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Züger F, Berner N, Gullo MR. Towards a Novel Cost-Effective and Versatile Bioink for 3D-Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010027. [PMID: 36648813 PMCID: PMC9844313 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-bioprinting for tissue regeneration relies on, among other things, hydrogels with favorable rheological properties. These include shear thinning for cell-friendly extrusion, post-printing structural stability as well as physiologically relevant elastic moduli needed for optimal cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation and tissue maturation. This work introduces a cost-efficient gelatin-methylcellulose based hydrogel whose rheological properties can be independently optimized for optimal printability and tissue engineering. Hydrogel viscosities were designed to present three different temperature regimes: low viscosity for eased cell suspension and printing with minimal shear stress, form fidelity directly after printing and long term structural stability during incubation. Enzymatically crosslinked hydrogel scaffolds with stiffnesses ranging from 5 to 50 kPa were produced, enabling the hydrogel to biomimic cell environments for different types of tissues. The bioink showed high intrinsic cytocompatibility and tissues fabricated by embedding and bioprinting NIH 3T3 fibroblasts showed satisfactory viability. This novel hydrogel uses robust and inexpensive technology, which can be adjusted for implementation in tissue regeneration, e.g., in myocardial or neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Züger
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4312 Muttenz, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natascha Berner
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4312 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio R. Gullo
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4312 Muttenz, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-228-53-31
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2
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Drugs of abuse and kidney toxicity. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2022.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Liu Y, Gong S, Li K, Wu G, Zheng X, Zheng J, Lu X, Zhang L, Li J, Su Z, Liu Y, Xie J, Chen J, Li Y. Coptisine protects against hyperuricemic nephropathy through alleviating inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Cocaine: An Updated Overview on Chemistry, Detection, Biokinetics, and Pharmacotoxicological Aspects including Abuse Pattern. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040278. [PMID: 35448887 PMCID: PMC9032145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most consumed stimulants throughout the world, as official sources report. It is a naturally occurring sympathomimetic tropane alkaloid derived from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, which has been used by South American locals for millennia. Cocaine can usually be found in two forms, cocaine hydrochloride, a white powder, or ‘crack’ cocaine, the free base. While the first is commonly administered by insufflation (‘snorting’) or intravenously, the second is adapted for inhalation (smoking). Cocaine can exert local anaesthetic action by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thus halting electrical impulse propagation; cocaine also impacts neurotransmission by hindering monoamine reuptake, particularly dopamine, from the synaptic cleft. The excess of available dopamine for postsynaptic activation mediates the pleasurable effects reported by users and contributes to the addictive potential and toxic effects of the drug. Cocaine is metabolised (mostly hepatically) into two main metabolites, ecgonine methyl ester and benzoylecgonine. Other metabolites include, for example, norcocaine and cocaethylene, both displaying pharmacological action, and the last one constituting a biomarker for co-consumption of cocaine with alcohol. This review provides a brief overview of cocaine’s prevalence and patterns of use, its physical-chemical properties and methods for analysis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and multi-level toxicity.
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5
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Sousa NR, Rocha S, Santos-Silva A, Coimbra S, Valente MJ. Cellular and molecular pathways underlying the nephrotoxicity of gadolinium. Toxicol Sci 2021; 186:134-148. [PMID: 34878122 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence on the short- and long-term adverse effects associated with gadolinium [Gd (III)]-based contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging have emerged in the past three decades. Safety issues arise from the release of Gd (III) from chelates and its deposition in tissues, which is exacerbated in patients with renal disease, since the kidney is the major excretion organ of most of these agents. This study aimed at unveiling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of Gd (III), using an in vitro model of human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cell line). Cell viability declined in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure to GdCl3·6H2O. The estimated inhibitory concentrations (ICs) eliciting 1 to 50% of cell death, after 24 h of exposure, ranged from 3.4 to 340.5 µM. At toxic concentrations, exposure to Gd (III) led to disruption of the oxidative status, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death by apoptosis, switching to necrosis at higher levels, and autophagic activation. Disturbance of the lipid metabolism was already observed at low-toxicity ICs, with accumulation of lipid droplets, and upregulation of genes related to both lipogenesis and lipolysis. Gd (III)-exposure, even at the subtoxic IC01, increased the expression of modulators of various signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of renal disease, including inflammation, hypoxia and fibrosis. Our results give new insights into the mechanisms underlying the nephrotoxic potential of Gd (III) and highlight the need to further clarify the risks versus benefits of the Gd (III)-based contrast agents currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícia Reis Sousa
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Benguela, Benguela, Angola
| | - Susana Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Coimbra
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Capaldo A, Gay F, Caputo I, Lionetti L, Paolella G, Di Gregorio I, Martucciello S, Di Lorenzo M, Rosati L, Laforgia V. Effects of environmental cocaine concentrations on COX and caspase-3 activity, GRP-78, ALT, CRP and blood glucose levels in the liver and kidney of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111475. [PMID: 33068975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the world, and as a result of incomplete removal by sewage treatment plants it is found in surface waters, where it represents a new potential risk for aquatic organisms. In this study we evaluated the influence of environmental concentrations of cocaine on the liver and the kidney of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). The eels were exposed to 20 ng L-1 of cocaine for fifty days, after which, three and ten days after the interruption of cocaine exposure their livers and kidneys were compared to controls. The general morphology of the two organs was evaluated, as well as the following parameters: cytochrome oxidase (COX) and caspase-3 activities, as markers of oxidative metabolism and apoptosis activation, respectively; glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 levels, as a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress; blood glucose level, as stress marker; serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as a marker of liver injury and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), as a marker of the inflammatory process. The liver showed morphologic alterations such as necrotic areas, karyolysis and pyknotic nuclei, while the kidneys had dilated glomeruli and the renal tubules showed pyknotic nuclei and karyolysis. In the kidney, the alterations persisted after the interruption of cocaine exposure. In the liver, COX and caspase-3 activities increased (COX: P = 0.01; caspase-3: P = 0.032); ten days after the interruption of cocaine exposure, COX activity returned to control levels (P = 0.06) whereas caspase-3 activity decreased further (P = 0.012); GRP78 expression increased only in post-exposure recovery specimens (three days: P = 0.007 and ten days: P = 0.008 after the interruption of cocaine exposure, respectively). In the kidney, COX and caspase-3 activities increased (COX: P = 0.02; caspase-3: P = 0.019); after the interruption of cocaine exposure, COX activity remained high (three days: P = 0.02 and ten days: P = 0.029 after the interruption of cocaine exposure, respectively) whereas caspase-3 activity returned to control values (three days: P = 0.69 and ten days: P = 0.67 after the interruption of cocaine exposure, respectively). Blood glucose and serum ALT and CRP levels increased (blood glucose: P = 0.01; ALT: P = 0.001; CRP: 0.015) and remained high also ten days after the interruption of cocaine exposure (blood glucose: P = 0.009; ALT: P = 0.0031; CRP: 0.036). These results suggest that environmental cocaine concentrations adversely affected liver and kidney of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Gay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; ELFID (European Laboratory for Food-Induced Diseases), University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; ELFID (European Laboratory for Food-Induced Diseases), University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Gregorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania Martucciello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
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8
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Abstract
Substances toxic to the kidney are legion in the modern world. The sheer number and variety, their mutual interactions and, metabolism within the body are a challenge to research. Moreover, the kidney is especially prone to injury owing to its physiology. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by poisonous or primarily nephrotoxic substances, may be community acquired with ingestion or inhalation or nosocomial. Many nephrotoxic plants, animal poisons, medications, chemicals and illicit drugs can induce AKI by varying pathophysiological pathways. Moreover, the epidemiology of toxic AKI varies depending on country, regions within countries, socioeconomic status and health care facilities. In this review, we have selected nephrotoxic insults due to medication, plants, animal including snake venom toxicity, environmental, (agri)chemicals and also illicit drugs. We conclude with a section on diagnosis, clinical presentation and management of poisoning accompanied by various organ dysfunction and AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Petejova
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,b Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,c Department of Internal Medicine III - Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology , University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Martinek
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,b Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- c Department of Internal Medicine III - Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology , University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Teplan
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,d Department of Nephrology , Institute for Postgraduate Education Prague , Vinohrady , Czech Republic
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9
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Seidel F. Stem cell-based test methods. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:442-444. [PMID: 31423122 PMCID: PMC6694699 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Seidel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
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10
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Womersley JS, Townsend DM, Kalivas PW, Uys JD. Targeting redox regulation to treat substance use disorder using N‐acetylcysteine. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2538-2551. [PMID: 30144182 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by transitioning from acute drug reward to compulsive drug use. Despite the heavy personal and societal burden of SUDs, current treatments are limited and unsatisfactory. For this reason, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying addiction is required. Altered redox status, primarily due to drug-induced increases in dopamine metabolism, is a unifying feature of abused substances. In recent years, knowledge of the effects of oxidative stress in the nervous system has evolved from strictly neurotoxic to include a more nuanced role in redox-sensitive signaling. More specifically, S-glutathionylation, a redox-sensitive post-translational modification, has been suggested to influence the response to drugs of abuse. In this review we will examine the evidence for redox-mediating drugs as therapeutic tools focusing on N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for cocaine addiction. We will conclude by suggesting future research directions that may further advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 409 Drug Discovery Building, 70 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discover and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joachim D Uys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 409 Drug Discovery Building, 70 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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11
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Martins MJ, Roque Bravo R, Enea M, Carmo H, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Dias da Silva D. Ethanol addictively enhances the in vitro cardiotoxicity of cocaine through oxidative damage, energetic deregulation, and apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2311-2325. [PMID: 29846769 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) is frequently consumed in polydrug abuse settings, and ethanol (EtOH) is the most prominent co-abused substance. Clinical data and experimental evidence suggest that the co-administration of COC with EtOH can be more cardiotoxic than EtOH or COC alone, but information on the molecular pathways involved is scarce. Since these data are crucial to potentiate the identification of therapeutic targets to treat intoxications, we sought to (i) elucidate the type of interaction that occurs between both substances, and (ii) assess the mechanisms implicated in the cardiotoxic effects elicited by COC combined with EtOH. For this purpose, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to COC (104 µM-6.5 mM) and EtOH (977 µM-4 M), individually or combined at a molar ratio based on blood concentrations of intoxicated abusers (COC 1: EtOH 9; 206 µM-110 mM). After 24 h, cell metabolic viability was recorded by the MTT assay and mixture toxicity expectations were calculated using the independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) models. EtOH (EC50 305.26 mM) proved to act additively with COC (EC50 2.60 mM) to significantly increase the drug in vitro cardiotoxicity, even when both substances were combined at individually non-cytotoxic concentrations. Experimental mixture testing (EC50 19.18 ± 3.36 mM) demonstrated that the cardiotoxicity was fairly similar to that predicted by IA (EC50 22.95 mM) and CA (EC50 21.75 mM), supporting additivity. Concentration-dependent increases of intracellular ROS/RNS and GSSG, depletion of GSH and ATP, along with mitochondrial hyperpolarization and activation of intrinsic, extrinsic, and common apoptosis pathways were observed both for single and combined exposures. In general, the mixture exhibited a toxicological profile that mechanistically did not deviate from the single drugs, suggesting that interventions such as antioxidant administration might aid in the clinical treatment of this type of polydrug intoxication. In a clinical perspective, the observed additive mixture effect may reflect the increased hazards at which users of this combination are exposed to in recreational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Martins
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Rita Roque Bravo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Maria Enea
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,IINFACTS, Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal.,Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Dias da Silva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal. .,IINFACTS, Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
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Steinmetz A, Steffens L, Morás AM, Prezzi F, Braganhol E, Saffi J, Ortiz RS, Barros HMT, Moura DJ. In vitro model to study cocaine and its contaminants. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 285:1-7. [PMID: 29475069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most popular illicit drug worldwide. Due its great addictive potential, which leads to euphoria and hyperactivity, it is considered a public health concern. At the central nervous system, the drug acts inhibiting catecholamine re-uptake. It is now known that in addition to the toxicity of the drug itself, the contaminants present in the street drug have raised concern about the harmful effects on health. Toxicological in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the toxic effects of cocaine correlated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn lead to oxidative damage to the cells. Therefore the aim of this work was to propose an in vitro model that reunites the main parameters of toxicity of the cocaine already observed in the literature so far, and we tested this model using cocaine and seizure cocaine sample (SCS), kindly provided by Federal Police of Brazil. For that, we used a C6 glioblastoma cells and evaluated cell death, oxygen reactive species induction, oxidation of macromolecules as membrane lipids and DNA and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after cocaine exposure. The results showed that cocaine can decrease cellular viability in a dose-dependent way in the C6 cell immortalized and astrocytes primary culture. Cocaine also induced cellular death by apoptosis. However, in the seizure cocaine sample (SCS), the predominant cell death was due to necrosis. Using dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay, we confirmed ROS production after cocaine exposition. In agreement with these findings, occurred an increasing in MDA production, as well as increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. The induction of DNA damage was observed after cocaine. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction by depolarization of mitochondrial membrane as a consequence of cocaine treatment. In summary, these results demonstrated that cocaine can induce reactive oxygen species formation, leading to oxidative stress. As a consequence of this unbalance, DNA damage, lipidic peroxidation and loss of mitochondrial membrane occurred, which could be an answer to cell death observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Steinmetz
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Steffens
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Ana Moira Morás
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Prezzi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Scorsatto Ortiz
- Divisão Técnica-Científica, Policia Federal do Brasil, Porto Alegre, RS, 90160-092, Brazil.
| | - Helena M T Barros
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Dinara Jaqueline Moura
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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Combining CXCR4-targeted and nontargeted nanoparticles for effective unassisted in vitro magnetic hyperthermia. Biointerphases 2018; 13:011005. [PMID: 29402091 DOI: 10.1116/1.5009989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of targeted nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) increases MHT selectivity, but often at the expense of its effectiveness. Consequently, targeted MHT is typically used in combination with other treatment modalities. This work describes an implementation of a highly effective monotherapeutic in vitro MHT treatment based on two populations of magnetic particles. Cells were sequentially incubated with two populations of magnetic particles: nonfunctionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles and anti-CXCR4-functionalized particles. After removing the excess of free particles, an alternating magnetic field (AMF) was applied to produce MHT. The induced cytotoxicity was assessed at different time-points after AMF application. Complete loss of cell viability was observed 72 h after MHT when the iron loading of the anti-CXCR4-functionalized particles was boosted by that of a nontargeted population. Additionally, induction of necrosis resulted in more efficient cell death than did induction of apoptosis. Achieving a uniquely high effectiveness in monotherapeutic MHT demonstrates the potential of this approach to achieve complete loss of viability of cancer cells while avoiding the side effects of dual-treatment strategies that use MHT only as a sensitizing therapy.
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Parolini M, Ghilardi A, Della Torre C, Magni S, Prosperi L, Calvagno M, Del Giacco L, Binelli A. Environmental concentrations of cocaine and its main metabolites modulated antioxidant response and caused cyto-genotoxic effects in zebrafish embryo cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:504-514. [PMID: 28449966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs have been recently identified as a serious environmental problem because of the growing evidence regarding their occurrence in aquatic environment and potential toxicity towards non-target organisms. Among them, cocaine (COC) and its main metabolites, namely benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), are commonly measured in freshwaters worldwide at levels that might cause diverse sub-lethal effects to aquatic organisms. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the potential adverse effects induced by the exposure to environmental concentrations (0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 nM) of COC, BE, and EME on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 96 h post fertilization. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the Trypan Blue exclusion method, while primary and fixed genetic damages were evaluated by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, and the DNA diffusion assay together with the Micronucleus test, respectively. The involvement of oxidative stress in the mechanism of action (MoA) of all tested drugs was assessed by measuring the activity of defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) and the expression of their encoding genes. Exposure to COC and both metabolites significantly reduced cell viability, increased DNA fragmentation and promoted the onset of apoptotic cells and micronuclei in zebrafish embryos. Results from oxidative stress-related endpoints and gene expression suggested that the observed genotoxicity may be caused by an overproduction of free radicals that imbalanced the oxidative status of embryos. The integration of biomarker responses into a synthetic index showed that at each tested concentration, BE and EME had a similar toxicity and were both more toxic than COC. Our data confirmed the potential toxicity of environmental concentrations of COC, BE, and EME, suggesting the need of further in-depth studies to shed light on their MoA and long-term toxicity towards non-target aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Prosperi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvagno
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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15
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Hassan R. Possibilities and limitations of intravital imaging. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 15:872-874. [PMID: 28275323 PMCID: PMC5341010 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hassan
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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16
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Nanavati A, Herlitz LC. Tubulointerstitial Injury and Drugs of Abuse. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2017; 24:80-85. [PMID: 28284383 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse is widespread in many populations, and patients abusing illicit substances are at a significantly increased risk of kidney injury. The tubulointerstitial compartment is a common target of these nephrotoxic agents. This review will cover some of the common illicit drugs and will focus on the tubulointerstitial injuries seen in the setting of drug abuse. Agents addressed in this review are synthetic cannabinoids, "bath salts," ecstasy, anabolic steroids, inhaled solvents, heroin, and cocaine. The most frequent biopsy findings are those of acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis. Unfortunately, histology is often unable to sufficiently narrow the differential diagnosis and point to a single likely cause. A high suspicion for drug abuse as a potential cause of kidney injury is needed to identify the patients for whom this is the cause of their kidney failure. Toxicology screens are often of little use in identifying patients using emerging drugs of abuse.
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Yang JF, Liu YR, Huang CC, Ueng YF. The time-dependent effects of St John's wort on cytochrome P450, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase in mice. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:422-431. [PMID: 29389584 PMCID: PMC9332643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum [St. John’s wort (SJW)] is known to cause a drug interaction with the substrates of cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) isoforms, mainly CYP3A. This study aims to determine the dose response and time course of the effects of SJW extract on P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) in mice. The oral administration of SJW extract to male mice at 0.6 g/kg/d for 21 days increased hepatic oxidation activity toward a Cyp3a substrate nifedipine. By extending the SJW treatment to 28 days, hepatic nifedipine oxidation (NFO) and warfarin 7-hydroxylation (WOH) (Cyp2c) activities were increased by 95% and 34%, respectively. Immunoblot analysis of liver microsomal proteins revealed that the Cyp2c protein level was elevated by the 28-day treatment. However, the liver microsomal activities of the oxidation of the respective substrates of Cyp1a, Cyp2a, Cyp2b, Cyp2d, and Cyp2e1 remained unchanged. In the kidney, SJW increased the NFO, but not the WOH activity. The extended 28-day treatment did not alter mouse hepatic and renal UGT, GST, and NQO activities. These findings demonstrate that SJW stimulates hepatic and renal Cyp3a activity and hepatic Cyp2c activity and expression. The induction of hepatic Cyp2c requires repeated treatment for a period longer than the initial induction of Cyp3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fu Yang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue-Rong Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Chiral enantioresolution of cathinone derivatives present in "legal highs", and enantioselectivity evaluation on cytotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34:372-385. [PMID: 27594923 PMCID: PMC4988346 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, great interest has been focused on synthetic cathinones since their consumption has increased exponentially. All synthetic cathinones exist as chiral molecules; the biological and/or toxicological properties of cathinones generally differ according to the enantiomers in human body. In this study, a chiral liquid chromatography method was developed to separate and determine the enantiomeric ratio of synthetic cathinones present in "legal highs" acquired in old smart shops or over the Internet. All the synthetic cathinones were efficiently enantio-separated with α and Rs ranging from 1.24 to 3.62 and from 1.24 to 10.52, respectively, using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. All synthetic cathinones, with the exception of 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), were present in the commercialized "legal highs" in an enantiomeric proportion of 50:50. One of the studied chiral compounds was 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), one of the most consumed cathinone derivative worldwide. Our research group has recently reported its hepatotoxicity in the racemic form. Thus, the analytical enantioresolution of the MDPV was scaled up to multi-milligram using a semi-preparative amylose tris-3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate column (20 cm × 7.0 mm ID, 7 µm particle size). Both enantiomers were isolated with high enantiomeric purity (enantiomeric excess > 99 %). The toxicity of S-(-)-MDPV and R-(+)-MDPV was evaluated, for the first time, using primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. It was also possible to verify that MDPV enantiomers showed hepatotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner, but displayed no enantioselective toxicity in this cell culture model.
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Mai HN, Jeong JH, Kim DJ, Chung YH, Shin EJ, Nguyen LTT, Nam Y, Lee YJ, Cho EH, Nah SY, Jang CG, Lei XG, Kim HC. Genetic overexpressing of GPx-1 attenuates cocaine-induced renal toxicity via induction of anti-apoptotic factors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:428-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Medical School; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy; College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Lan Thuy Ty Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacy; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine; Medical School; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program; College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon Korea
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20
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Mai HN, Chung YH, Shin EJ, Kim DJ, Jeong JH, Nguyen TTL, Nam Y, Lee YJ, Nah SY, Yu DY, Jang CG, Ho YS, Lei XG, Kim HC. Genetic depletion of glutathione peroxidase-1 potentiates nephrotoxicity induced by multiple doses of cocaine via activation of angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:467-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1143097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Kowalczyk-Pachel D, Iciek M, Wydra K, Nowak E, Górny M, Filip M, Włodek L, Lorenc-Koci E. Cysteine Metabolism and Oxidative Processes in the Rat Liver and Kidney after Acute and Repeated Cocaine Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147238. [PMID: 26808533 PMCID: PMC4726505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cocaine in modulating the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds in the peripheral tissues is poorly understood. In the present study we addressed the question about the effects of acute and repeated (5 days) cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p.) administration on the total cysteine (Cys) metabolism and on the oxidative processes in the rat liver and kidney. The whole pool of sulfane sulfur, its bound fraction and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were considered as markers of anaerobic Cys metabolism while the sulfate as a measure of its aerobic metabolism. The total-, non-protein- and protein- SH group levels were assayed as indicators of the redox status of thiols. Additionally, the activities of enzymes involved in H2S formation (cystathionine γ-lyase, CSE; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, 3-MST) and GSH metabolism (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-GT; glutathione S-transferase, GST) were determined. Finally, we assayed the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, respectively. In the liver, acute cocaine treatment, did not change concentrations of the whole pool of sulfane sulfur, its bound fraction, H2S or sulfate but markedly decreased levels of non-protein SH groups (NPSH), ROS and GST activity while γ-GT was unaffected. In the kidney, acute cocaine significantly increased concentration of the whole pool of sulfane sulfur, reduced the content of its bound fraction but H2S, sulfate and NPSH levels were unchanged while ROS and activities of GST and γ-GT were reduced. Acute cocaine enhanced activity of the CSE and 3-MST in the liver and kidney, respectively. Repeatedly administered cocaine enhanced the whole pool of sulfane sulfur and reduced H2S level simultaneously increasing sulfate content both in the liver and kidney. After repeated cocaine, a significant decrease in ROS was still observed in the liver while in the kidney, despite unchanged ROS content, a marked increase in MDA level was visible. The repeated cocaine decreased 3-MST and increased γ-GT activities in both organs but reduced GST in the kidney. Our results show that cocaine administered at a relatively low dose shifts Cys metabolism towards the formation of sulfane sulfur compounds which possess antioxidant and redox regulatory properties and are a source of H2S which can support mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowak
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Lidia Włodek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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22
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Valente MJ, Araújo AM, Silva R, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): in vitro mechanisms of hepatotoxicity under normothermic and hyperthermic conditions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1959-73. [PMID: 26676947 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones have emerged in recreational drug markets as legal alternatives for classical amphetamines. Though currently banned in several countries, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is one of the most commonly abused cathinone derivatives worldwide. We have recently reported the potential of MDPV to induce hepatocellular damage, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for such toxicity remain to be elucidated. Similar to amphetamines, a prominent toxic effect of acute intoxications by MDPV is hyperthermia. Therefore, the present in vitro study aimed to provide insights into cellular mechanisms involved in MDPV-induced hepatotoxicity and also evaluate the contribution of hyperthermia to the observed toxic effects. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were exposed to 0.2-1.6 mM MDPV for 48 h, at 37 or 40.5 °C, simulating the rise in body temperature that follows MDPV intake. Cell viability was measured through the MTT reduction and LDH leakage assays. Oxidative stress endpoints and cell death pathways were evaluated, namely the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), intracellular levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and free calcium (Ca(2+)), as well as the activities of caspases 3, 8 and 9, and nuclear morphological changes with Hoechst 33342/PI double staining. At 37 °C, MDPV induced a concentration-dependent loss of cell viability that was accompanied by GSH depletion, as one of the first signs of toxicity, observed already at low concentrations of MDPV, with negligible changes on GSSG levels, followed by accumulation of ROS and RNS, depletion of ATP contents and increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. Additionally, activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 and apoptotic nuclear morphological changes were found in primary rat hepatocytes exposed to MDPV, indicating that this cathinone derivative activates both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic death pathways. The cytotoxic potential of MDPV and all the studied endpoints were markedly aggravated under hyperthermic conditions (40.5 °C). In conclusion, these data suggest that MDPV toxicity in primary rat hepatocytes is mediated by oxidative stress, subsequent to GSH depletion and increased ROS and RNS accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impairment of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Furthermore, the rise in body temperature subsequent to MDPV abuse greatly exacerbates its hepatotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Valente
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Renata Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Félix Carvalho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Márcia Carvalho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal. .,FP-ENAS, CEBIMED, Fundação Ensino e Cultura Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Thomas EK, Drobatz KJ, Mandell DC. Presumptive cocaine toxicosis in 19 dogs: 2004-2012. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:201-7. [PMID: 24739034 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the incidence, signalment, presenting complaint, history, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, complications, treatment, length of hospitalization, and outcome of dogs presenting with presumptive cocaine toxicosis. DESIGN Retrospective study from March 1, 2004 to March 1, 2012. SETTING Twenty-four hour urban university veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Nineteen dogs presenting with clinical signs consistent with cocaine toxicosis and having a positive urine cocaine test. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS All dogs had neurological abnormalities including bilateral mydriasis (11/19 [58%]), hyperexcitability/hyperesthesia (10/19 [53%]), ataxia (8/19 [42%]), focal or generalized muscle tremors (8/19 [42%]), reduced mental awareness (6/19 [32%]), and seizures (3/19 [16%]). Other signs included weakness (7/19 [37%]), vomiting (6/19 [32%]), and lethargy (3/19 [16%]). Tachycardia was apparent in 10/19 (53%) dogs, hypertension in 4/19 (21%), and hyperthermia in 5/19 (26%). Sinus tachycardia was the only reported cardiac arrhythmia. Bloodwork findings included hyperglycemia in 4/19 (21%) dogs, and increased plasma lactate concentration in 9/19 (47%). Most dogs (16/19 [84%]) were hospitalized for supportive care, which generally included isotonic crystalloid fluid administration, and treatment with sedative or anxiolytic drugs including diazepam, midazolam, acepromazine, and chlorpromazine. Two dogs required further anticonvulsant therapy (phenobarbital and propofol) and 1 dog was treated with a constant rate infusion of esmolol. All dogs survived to discharge, and the median length of hospitalization was 15 hours (10-30 h). CONCLUSIONS Cocaine toxicosis was infrequently suspected. Neurological signs predominated, but cardiovascular alterations were also frequently reported. Hospitalization for monitoring and supportive care is recommended given the potential for life-threatening complications such as seizures, hypertensive crisis, and tachyarrhythmias. The prognosis for survival to hospital discharge can be good with the appropriate supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Thomas
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104-6010
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24
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25
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Goel N, Pullman JM, Coco M. Cocaine and kidney injury: a kaleidoscope of pathology. Clin Kidney J 2014; 7:513-7. [PMID: 25859366 PMCID: PMC4389131 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfu092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is abused worldwide as a recreational drug. It is a potent activator of the sympathetic nervous system leading to intense vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, platelet activation and decrease in prostaglandins E2 and prostacyclin. Cocaine can lead to widespread systemic adverse effects such as stroke, myocardial infarction, arterial dissection, vascular thrombosis and rhabdomyolysis. In human and rat kidneys, cocaine has been associated with glomerular, tubular, vascular and interstitial injury. It is not uncommon to diagnose cocaine-related acute kidney injury (AKI), malignant hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Cocaine abuse can lead to AKI by rhabdomyolysis, vasculitis, infarction, thrombotic microangiopathy and malignant hypertension. It is reported that 50–60% of people who use both cocaine and heroin are at increased risk of HIV, hepatitis and additional risk factors that can cause kidney diseases. While acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a known cause of AKI, an association of AIN with cocaine is unusual and seldom reported. We describe a patient with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic hepatitis C, who presented with AKI. Urine toxicology was positive for cocaine and a kidney biopsy was consistent with AIN. Illicit drugs such as cocaine or contaminants may have caused AIN in this case and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of AKI in a patient with substance abuse. We review the many ways that cocaine adversely impacts on kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Goel
- Division of Nephrology and Hospital Medicine , Middletown Medical PC and Orange Regional Medical Center , Middletown, NY , USA ; Division of Nephrology , Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - James M Pullman
- Division of Pathology , Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - Maria Coco
- Division of Nephrology , Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
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26
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Recent developments in in vitro toxicology: perspectives of European research and Tox21. Arch Toxicol 2014; 87:2043-6. [PMID: 24221536 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Plush T, Shakespeare W, Jacobs D, Ladi L, Sethi S, Gasperino J. Cocaine-induced agitated delirium: a case report and review. J Intensive Care Med 2013; 30:49-57. [PMID: 24212597 DOI: 10.1177/0885066613507420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. Although many of the initial signs and symptoms of cocaine intoxication result from increased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, this condition can present as a spectrum of acuity from hypertension and tachycardia to multiorgan system failure. Classic features of acute intoxication include tachycardia, arterial vasoconstriction, enhanced thrombus formation, mydriasis, psychomotor agitation, and altered level of consciousness. At the extreme end of this toxidrome is a rare condition known as cocaine-induced agitated delirium. This syndrome is characterized by severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction, hyperthermia, and acute neurologic changes frequently leading to death. We report a case of cocaine-induced agitated delirium in a man who presented to our institution in a paradoxical form of circulatory shock. Rapid evaluation, recognition, and proper management enabled our patient not only to survive but also to leave the hospital without neurologic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Plush
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter Shakespeare
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dorian Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry Ladi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheeba Sethi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Gasperino
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Singh VP, Singh N, Jaggi AS. A review on renal toxicity profile of common abusive drugs. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:347-57. [PMID: 23946695 PMCID: PMC3741492 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse has become a major social problem of the modern world and majority of these abusive drugs or their metabolites are excreted through the kidneys and, thus, the renal complications of these drugs are very common. Morphine, heroin, cocaine, nicotine and alcohol are the most commonly abused drugs, and their use is associated with various types of renal toxicity. The renal complications include a wide range of glomerular, interstitial and vascular diseases leading to acute or chronic renal failure. The present review discusses the renal toxicity profile and possible mechanisms of commonly abused drugs including morphine, heroin, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Parkash Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
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