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Lehner AF. Reactions of deoxyribonucleotide bases with sulfooxymethyl or halomethyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce unwinding of DNA supercoils. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:423-443. [PMID: 38133498 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2297836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Torsional stress in double-stranded DNA enables and regulates facets of chromosomal metabolism, replication, and transcription and requires regulatory enzymatic systems including topoisomerases and histone methyltransferases. As such, this machinery may be subject to deleterious effects from reactive mutagens, including ones from carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) adduct formation with DNA. Supercoiled plasmid DNA was investigated for its torsional responses to adducts formed in vitro from PAH benzylic carbocation reactive intermediates created spontaneously by release of leaving groups. PAH sulfate esters were found to (1) unwind DNA in a concentration dependent manner, and (2) provide maximum unwinding in a pattern consistent with known carcinogenicities of the parent PAHs, that is, 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene > 7,12-methylbenz[a]anthracene > 3-methylcholanthrene > 9-methylanthracene > 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene > 1-methylpyrene. Supercoil unwinding was demonstrated to be dependent on the presence of sulfate or chloride leaving groups such that reactive carbocations were generated in situ by hydrolysis. In silico modeling of intercalative complex topology showed PAH benzylic carbocation reactive functional groups in alignment with target nucleophiles on guanine bases in a 5'-dCdG-3' pocket in agreement with known formation of nucleotide adducts. Inhibitory or modulatory effects on PAH-induced supercoil unwinding were seen with ascorbic acid and an experimental antineoplastic agent Antineoplaston A10 in agreement with their known anticarcinogenic properties. In summary, the reactive PAH intermediates studied here undoubtedly participate in well-known mutational mechanisms such as frameshifts and apurinic site generation. However, they are also capable of random disruption of chromosomal supercoiling in a manner consistent with the known carcinogenicities of the parent compounds, and this mechanism may represent an additional detrimental motif worthy of further study for a more complete understanding of chemical carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Lehner
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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2
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Donald CE, Sørhus E, Perrichon P, Nakken CL, Goksøyr A, Jørgensen KB, Mayer P, da Silva DAM, Meier S. Co-Exposure of Phenanthrene and the cyp-Inducer 3-Methylchrysene Leads to Altered Biotransformation and Increased Toxicity in Fish Egg and Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37465931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have frequently been suspected of governing crude oil toxicity because of similar morphological defects in fish. However, PAH concentrations are often not high enough to explain the observed crude oil toxicity. We hypothesize that one PAH can enhance the metabolism and toxicity of another PAH when administered as a mixture. Early life stage Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) were in this study exposed to phenanthrene in the presence and absence of 3-methylchrysene that is known to induce the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P450 1A via cyp1a gene expression. Uptake, metabolism, and multiple toxicity endpoints were then measured in a time-course study up to 3 days post-hatching. Passive dosing provided aqueous concentrations ≈180 μg/L for phenanthrene and ≈0.6 μg/L for 3-methylchrysene, which resulted in tissue concentrations ≈60 μg/g ww for phenanthrene and ≈0.15 μg/g ww for 3-methylchrysene. The low concentration of 3-methylchrysene led to the elevated expression of cyp1a but no toxicity. Levels of phenanthrene metabolites were 5-fold higher, and morphological defects and cardiotoxicity were consistently greater when co-exposed to both compounds relative to phenanthrene alone. This work highlights the metabolic activation of PAH toxicity by a co-occurring PAH, which can lead to excess toxicity, synergistic effects, and the overproportional contribution of PAHs to crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Donald
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | | | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Denis A M da Silva
- Environmental Chemistry Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NOAA), Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
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3
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Boldinova EO, Ghodke PP, Sudhakar S, Mishra VK, Manukyan AA, Miropolskaya N, Pradeepkumar PI, Makarova AV. Translesion Synthesis across the N2-Ethyl-deoxyguanosine Adduct by Human PrimPol. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3238-3250. [PMID: 36318733 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primase-DNA polymerase (PrimPol) is involved in reinitiating DNA synthesis at stalled replication forks. PrimPol also possesses DNA translesion (TLS) activity and bypasses several endogenous nonbulky DNA lesions in vitro. Little is known about the TLS activity of PrimPol across bulky carcinogenic adducts. We analyzed the DNA polymerase activity of human PrimPol on DNA templates with seven N2-dG lesions of different steric bulkiness. In the presence of Mg2+ ions, bulky N2-isobutyl-dG, N2-benzyl-dG, N2-methyl(1-naphthyl)-dG, N2-methyl(9-anthracenyl)-dG, N2-methyl(1-pyrenyl)-dG, and N2-methyl(1,3-dimethoxyanthraquinone)-dG adducts fully blocked PrimPol activity. At the same time, PrimPol incorporated complementary deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) opposite N2-ethyl-dG with moderate efficiency but did not extend DNA beyond the lesion. We also demonstrated that mutation of the Arg288 residue abrogated dCMP incorporation opposite the lesion in the presence of Mn2+ ions. When Mn2+ replaced Mg2+, PrimPol carried out DNA synthesis on all DNA templates with N2-dG adducts in standing start reactions with low efficiency and accuracy, possibly utilizing a lesion "skipping" mechanism. The TLS activity of PrimPol opposite N2-ethyl-dG but not bulkier adducts was stimulated by accessory proteins, polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 (PolDIP2), and replication protein A (RPA). Molecular dynamics studies demonstrated the absence of stable interactions with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), large reactions, and C1'-C1' distances for the N2-isobutyl-dG and N2-benzyl-dG PrimPol complexes, suggesting that the size of the adduct is a limiting factor for efficient TLS across minor groove adducts by PrimPol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Pratibha P Ghodke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sruthi Sudhakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anna A Manukyan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Nataliya Miropolskaya
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | | | - Alena V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
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The Potential of Oxygenates to Increase the Risk of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons through Groundwater Contamination. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Clean Air Act (42 U.S. Code § 7401) is one of the United States of America’s most influential environmental laws. Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, oxygen-containing organic compounds must be added to some fossil fuels with the goal of combating CO2 and particulate emissions. However, one major implication is the effect of co-solvency on the leaching potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into groundwater. Our research investigated this effect on three groups of recalcitrant PAHs that are present in diesel fuel. Our results reveal that ethanol addition enhances the leaching potentials of these otherwise hydrophobic contaminants, with 10% ethanol (E10) resulting in elution of all the PAHs studied. While 5% ethanol addition to diesel fuel resulted in the elution of an average of 2.5% of all the trimethylnaphthalenes and 6.0% of the C2 alkylphenanthrenes present in diesel fuel, 10% ethanol addition led to the elution of more than 80% of each of the studied trimethylnaphthalene peaks and more than 70% of each of the studied C2 alkylphenanthrene peaks present in diesel fuel. In view of the known mutagenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to PAHs through groundwater contamination, our study highlights the need for energy scientists to carefully consider the environmental and health implications of ethanol-blended innovations holistically. It is not enough to save the atmosphere but ruin the hydrosphere and most importantly, human health.
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Li Z, Yu H, Song M, Glatt H, Liu J, Liu Y. Potent aneugenicity of 1-methylpyrene in human cells dependent on metabolic activation by endogenous enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:703-713. [PMID: 33057863 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene (1-MP) is a common environmental pollutant and animal carcinogen. After sequential activation by cytochromes P450 and sulfotransferases, it induced gene mutations and micronuclei in mammalian cells. The type of micronuclei formed, entire chromosomes or fragments, was not analysed. In this study, 1-MP and its primary metabolite, 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP), were investigated for the induction of centromere-positive and -negative micronuclei in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and its derivative C3A, expressing relevant enzymes at higher levels. Under a short-exposure (9 h)/long-recovery regime (2 cell cycles in total), 1-MP and 1-HMP provided negative test results in HepG2 cells. However, they induced micronuclei in C3A cells, the effect being blocked by 1-aminobenzotriazole (inhibitor of cytochromes P450s) and reduced by pentachlorophenol (inhibitor of sulfotransferases). Immunofluorescence staining of centromere protein B in the micronuclei revealed purely clastogenic effects under this regime. Unexpectedly, 1-MP and 1-HMP at concentrations 1/5-1/4 of that required for micronuclei formation led to mitotic arrest and spindle aberrations, as detected by immunofluorescence staining of β- and γ-tubulin. Following extended exposure (72 h, 2 cell cycles, no recovery), damage to the spindle apparatus and centrosomes was detected at even lower concentrations, with concurrent formation of micronuclei. At low concentrations (1-8 µM 1-MP, 0.25-0.5 µM 1-HMP), the micronuclei induced were unexceptionally centromere-positive. Thus, the chromosome-damaging mechanism of 1-MP was regime and concentration dependent: potently aneugenic under persistent exposure, while clastogenic at higher concentrations following a short-exposure/long-recovery regime. This is a convincing evidence for the existence of metabolic activation-dependent aneugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Meiqi Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Ghodke PP, Bommisetti P, Nair DT, Pradeepkumar PI. Synthesis of N 2-Deoxyguanosine Modified DNAs and the Studies on Their Translesion Synthesis by the E. coli DNA Polymerase IV. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1734-1747. [PMID: 30628447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of N2-aryl (benzyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and pyrenyl)-deoxyguanosine (dG) modified phosphoramidite building blocks and the corresponding damaged DNAs. Primer extension studies using E. coli Pol IV, a translesion polymerase, demonstrate that translesion synthesis (TLS) across these N2-dG adducts is error free. However, the efficiency of TLS activity decreases with increase in the steric bulkiness of the adducts. Molecular dynamics simulations of damaged DNA-Pol IV complexes reveal the van der Waals interactions between key amino acid residues (Phe13, Ile31, Gly32, Gly33, Ser42, Pro73, Gly74, Phe76, and Tyr79) of the enzyme and adduct that help to accommodate the bulky damages in a hydrophobic pocket to facilitate TLS. Overall, the results presented here provide insights into the TLS across N2-aryl-dG damaged DNAs by Pol IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha P Ghodke
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Praneeth Bommisetti
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Deepak T Nair
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology , NCR Biotech Science Cluster , third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , Faridabad 121001 , India
| | - P I Pradeepkumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
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7
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Arlt VM, Meinl W, Florian S, Nagy E, Barta F, Thomann M, Mrizova I, Krais AM, Liu M, Richards M, Mirza A, Kopka K, Phillips DH, Glatt H, Stiborova M, Schmeiser HH. Impact of genetic modulation of SULT1A enzymes on DNA adduct formation by aristolochic acids and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1957-1975. [PMID: 27557898 PMCID: PMC5364269 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Conflicting results have been found for the role of human sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) contributing to the metabolic activation of aristolochic acid I (AAI) in vitro. We evaluated the role of human SULT1A1 in AA bioactivation in vivo after treatment of transgenic mice carrying a functional human SULT1A1-SULT1A2 gene cluster (i.e. hSULT1A1/2 mice) and Sult1a1(-/-) mice with AAI and aristolochic acid II (AAII). Both compounds formed characteristic DNA adducts in the intact mouse and in cytosolic incubations in vitro. However, we did not find differences in AAI-/AAII-DNA adduct levels between hSULT1A1/2 and wild-type (WT) mice in all tissues analysed including kidney and liver despite strong enhancement of sulfotransferase activity in both kidney and liver of hSULT1A1/2 mice relative to WT, kidney and liver being major organs involved in AA metabolism. In contrast, DNA adduct formation was strongly increased in hSULT1A1/2 mice compared to WT after treatment with 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), another carcinogenic aromatic nitro compound where human SULT1A1/2 is known to contribute to genotoxicity. We found no differences in AAI-/AAII-DNA adduct formation in Sult1a1(-/-) and WT mice in vivo. Using renal and hepatic cytosolic fractions of hSULT1A1/2, Sult1a1(-/-) and WT mice, we investigated AAI-DNA adduct formation in vitro but failed to find a contribution of human SULT1A1/2 or murine Sult1a1 to AAI bioactivation. Our results indicate that sulfo-conjugation catalysed by human SULT1A1 does not play a role in the activation pathways of AAI and AAII in vivo, but is important in 3-NBA bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Simone Florian
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Frantisek Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marlies Thomann
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Annette M Krais
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maggie Liu
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Meirion Richards
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amin Mirza
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Human aldo-keto reductases and the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1901-17. [PMID: 25279998 PMCID: PMC4237494 DOI: 10.1021/tx500298n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
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Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are promiscuous
NAD(P)(H) dependent
oxidoreductases implicated in the metabolic activation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These enzymes catalyze the oxidation
of non-K-region trans-dihydrodiols to the corresponding o-quinones with the concomitant production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). The PAH o-quinones are Michael acceptors
and can form adducts but are also redox-active and enter into futile
redox cycles to amplify ROS formation. Evidence exists to support
this metabolic pathway in humans. The human recombinant AKR1A1 and
AKR1C1–AKR1C4 enzymes all catalyze the oxidation of PAH trans-dihydrodiols to PAH o-quinones. Many
human AKRs also catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of the o-quinone products to air-sensitive catechols, exacerbating
ROS formation. Moreover, this pathway of PAH activation occurs in
a panel of human lung cell lines, resulting in the production of ROS
and oxidative DNA damage in the form of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine.
Using stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,
this pathway of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolism was found to contribute equally with the diol-epoxide
pathway to the activation of this human carcinogen in human lung cells.
Evaluation of the mutagenicity of anti-B[a]P-diol epoxide with B[a]P-7,8-dione on
p53 showed that the o-quinone produced by AKRs was
the more potent mutagen, provided that it was permitted to redox cycle,
and that the mutations observed were G to T transversions, reminiscent
of those observed in human lung cancer. It is concluded that there
is sufficient evidence to support the role of human AKRs in the metabolic
activation of PAH in human lung cell lines and that they may contribute
to the causation of human lung cancer.
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