrospective analysis of the spontaneous tumor incidences in rasH2 mice from internally sponsored 6-month carcinogenicity studies was compared to the published literature. Incidences of common spontaneous tumors (incidences > 1%) observed in these studies were lung bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas (mean 3.9-9.9%; range 0-18%), lung bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinomas (mean 1.4-2.4%; range 0-5%), splenic hemangiosarcomas (mean 3.0-3.9%; range 0-17%), cutaneous squamous cell papillomas (mean 1.1-1.2%; range 0-4%), Harderian gland adenoma (mean 0.8-1.2%; range 0-4%), and hepatocellular adenomas (mean 1.8%; 0-9% in males only). The remarkable similarity in the tumor incidences in multiple rasH2 studies over a decade and the observed stability of the inserted human gene are important indicators of the minimal drift in this model. Overall, the historical control data for spontaneous neoplasms should assist in the interpretation of future rasH2 mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant R Nambiar
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Urano K, Tamaoki N, Nomura T. Establishing a Laboratory Animal Model From a Transgenic Animal. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:16-23. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animal models have been used in small numbers in gene function studies in vivo for a period of time, but more recently, the use of a single transgenic animal model has been approved as a second species, 6-month alternative (to the routine 2-year, 2-animal model) used in short-term carcinogenicity studies for generating regulatory application data of new drugs. This article addresses many of the issues associated with the creation and use of one of these transgenic models, the rasH2 mouse, for regulatory science. The discussion includes strategies for mass producing mice with the same stable phenotype, including constructing the transgene, choosing a founder mouse, and controlling both the transgene and background genes; strategies for developing the model for regulatory science, including measurements of carcinogen susceptibility, stability of a large-scale production system, and monitoring for uniform carcinogenicity responses; and finally, efficient use of the transgenic animal model on study. Approximately 20% of mouse carcinogenicity studies for new drug applications in the United States currently use transgenic models, typically the rasH2 mouse. The rasH2 mouse could contribute to animal welfare by reducing the numbers of animals used as well as reducing the cost of carcinogenicity studies. A better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the transgenic rasH2 mouse will result in greater and more efficient use of this animal model in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - N. Tamaoki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - T. Nomura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
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Storer RD, Sistare FD, Vijayaraj Reddy M, Degeorge JJ. An Industry Perspective on the Utility of Short-Term Carcinogenicity Testing in Transgenic Mice in Pharmaceutical Development. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 38:51-61. [PMID: 19893055 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309351718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
International guidelines allow for use of a short-term cancer bioassay (twenty-six weeks) in transgenic mice as a substitute for one of the two required long-term rodent bioassays in the preclinical safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals. The two models that have gained the widest acceptance by sponsors and regulatory authorities are the CB6F1-RasH2 mouse hemizygous for a human H-ras transgene and the B6.129N5-Trp53 mouse heterozygous for a p53 null allele. The p53+/- model is of particular value for compounds with residual concern that genotoxic activity may contribute to tumorigenesis. The rasH2 model is an appropriate alternative without regard to evidence of genotoxic potential. Since results from a short-term bioassay can be obtained relatively early in drug development, there is the potential for more timely assessment of cancer risk for individuals in long-term clinical trials. Use of these models in preclinical safety evaluation also significantly reduces animal use, time, and manpower. Preliminary findings indicate that prediction of two-year rat bioassay outcomes based on data from chronic rat toxicity studies, together with early assessment of carcinogenic potential in short-term transgenic models, may have the potential to increase the timeliness and efficiency of strategies for the identification of human carcinogenic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Storer
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - Frank D. Sistare
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M. Vijayaraj Reddy
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Degeorge
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hepatocarcinogenic susceptibility of rasH2 mice to troglitazone in a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:173-81. [PMID: 18597072 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Six-week-old rasH2 mice were injected intraperitoneally with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) after partial hepatectomy and administrated 0 or 6,000 ppm troglitazone (TRG) for 10 weeks. Relative liver weight of females increased significantly in the DEN + TRG group compared to the DEN-alone group. The numbers of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase- and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells tended to increase in both the sexes in the DEN + TRG group; however, these changes were not significantly different from those in the DEN-alone group. Levels of gene expressions for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGFB (related to angiogenesis), tropomyosin 1 (Tpm1) and transforming growth factor-beta (related to ras/MAPK cascade activation), and PCNA (related to cell proliferation) in females were significantly higher in the DEN + TRG than in the untreated control group but not in the DEN-alone group. Only Tpm1 gene had significantly higher expression in the DEN + TRG group than in the DEN-alone group. These results suggest that rasH2 mice are not susceptible to TRG in a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model.
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Extremely weak tumor-promoting effect of troglitazone on splenic hemangiosarcomas in rasH2 mice induced by urethane. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:771-7. [PMID: 18465119 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine the tumor-promoting effect of troglitazone (TRG), a novel thiazolidinedione insulin-sensitizing agent, on splenic hemangiosarcomas in rasH2 mice, histopathological and molecular analyses were performed in the spleen of female rasH2 mice fed a diet containing 6,000 or 0 ppm TRG for 16 weeks after 1,000 or 0 mg/kg urethane (UR) initiation. Histopathologically, splenic hemangiosarcomas were observed in the UR-alone and UR + TRG groups, but there was no significant difference in the incidence of splenic hemangiosarcomas between the UR-alone and UR+TRG groups. There were increasing tendencies in the number of positive cells for anti-PCNA antibody and gene expression in the UR + TRG group, but such a change was not statistically significant as compared to that in the UR-alone group. The gene expressions of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFC, VEGFR2 and Tie2 related to angiogenesis; c-fos related to MAPK cascade activation; and cyclin D1 related to cell cycle in the UR-alone and UR + TRG groups were significantly higher than those in the untreated control group. However, only the Tie2 gene in the UR + TRG group was significantly increased as compared to that in the UR-alone group. These results suggest that the vascular tumor-promoting activity of TRG in rasH2 mice is extremely low in the present experimental condition and a part of the gene related to angiogenesis probably contributes to the promotion of splenic hemangiosarcomas in rasH2 mice given TRG.
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