1
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Stevens S, McPartland M, Bartosova Z, Skåland HS, Völker J, Wagner M. Plastic Food Packaging from Five Countries Contains Endocrine- and Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4859-4871. [PMID: 38441001 PMCID: PMC10956434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are complex chemical mixtures of polymers and various intentionally and nonintentionally added substances. Despite the well-established links between certain plastic chemicals (bisphenols and phthalates) and adverse health effects, the composition and toxicity of real-world mixtures of plastic chemicals are not well understood. To assess both, we analyzed the chemicals from 36 plastic food contact articles from five countries using nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry and reporter-gene assays for four nuclear receptors that represent key components of the endocrine and metabolic system. We found that chemicals activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR), peroxisome proliferator receptor γ (PPARγ), estrogen receptor α (ERα), and inhibiting the androgen receptor (AR) are prevalent in plastic packaging. We detected up to 9936 chemical features in a single product and found that each product had a rather unique chemical fingerprint. To tackle this chemical complexity, we used stepwise partial least-squares regressions and prioritized and tentatively identified the chemical features associated with receptor activity. Our findings demonstrate that most plastic food packaging contains endocrine- and metabolism-disrupting chemicals. Since samples with fewer chemical features induce less toxicity, chemical simplification is key to producing safer plastic packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stevens
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Molly McPartland
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zdenka Bartosova
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Sofie Skåland
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes Völker
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Yang L, Zeng J, Gao N, Zhu L, Feng J. Predicting the Metal Mixture Toxicity with a Toxicokinetic-Toxicodynamic Model Considering the Time-Dependent Adverse Outcome Pathways. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:3714-3725. [PMID: 38350648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Chemicals mainly exist in ecosystems as mixtures, and understanding and predicting their effects are major challenges in ecotoxicology. While the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) models show promise as mechanistic approaches in chemical risk assessment, there is still a lack of methodology to incorporate the AOP into a TK-TD model. Here, we describe a novel approach that integrates the AOP and TK-TD models to predict mixture toxicity using metal mixtures (specifically Cd-Cu) as a case study. We preliminarily constructed an AOP of the metal mixture through temporal transcriptome analysis together with confirmatory bioassays. The AOP revealed that prolonged exposure time activated more key events and adverse outcomes, indicating different modes of action over time. We selected a potential key event as a proxy for damage and used it as a measurable parameter to replace the theoretical parameter (scaled damage) in the TK-TD model. This refined model, which connects molecular responses to organism outcomes, effectively predicts Cd-Cu mixture toxicity over time and can be extended to other metal mixtures and even multicomponent mixtures. Overall, our results contribute to a better understanding of metal mixture toxicity and provide insights for integrating the AOP and TK-TD models to improve risk assessment for chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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3
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Lee H, Park J, Park K. Mixture Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Structural Analogs on Estrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activation. Toxics 2023; 11:986. [PMID: 38133387 PMCID: PMC10747781 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been widely linked to endocrine-disrupting effects. Recently, many substitutes for BPA have been developed as safe structural analogs. However, they have still been reported to have similar adverse effects. The current study evaluated the effects of bisphenol A and eight structural analogs on the transcription of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). The effects of binary and ternary mixtures prepared from different combinations of BPA analogs were also evaluated for transcription activity. The measured data of the mixtures were compared to the predicted data obtained by the full logistic model, and the model deviation ratio (MDR) was calculated to determine whether the effects were synergistic, antagonistic, or additive. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of bisphenol compound are additive in binary and ternary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
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4
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Turek M, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Koprowski M, Marciniak B, Bałczewski P. Can Pharmaceutical Excipients Threaten the Aquatic Environment? A Risk Assessment Based on the Microtox ® Biotest. Molecules 2023; 28:6590. [PMID: 37764366 PMCID: PMC10535389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals has received considerable attention, primarily focusing on active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) while largely neglecting the potential hazards posed by pharmaceutical excipients. Therefore, we analyzed the ecotoxicity of 16 commonly used pharmaceutical excipients, as well as 26 API-excipient and excipient-excipient mixtures utilizing the Microtox® test. In this way, we assessed the potential risks that pharmaceutical excipients, generally considered safe, might pose to the aquatic environment. We investigated both their individual ecotoxicity and their interactions with tablet ingredients using concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models to shed light on the often-overlooked ecotoxicological consequences of these substances. The CA model gave a more accurate prediction of toxicity and should be recommended for modeling the toxicity of combinations of drugs with different effects. A challenge when studying the ecotoxicological impact of some pharmaceutical excipients is their poor water solubility, which hinders the use of standard aquatic ecotoxicity testing techniques. Therefore, we used a modification of the Microtox® Basic Solid Phase protocol developed for poorly soluble substances. The results obtained suggest the high toxicity of some excipients, i.e., SLS and meglumine, and confirm the occurrence of interactions between APIs and excipients. Through this research, we hope to foster a better understanding of the ecological impact of pharmaceutical excipients, prompting the development of risk assessment strategies within the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Bernard Marciniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
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5
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Schuster HS, Taylor NS, Sur R, Weyers A. Analysis and management of herbicidal mixtures in a high-intensity agricultural landscape in Belgium. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:1297-1306. [PMID: 36541121 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water bodies located in anthropogenically influenced environments, such as agricultural landscapes, may be exposed to different chemicals simultaneously or sequentially. Yet, current environmental risk assessments focus on single active substances for unintended mixtures. For 3.5 years, the present study monitored the mixture of herbicides, within an intensively managed agricultural catchment, accompanied by a stewardship program. Twelve herbicides and one metabolite were monitored on a daily to sub-daily basis, generating a unique, high temporal resolution data set, enabling an assessment of cumulative exposure in a worst-case scenario. Analyses focused on the number of events at which the herbicide mixture concentration exceeded the regulatory accepted concentration for algae and macrophytes, based on concentration addition, and the potential factors influencing the frequency of these events are considered. A low number of individual herbicides drove the toxicity and only two of these overlapped for the two organism groups, algae and macrophytes. The observed exceedance events coincided with seasonal influences, and low rainfall during the 2011 season correlated with a highly reduced number of these events. The major influence was found to be the implementation of the stewardship program, which directed farmers to use more advanced farming techniques, avoid spillages, and other point sources. The number of exceedance events was reduced by more than half for algae (9% of the daily mean samples in 2010 and 4% in 2013) and by approximately 10 times for macrophytes (36% in 2010 to 3% in 2013). This high-resolution monitoring data set illustrates how knowledge of the influencing factors can help reduce unintended exposure to chemicals and achieve real-world improvements. Overall, a single-substance assessment is protective of mixture effects. Where mixture effects do play a role, local measures to manage point sources are more effective than changes to the desk-based environmental risk assessments that focus on diffuse sources. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1297-1306. © 2022 Cambridge Environmental Assessments RSK ADAS Ltd and Bayer AG. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S Schuster
- Cambridge Environmental Assessments (RSK ADAS Ltd.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadine S Taylor
- Cambridge Environmental Assessments (RSK ADAS Ltd.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin Sur
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Monheim, Germany
| | - Arnd Weyers
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Monheim, Germany
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6
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Donald CE, Sørhus E, Perrichon P, Nakken CL, Goksøyr A, Jørgensen KB, Mayer P, da Silva DAM, Meier S. Co-Exposure of Phenanthrene and the cyp-Inducer 3-Methylchrysene Leads to Altered Biotransformation and Increased Toxicity in Fish Egg and Larvae. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37465931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have frequently been suspected of governing crude oil toxicity because of similar morphological defects in fish. However, PAH concentrations are often not high enough to explain the observed crude oil toxicity. We hypothesize that one PAH can enhance the metabolism and toxicity of another PAH when administered as a mixture. Early life stage Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) were in this study exposed to phenanthrene in the presence and absence of 3-methylchrysene that is known to induce the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P450 1A via cyp1a gene expression. Uptake, metabolism, and multiple toxicity endpoints were then measured in a time-course study up to 3 days post-hatching. Passive dosing provided aqueous concentrations ≈180 μg/L for phenanthrene and ≈0.6 μg/L for 3-methylchrysene, which resulted in tissue concentrations ≈60 μg/g ww for phenanthrene and ≈0.15 μg/g ww for 3-methylchrysene. The low concentration of 3-methylchrysene led to the elevated expression of cyp1a but no toxicity. Levels of phenanthrene metabolites were 5-fold higher, and morphological defects and cardiotoxicity were consistently greater when co-exposed to both compounds relative to phenanthrene alone. This work highlights the metabolic activation of PAH toxicity by a co-occurring PAH, which can lead to excess toxicity, synergistic effects, and the overproportional contribution of PAHs to crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Donald
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | | | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Denis A M da Silva
- Environmental Chemistry Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NOAA), Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
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7
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Addicks GC, Rowan-Carroll A, Reardon A, Leingartner K, Williams A, Meier MJ, Moffat I, Carrier R, Lorusso L, Wetmore BA, Yauk C, Atlas E. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in mixtures show additive effects on transcriptomic points of departure in human liver spheroids. Toxicol Sci 2023:7169149. [PMID: 37195416 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a wide range of chemicals that are used in a variety of consumer and industrial products leading to direct human exposure. Many PFAS are chemically non-reactive and persistent in the environment, resulting in additional exposure from water, soil, and dietary intake. While some PFAS have documented negative health effects, data on simultaneous exposures to multiple PFAS (PFAS mixtures) are inadequate for making informed decisions for risk assessment. The current study leverages data from previous work in our group using Templated Oligo-Sequencing (TempO-Seq™) for high-throughput transcriptomic analysis of PFAS-exposed primary human liver cell spheroids; herein, we determine the transcriptomic potency of PFAS in mixtures. Gene expression data from single PFAS and mixture exposures of liver cell spheroids were subject to benchmark concentration (BMC) analysis. We used the 25th lowest gene BMC as the point of departure to compare the potencies of single PFAS to PFAS mixtures of varying complexity and composition. Specifically, the empirical potency of eight PFAS mixtures were compared to predicted mixture potencies calculated using the principal of concentration addition (i.e., dose addition) in which mixture component potencies are summed by proportion to predict mixture potency. In this study, for most mixtures, empirical mixture potencies were comparable to potencies calculated through concentration addition. This work supports that the effects of PFAS mixtures on gene expression largely follow the concentration addition predicted response and suggests that effects of these individual PFAS in mixtures are not strongly synergistic or antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Addicks
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A Reardon
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - K Leingartner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - M J Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - I Moffat
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - R Carrier
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - L Lorusso
- Chemicals and Environmental Health Management Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - B A Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA
| | - C Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - E Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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8
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Wang M, Wang Y, Han J, Duan Z, Yin J, Ding R, Wang Q. Gestational and Lactational Co-Exposure to DEHP and BPA Impairs Hepatic Function via PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 Pathway in Offspring. Toxics 2023; 11:216. [PMID: 36976981 PMCID: PMC10058277 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA) present significant environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical properties. Although studies have implied reproductive impairment from exposure to BPA and DEHP, no study to date has shown the effect and mechanism of hepatic function after gestational and lactational co-exposure to DEHP and BPA in offspring. A total of 36 perinatal rats were randomly divided into four groups, DEHP (600 mg/kg/day), BPA (80 mg/kg/day), DEHP combined with BPA (600 mg/kg/day + 80 mg/kg/day), and control. Notably, 11 chemical targets were screened after identifying eight substances associated with chemically-induced hepatic damage. Molecular docking simulations revealed a high-scoring combination of eight metabolic components and targets of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway. The DEHP and BPA combination disrupted hepatic steatosis, ultimately affecting systemic the glucose and the lipid metabolic homeostasis with significant toxicity. Mechanistically, co-exposure to DEHP and BPA causes liver dysfunction and hepatic insulin resistance via PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway in offspring. This is the first study of the hepatic function and mechanism of co-exposure to DEHP and BPA that combines metabolomics, molecular docking, and traditional toxicity assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Wang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Junyuan Han
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhiwen Duan
- Shenyang Medical College, School of Public Health, Shenyang 110121, China
| | - Jiye Yin
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Rigao Ding
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Quanjun Wang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
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9
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Natarajan L, Annie Jenifer M, Peijnenburg WJGM, Mukherjee A. Algal extracellular polymeric substances (algal-EPS) for mitigating the combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and nano-TiO 2 in Chlorella sp. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:143-156. [PMID: 36789517 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2179438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The continuous release of nanoparticles and nanoplastics into the marine environment necessitates the examination of their combined effects in marine organisms. Natural Organic Matter (NOM) can significantly influence the behavior of nanomaterials in the marine environment. The present study explores the effects of algal Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in reducing the combined toxic effects of three different polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs)- aminated (NH2-PSNPs), carboxylated (COOH-PSNPs), and plain PSNPs - and P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Nano-TiO2) towards the marine alga, Chlorella sp. Two doses (0.25 and 2.5 mg/L) of nano-TiO2 mixed with the PSNPs (1 mg/L) were employed. The COOH-PSNPs with 2.5 mg/L nano-TiO2 exhibited higher growth inhibition toward algal cells. Addition of algal EPS to the mixture of NMs decreased the negative effect significantly. The mean hydrodynamic diameter increased significantly from 666 to 797 nm and 1248 to 3589 nm at concentrations 0.25 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively when the mixtures of nano-TiO2 and COOH-PSNPs were incubated with the algal EPS. In comparison to the pristine NMs, the EPS-NMs were found to significantly reduce the superoxide and hydroxyl radical production. The results were further validated with the estimation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), esterase activity, photosynthetic efficiency, and membrane permeability in the cells. The major outcomes from this study highlight the role of algal EPS in significantly reducing the toxic impact of binary mixture of NMs in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Annie Jenifer
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Chang F, Yi M, Li H, Wang J, Zhao X, Hu X, Qi Q. Antibiotic Toxicity Isolated and as Binary Mixture to Freshwater Algae Raphidocelis subcapitata: Growth Inhibition, Prediction Model, and Environmental Risk Assessment. Toxics 2022; 10:739. [PMID: 36548572 PMCID: PMC9785756 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics in aqueous environments can have extremely adverse effects on non-targeted organisms. However, many research projects have only focused on the toxicological evaluation of individual antibiotics in various environments. In the present work, individual and binary mixture toxicity experiments have been conducted with the model organism Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata), and a mixture concentration-response curve was established and contrasted with the estimated effects on the basis of both the concentration addition (CA) and the independent action (IA) models. In addition, different risk assessment methods were used and compared to evaluate the environmental risk of binary mixtures. The toxic ranking of the selected antibiotics to R. subcapitata was erythromycin (ERY) > sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > sulfamethazine (SMZ). In general, the conclusion of this study is that the adverse effects of binary mixtures are higher than the individual antibiotics. The CA model and RQSTU are more suitable for toxicity prediction and risk assessment of binary mixtures. This study reveals the potential ecological risks that antibiotics and their mixtures may pose to water ecosystems, thus providing scientific information for environmental quality regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chang
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Malan Yi
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Jiangnan Wang
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Hanjiang Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Hanjiang Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Qianju Qi
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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11
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Yang J, Liao A, Hu S, Zheng Y, Liang S, Han S, Lin Y. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Bisphenol A and Heavy Metals. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10050255. [PMID: 35622668 PMCID: PMC9145676 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and heavy metals are widespread contaminants in the environment. However, the combined toxicities of these contaminants are still unknown. In this study, the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis Q67 was used to detect the single and combined toxicities of BPA and heavy metals, then the joint effects of these contaminants were evaluated. The results show that chronic toxicities of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and BPA were time−dependent; in fact, the acute toxicities of these contaminants were stronger than the chronic toxicities. Furthermore, the combined toxicities of BPA and heavy metals displayed BPA + Hg > BPA + Cr > BPA + As > BPA + Ni > BPA + Pb > BPA + Cd in the acute test and BPA + Hg > BPA + Cd > BPA + As > BPA + Cd in the chronic test, which suggested that the combined toxicity of BPA and Hg was stronger than that of other mixtures in acute as well as chronic tests. Additionally, both CA and IA models underestimated the toxicities of mixtures at low concentrations but overestimated them at high concentrations, which indicates that CA and IA models were not suitable to predict the toxicities of mixtures of BPA and heavy metals. Moreover, the joint effects of BPA and heavy metals mainly showed antagonism and additive in the context of acute exposure but synergism and additive in the context of chronic exposure. Indeed, the difference in the joint effects on acute and chronic exposure can be explained by the possibility that mixtures inhibited cell growth and luminescence in chronic cultivation. The chronic toxicity of the mixture should be considered if the mixture results in the inhibition of the growth of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Anqi Liao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Shulin Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Y.); (A.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-39380698
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12
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Capitão A, Santos J, Barreto A, Amorim MJB, Maria VL. Single and Mixture Toxicity of Boron and Vanadium Nanoparticles in the Soil Annelid Enchytraeus crypticus: A Multi-Biomarker Approach. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12091478. [PMID: 35564187 PMCID: PMC9100768 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increased use and production of new materials has contributed to Anthropocene biodiversity decrease. Therefore, a careful and effective toxicity evaluation of these new materials is crucial. However, environmental risk assessment is facing new challenges due to the specific characteristics of nanomaterials (NMs). Most of the available ecotoxicity studies target the aquatic ecosystems and single exposures of NMs. The present study evaluated Enchytraeus crypticus survival and reproduction (28 days) and biochemical responses (14 days) when exposed to nanoparticles of vanadium (VNPs) and boron (BNPs) (single and mixture; tested concentrations: 10 and 50 mg/kg). Although at the organism level the combined exposures (VNPs + BNPs) did not induce a different toxicity from the single exposures, the biochemical analysis revealed a more complex picture. VNPs presented a higher toxicity than BNPs. VNPs (50 mg/kg), independently of the presence of BNPs (additive or independent effects), caused a decrease in survival and reproduction. However, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione reductase activities, and lipid peroxidation levels revealed alterations in neurotoxicity, detoxification and antioxidant responses, depending on the time and type of exposure (single or mixture). The results from this study highlight different responses of the organisms to contaminants in single versus mixture exposures, mainly at the biochemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vera L. Maria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-350; Fax: +351-234-372-587
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13
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Haas J, Glaubitz J, Koenig U, Nauen R. A mechanism-based approach unveils metabolic routes potentially mediating chlorantraniliprole synergism in honey bees, Apis mellifera L., by azole fungicides. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:965-973. [PMID: 34734657 PMCID: PMC9299185 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almond production in California is an intensively managed agroecosystem dependent on managed pollination by honey bees, Apis mellifera L. A recent laboratory study reported synergism in honey bees between chlorantraniliprole, a common diamide insecticide used in almond orchards, and the fungicide propiconazole. Indeed, there is an emerging body of evidence that honey bee cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of the CYP9Q subfamily are involved in the detoxification of insecticides across a diverse range of chemical classes. The objective of the present study was to unveil the molecular background of the described synergism and to explore the potential role of CYP9Q enzymes in diamide detoxification. RESULTS Our study confirmed the previously reported synergistic potential of propiconazole on chlorantraniliprole in acute contact toxicity bioassays, whereas no synergism was observed for flubendiamide. Fluorescence-based biochemical assays revealed an interaction of chlorantraniliprole, but not flubendiamide, with functionally expressed CYP9Q2 and CYP9Q3. These findings were validated by an increased chlorantraniliprole tolerance of transgenic Drosophila lines expressing CYP9Q2/3, and an analytically confirmed oxidative metabolism of chlorantraniliprole by recombinantly expressed enzymes. Furthermore, we showed that several triazole fungicides used in almond orchards, including propiconazole, were strong nanomolar inhibitors of functionally expressed honey bee CYP9Q2 and CYP9Q3, whereas other fungicides such as iprodione and cyprodinil did not inhibit these enzymes. CONCLUSION Honey bee CYP9Q enzymes are involved in chlorantraniliprole metabolism and inhibited by triazole fungicides possibly leading to synergism in acute contact toxicity bioassays. Our mechanistic approach has the potential to inform tier I honey bee pesticide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Haas
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&DMonheimGermany
| | - Johannes Glaubitz
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Udo Koenig
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&DMonheimGermany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&DMonheimGermany
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14
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Nagai T, Yachi S, Inao K. Temporal and regional variability of cumulative ecological risks of pesticides in Japanese river waters for 1990-2010. J Pestic Sci 2022; 47:22-29. [PMID: 35414757 PMCID: PMC8931550 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d21-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We quantitatively evaluated the cumulative ecological risks from multiple pesticides used in paddy fields in Japan. Moreover, we visualized the temporal and regional variability of those risks for 1990-2010. Considering the region-specific parameters of environmental conditions, region-specific predicted environmental concentrations were estimated at 350 river-flow monitoring sites in Japan. Then the multi-substance potentially affected fraction (msPAF) was calculated as a risk index of multiple pesticides by using the computation tool NIAES-CERAP. The median msPAF values for insecticides and herbicides decreased by 92.4% and 53.1%, respectively, from 1990 to 2010. This substantial reduction in ecological risk was attributed to the development of low-risk pesticides by manufacturers, the efforts of farmers in risk reduction, and tighter regulation by the Japanese government. In particular, the substantial reduction of the ecological risk from insecticides was largely due to the decrease in the use of organophosphorus insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3–1–3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8604, Japan
| | - Shunji Yachi
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3–1–3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8604, Japan
| | - Keiya Inao
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3–1–3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8604, Japan
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15
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Pikula K, Johari SA, Santos-Oliveira R, Golokhvast K. Individual and Binary Mixture Toxicity of Five Nanoparticles in Marine Microalga Heterosigma akashiwo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:990. [PMID: 35055175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the combined toxic action of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) and their interaction between each other and with aquatic organisms is an important problem of modern ecotoxicology. In this study, we assessed the individual and mixture toxicities of cadmium and zinc sulfides (CdS and ZnS), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and two types of mesoporous silicon dioxide (with no inclusions (SMB3) and with metal inclusions (SMB24)) by a microalga growth inhibition bioassay. The counting and size measurement of microalga cells and NPs were performed by flow cytometry. The biochemical endpoints were measured by a UV-VIS microplate spectrophotometer. The highest toxicity was observed for SMB24 (EC50, 3.6 mg/L) and CdS (EC50, 21.3 mg/L). A combined toxicity bioassay demonstrated that TiO2 and the SMB3 NPs had a synergistic toxic effect in combinations with all the tested samples except SMB24, probably caused by a “Trojan horse effect”. Sample SMB24 had antagonistic toxic action with CdS and ZnS, which was probably caused by metal ion scavenging.
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16
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Ricke DF, Lin CH, Johnson RM. Pollen Treated with a Combination of Agrochemicals Commonly Applied During Almond Bloom Reduces the Emergence Rate and Longevity of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Queens. J Insect Sci 2021; 21:5. [PMID: 34723328 PMCID: PMC8559157 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies that pollinate California's almond orchards are often exposed to mixtures of agrochemicals. Although agrochemicals applied during almond bloom are typically considered bee-safe when applied alone, their combined effects to honey bees are largely untested. In recent years, beekeepers providing pollination services to California's almond orchards have reported reductions in queen quality during and immediately after bloom, raising concerns that pesticide exposure may be involved. Previous research identified a synergistic effect between the insecticide active ingredient chlorantraniliprole and the fungicide active ingredient propiconazole to lab-reared worker brood, but their effects to developing queens are unknown. To test the individual and combined effects of these pesticides on the survival and emergence of developing queens, we fed worker honey bees in closed queen rearing boxes with pollen artificially contaminated with formulated pesticides containing these active ingredients as well as the spray adjuvant Dyne-Amic, which contains both organosilicone and alkyphenol ethoxylate. The translocation of pesticides from pesticide-treated pollen into the royal jelly secretions of nurse bees was also measured. Despite consistently low levels of all pesticide active ingredients in royal jelly, the survival of queens from pupation to 7 d post-emergence were reduced in queens reared by worker bees fed pollen containing a combination of formulated chlorantraniliprole (Altacor), propiconazole (Tilt), and Dyne-Amic, as well as the toxic standard, diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L), applied in isolation. These results support recommendations to protect honey bee health by avoiding application of pesticide tank-mixes containing insecticides and adjuvants during almond bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan F Ricke
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Honey Bee Research Laboratory, 2501 Carmack Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Abd-Elhakim YM, Hashem MM, Abo-EL-Sooud K, Hassan BA, Elbohi KM, Al-Sagheer AA. Effects of Co-Exposure of Nanoparticles and Metals on Different Organisms: A Review. Toxics 2021; 9:284. [PMID: 34822675 PMCID: PMC8623643 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wide nanotechnology applications and the commercialization of consumer products containing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have increased the release of nanoparticles (NPs) to the environment. Titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, and silica NPs are widely implicated NPs in industrial, medicinal, and food products. Different types of pollutants usually co-exist in the environment. Heavy metals (HMs) are widely distributed pollutants that could potentially co-occur with NPs in the environment. Similar to what occurs with NPs, HMs accumulation in the environment results from anthropogenic activities, in addition to some natural sources. These pollutants remain in the environment for long periods and have an impact on several organisms through different routes of exposure in soil, water, and air. The impact on complex systems results from the interactions between NPs and HMs and the organisms. This review describes the outcomes of simultaneous exposure to the most commonly found ENMs and HMs, particularly on soil and aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Hashem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (M.M.H.); (K.A.-E.-S.)
| | - Khaled Abo-EL-Sooud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (M.M.H.); (K.A.-E.-S.)
| | - Bayan A. Hassan
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, Cairo 41639, Egypt;
| | - Khlood M. Elbohi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Adham A. Al-Sagheer
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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18
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Cedergreen N, Bellisai G, Herrero-Nogareda L, Boesen E, Dalhoff K. Using TKTD Models in Combination with In Vivo Enzyme Inhibition Assays to Investigate the Mechanisms behind Synergistic Interactions across Two Species. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13990-13999. [PMID: 34590483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the azole synergy across an insect, Chironomus riparius, and a crustacean species, Daphnia magna. We use a combination of in vivo measurements of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) biotransformation potential and toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) modeling to understand the mechanism behind the synergy of two azole fungicides: the imidazole prochloraz and the triazole propiconazole on the pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin. For both species, the synergistic effect of prochloraz was well-described by its effect on in vivo CYP activity, which corresponded to the biotransformation rate of the TK model parameterized on the survival data of the mixture experiment. For propiconazole, however, there were 100-fold and 50-fold differences between the 50% effect concentration of in vivo CYP activity and the modeled biotransformation rate for C. riparius and D. magna, respectively. Propiconazole, therefore, seems to induce synergy through a mechanism that cannot be quantified solely by the CYP activity assay used in this study in either of the two species. We discuss the differences between prochloraz and propiconazole as synergists across the two species in the light of the type and time dynamics of affected biotransformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Giulia Bellisai
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- School of Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Laia Herrero-Nogareda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Emil Boesen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abstract
Toxicity results from exposure to mixtures of organic contaminants. Assessing this using ecotoxicity bioassays involves sampling of the environmental mixture and then introducing this into the test. The first step is accounting for the bioavailable levels of all mixture constituents. Passive sampling specifically targets these bioavailable fractions but the sampler-accumulated mixture varies with the compound and sampler properties as well as time. The second step involves reproducing and maintaining the sampled mixture constituents in the bioassay. Passive sampler extraction and spiking always leads to a skewed mixture profile in the test. Alternatively, the recovered passive samplers might be directly used in passive dosing mode. Here, the reproduced contaminant mixture depends on whether kinetic or equilibrium sampling applies. These concepts were tested for determining the combined toxicity of laboratory and field mixtures of aquatic contaminants in the Microtox and ER-Calux bioassays. Aqueous sample extraction and spiking, passive sampler extraction and spiking, and passive sampling and dosing were compared for first sampling and then introducing mixtures in toxicity bioassays. The analytical and toxicity results show that the correct way to first sample the bioavailable mixture profile, and then to reproduce and maintain this in the toxicity test, is by combining equilibrium passive sampling and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Ogungbemi AO, Massei R, Altenburger R, Scholz S, Küster E. Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement. Toxics 2021; 9:104. [PMID: 34066629 PMCID: PMC8148591 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of chemicals is usually conducted for individual chemicals whereas mixtures of chemicals occur in the environment. Considering that neuroactive chemicals are a group of contaminants that dominate the environment, it is then imperative to understand the combined effects of mixtures. The commonly used models to predict mixture effects, namely concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), are thought to be suitable for mixtures of similarly or dissimilarly acting components, respectively. For mixture toxicity prediction, one important challenge is to clarify whether to group neuroactive substances based on similar mechanisms of action, e.g., same molecular target or rather similar toxicological response, e.g., hyper- or hypoactivity (effect direction). We addressed this by using the spontaneous tail coiling (STC) of zebrafish embryos, which represents the earliest observable motor activity in the developing neural network, as a model to elucidate the link between the mechanism of action and toxicological response. Our objective was to answer the following two questions: (1) Can the mixture models CA or IA be used to predict combined effects for neuroactive chemical mixtures when the components share a similar mode of action (i.e., hyper- or hypoactivity) but show different mechanism of action? (2) Will a mixture of chemicals where the components show opposing effect directions result in an antagonistic combined effect? Results indicate that mixture toxicity of chemicals such as propafenone and abamectin as well as chlorpyrifos and hexaconazole that are known to show different mechanisms of action but similar effect directions were predictable using CA and IA models. This could be interpreted with the convergence of effects on the neural level leading to either a collective activation or inhibition of synapses. We also found antagonistic effects for mixtures containing substances with opposing effect direction. Finally, we discuss how the STC may be used to amend risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolarin O. Ogungbemi
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.A.); (S.S.); (E.K.)
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.A.); (S.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.A.); (S.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Eberhard Küster
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.A.); (S.S.); (E.K.)
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21
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Seo M, Chae CH, Lee Y, Kim HR, Kim J. Novel QSAR Models for Molecular Initiating Event Modeling in Two Intersecting Adverse Outcome Pathways Based Pulmonary Fibrosis Prediction for Biocidal Mixtures. Toxics 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 33809804 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was introduced as an alternative method to avoid unnecessary animal tests. Under the AOP framework, an in silico methods, molecular initiating event (MIE) modeling is used based on the ligand-receptor interaction. Recently, the intersecting AOPs (AOP 347), including two MIEs, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), associated with pulmonary fibrosis was proposed. Based on the AOP 347, this study developed two novel quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for the two MIEs. The prediction performances of different MIE modeling methods (e.g., molecular dynamics, pharmacophore model, and QSAR) were compared and validated with in vitro test data. Results showed that the QSAR method had high accuracy compared with other modeling methods, and the QSAR method is suitable for the MIE modeling in the AOP 347. Therefore, the two QSAR models based on the AOP 347 can be powerful models to screen biocidal mixture related to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Dale K, Yadetie F, Müller MB, Pampanin DM, Gilabert A, Zhang X, Tairova Z, Haarr A, Lille-Langøy R, Lyche JL, Porte C, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A. Proteomics and lipidomics analyses reveal modulation of lipid metabolism by perfluoroalkyl substances in liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquat Toxicol 2020; 227:105590. [PMID: 32891021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of defined mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), at low, environmentally relevant (1× = L), or high (20× = H) doses, on biological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). To this end, farmed juvenile cod were exposed at day 0 and day 7 via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections, in a two-week in vivo experiment. In total, there were 10 groups of fish (n = 21-22): two control groups, four separate exposure groups of PAH and PFAS mixtures (L, H), and four groups combining PAH and PFAS mixtures (L/L, H/L, L/H, H/H). Body burden analyses confirmed a dose-dependent accumulation of PFASs in cod liver and PAH metabolites in bile. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly reduced for three of the combined PAH/PFAS exposure groups (L-PAH/H-PFAS, H-PAH/L-PFAS, H-PAH/H-PFAS). Analysis of the hepatic proteome identified that pathways related to lipid degradation were significantly affected by PFAS exposure, including upregulation of enzymes in fatty acid degradation pathways, such as fatty acid β-oxidation. The increased abundances of enzymes in lipid catabolic pathways paralleled with decreasing levels of triacylglycerols (TGs) in the H-PFAS exposure group, suggest that PFAS increase lipid catabolism in Atlantic cod. Markers of oxidative stress, including catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were also induced by PFAS exposure. Only minor and non-significant differences between exposure groups and control were found for cyp1a and acox1 gene expressions, vitellogenin concentrations in plasma, Cyp1a protein synthesis and DNA fragmentation. In summary, our combined proteomics and lipidomics analyses indicate that PFAS may disrupt lipid homeostasis in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Dale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mette Bjørge Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Daniela M Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Pb 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; NORCE AS, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway.
| | - Alejandra Gilabert
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA- CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Zhanna Tairova
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Ane Haarr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Cinta Porte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA- CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, 5005 Bergen, Norway.
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Baek MJ, Son J, Park J, Seol Y, Sung B, Kim YJ. Quantitative prediction of mixture toxicity of AgNO 3 and ZnO nanoparticles on Daphnia magna. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2020; 21:333-345. [PMID: 32939159 PMCID: PMC7476544 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1766343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Once metal-based engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are released into the aquatic environment, they are expected to interact with other existing co-contaminants. A knowledge gap exists as to how the interaction of NPs with other co-contaminants occurs. Here we selected ZnO NPs among various NPs, with Ag ion existing as a contaminant in the aquatic environment by Ag NPs widely used. A novel modeling strategy was demonstrated enabling quantitative and predictive evaluation of the aqueous mixture nanotoxicity. Individual and binary mixture toxicity tests of ZnO NPs and silver (as AgNO3) on Daphnia magna were conducted and compared to determine whether the presence of Ag ions affects the toxicity of ZnO NPs. Binary mixture toxicity was evaluated based on the concentration addition (CA) and independent action models. The CA dose-ratio dependent model was found to be the model of best fit for describing the pattern of mixture toxicity. The MIX I and MIX III suspensions (higher ratios of ZnO NPs to AgNO3) showed a synergism, whereas the MIX II suspension (lower ratio of ZnO NPs to AgNO3) showed an antagonism. The synergistic mixture toxicity at higher ratios of ZnO NPs to AgNO3 was caused by either the physiological or metabolic disturbance induced by the excessive ionic Zn or increased transport and accumulation in D. magna via the formation of complex of ionic Ag with ZnO NPs. Therefore, the toxicity level contributed via their aggregation and physicochemical properties and the dissolved ions played a crucial role in the mixture toxicities of the NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Baek
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jino Son
- Ojeong Ecoresilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Park
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yohan Seol
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Baeckkyoung Sung
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- CONTACT Young Jun Kim Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, 34113Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Delnat V, Janssens L, Stoks R. Effects of predator cues and pesticide resistance on the toxicity of a (bio)pesticide mixture. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:1448-1455. [PMID: 31639259 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populations of target species are typically exposed to pesticide mixtures and natural stressors such as predator cues, and are increasingly developing resistance to single pesticides. Nevertheless, we have poor knowledge whether natural stressors and the presence of pesticide resistance shape mixture toxicity. We tested the single and combined effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos and the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) on the survival of the Southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus, Say) and whether these effects were magnified by synthetic predator cues of Notonecta water bugs and differed between a chlorpyrifos-resistant (Ace-1R) and non-resistant (S-Lab) strain. RESULTS Single exposure to Bti caused mortality in both strains (S-Lab ∼27%, Ace-1R ∼41%) and single exposure to chlorpyrifos caused only mortality in the S-Lab strain (∼33%), while predator cues did not induce mortality. The chlorpyrifos-resistant strain was 1.5-fold more sensitive to Bti, indicating a cost of resistance. The interaction types between chlorpyrifos and Bti (additive), between chlorpyrifos and predator cues (additive), and between Bti and predator cues (synergistic) were consistent in both strains. Despite predator cues making Bti approximately 8% more lethal, they did not change the additive interaction between Bti and chlorpyrifos in their mixture in either strain. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the resistance against chlorpyrifos was not partly lifted when chlorpyrifos exposure was combined with Bti and predator cues. Identifying the interaction type within pesticide mixtures and how this depends on natural stressors is important to select control strategies that give a disadvantage to resistant individuals compared to non-resistant individuals. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna Delnat
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Baralić K, Buha Djordjevic A, Živančević K, Antonijević E, Anđelković M, Javorac D, Ćurčić M, Bulat Z, Antonijević B, Đukić-Ćosić D. Toxic Effects of the Mixture of Phthalates and Bisphenol A-Subacute Oral Toxicity Study in Wistar Rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E746. [PMID: 31979393 PMCID: PMC7037109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A, classified as endocrine disruptors, have weak estrogenic, anti-androgenic properties, and affect thyroid hormone regulation. The aim of this study on male rats was to compare the subacute toxic effects of low doses of single compounds (bis (2 -ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and bisphenol A (BPA)) with the effects of their mixture through different biochemical, hormonal, and hematological parameters. Rats were divided into five experimental groups: Control (corn oil), DEHP (50 mg/kg b.w./day), DBP (50 mg/kg b.w./day), BPA (25 mg/kg b.w./day), and MIX (50 mg/kg b.w./day DEHP + 50 mg/kg b.w/day DBP + 25 mg/kg b.w./day BPA). Animals were sacrificed after 28 days of oral treatment and blood was collected for further analysis. The results demonstrated that the mixture produced significant changes in lipid profile, liver-related biochemical parameters, and glucose level. Furthermore, the opposite effects of single substances on the thyroxine level have been shown in comparison with the mixture, as well as a more pronounced effect of the mixture on testosterone level. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on the toxicology of mixtures and gives one more evidence of the paramount importance of mixture toxicity studies, especially in assessing the endocrine disruptive effects of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatović”, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.B.D.); (K.Ž.); (E.A.); (M.A.); (D.J.); (M.Ć.); (Z.B.); (B.A.); (D.Đ.-Ć.)
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26
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Ge H, Zhou M, Lv D, Wang M, Dong C, Wan Y, Zhang Z, Wang S. New Insight Regarding the Relationship Between Enantioselective Toxicity Difference and Enantiomeric Toxicity Interaction from Chiral Ionic Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246163. [PMID: 31817689 PMCID: PMC6941021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an important property of molecules. The study of biological activity and toxicity of chiral molecules has important theoretical and practical significance for toxicology, pharmacology, and environmental science. The toxicological significance of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) has not been well revealed. In the present study, the enantiomeric joint toxicities of four pairs of chiral ILs 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate to Allivibrio fischeri were systematically investigated by using a comprehensive approach including the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) integrated with confidence interval (CI) method (CTCICI), concentration-response curve (CRC), and isobole analysis. The direct equipartition ray (EquRay) design was used to design five binary mixtures of enantiomers according to molar ratios of 1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, and 5:1. The toxicities of chiral ILs and their mixtures were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA) method. Concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) were used as the additive reference models to construct the predicted CRC and isobole of mixtures. On the whole, there was an enantioselective toxicity difference between [BMIM]D-Lac and [BMIM]L-Lac, and [HMIM]D-Lac and [HMIM]L-Lac, while no enantioselective toxicity difference was observed for [EMIM]D-Lac and [EMIM]L-Lac, and [OMIM]D-Lac and [OMIM]L-Lac. Thereinto, the enantiomer mixtures of [BMIM]D-Lac and [BMIM]L-Lac, and [HMIM]D-Lac and [HMIM]L-Lac presented antagonistic action, and the enantiomer mixtures of [EMIM]D-Lac and [EMIM]L-Lac, and [OMIM]D-Lac and [OMIM]L-Lac overall presented additive action. Moreover, the greatest antagonistic toxicity interaction occurred at the equimolar ratio of enantiomers. Based on these results, we proposed two hypotheses, (1) chiral molecules with enantioselective toxicity difference tended to produce toxicity interactions, (2) the highest or lowest toxicity was usually at the equimolar ratio and its adjacent ratio for the enantiomer mixture. These hypotheses will need to be further validated by other enantiomer mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ge
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-898-6689-5011 (H.G.); +86-898-6689-5002 (M.W.)
| | - Min Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Daizhu Lv
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-898-6689-5011 (H.G.); +86-898-6689-5002 (M.W.)
| | - Cunzhu Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Yao Wan
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Zhenshan Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Suru Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
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Ge H, Tao S, Zhou M, Han B, Yuan H. Integrative Assessment of Mixture Toxicity of Three Ionic Liquids on Acetylcholinesterase Using a Progressive Approach from 1D Point, 2D Curve, to 3D Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5330. [PMID: 31717775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint toxicities of [BMIM]BF4, [BMIM]PF6, and [HMIM]BF4 on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were systematically investigated by using a progressive approach from 1D single effect point, 2D concentration-response curve (CRC), to 3D equivalent-surface (ES) level. The equipartition equivalent-surface design (EESD) method was used to design 10 ternary mixtures, and the direct equipartition ray (EquRay) design was used to design 15 binary mixtures. The toxicities of ionic liquids (ILs) and their mixtures were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA) method. The concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA), and co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) were used as the additive reference model to analyze the toxic interaction of these mixtures. The results showed that the Weibull function fitted well the CRCs of the three ILs and their mixtures with the coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) less than 0.04. According to the CTC integrated with confidence interval (CI) method (CTCICI) developed in this study, the 25 mixtures were almost all additive action at 20% and 80% effect point levels. At 50% effect, at least half of the 25 mixtures were slightly synergistic action, and the remaining mixtures were additive action. Furthermore, the ESs and CRCs predicted by CA and IA were all within the CIs of mixture observed ESs and CRCs, respectively. Therefore, the toxic interactions of these 25 mixtures were actually additive action. The joint toxicity of the three ILs can be effectively evaluated by the ES method. We also studied the relationship between the mixture toxicities and component concentration proportions. This study can provide reference data for IL risk assessment of combined pollution.
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Zhang F, Ye N, Wang S, Meng Y, Fang H, Wang Z, Wang DG. Dissolved Organic Matter Modulates Algal Oxidative Stress and Membrane System Responses to Binary Mixtures of Nano-Metal-Oxides (nCeO 2, nMgO and nFe 3O 4) and Sulfadiazine. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E712. [PMID: 31067831 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Joint biomarker responses, oxidative stress and membrane systems, were determined for nano-metal-oxides (nMeO, i.e., nCeO2, nMgO, and nFe3O4) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) exposed at relevant low concentrations to two freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The impacts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the joint biomarker responses were also investigated. Results indicated that the presence of SDZ significantly decreased the level of intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the algal cells exposed to each nMeO. Reduction of cell membrane permeability (CMP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the algal cells was observed when the algae were exposed to the mixture of SDZ and the nMeO. The degree of reduction of the ROS level, CMP, and MMP significantly went down with the addition of DOM to a certain extent. Changes in cellular oxidative stress and membrane function depended on the types of both nMeO and algal species. This contribution provides an insight into the hazard assessment of a mixture consisting of emerging contaminants and DOM, as they can coexist in the aquatic environment.
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Wydro U, Wołejko E, Butarewicz A. Toxicological Effects of Traumatic Acid and Selected Herbicides on Human Breast Cancer Cells: In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment of Analyzed Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:E1710. [PMID: 31052542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The main consequence of herbicides use is the presence of their residues in food of plant origin. A growing body of evidence indicates that herbicides cause detrimental effects upon human health while demonstrating a direct link of pesticides exposure with the occurrence of human chronic diseases, including cancer. There is a pressing need to develop our knowledge regarding interactions of food contaminants and food components both in vitro and in vivo. Pesticides are highly undesirable food contaminants, and traumatic acid (TA) is a very beneficial food ingredient, therefore we decided to study if TA may act as a compound that delays the stimulatory effect of pesticides on breast cancer cells. To analyze the potential effects that selected herbicides (MCPA, mesotrione, bifenox and dichlobenil) may have upon cancerous cells, we conducted studies of the cytotoxicity of physiological concentrations of four pesticides and the mix of TA with tested herbicides in three different breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231) and one normal healthy breast cell line MCF-12A. Based on the obtained results we conclude that TA in a concentration-dependent manner might influence selected effects of the studied herbicides for particular cancer cells lines.
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30
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Kingsley KC. Acute toxicity of copper hydroxide and glyphosate mixture in Clarias gariepinus: interaction and prediction using mixture assessment models. Environ Health Toxicol 2019; 34:e2019003. [PMID: 30974926 PMCID: PMC6460093 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2019003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the single and joint lethal toxicity, type of interaction and the extent to which simple mathematical model of concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA) and generalized concentration addition (GCA) could predict the joint toxicity of copper hydroxide and glyphosate mixture in Clarias gariepinus. Static bioassay were setup to determine the individual and combined (based on ratio 1:2) lethal concentrations (LCx) of the pesticides. Data from the static bioassays were then fitted into the synergistic ratio (SR), concentration-addition (toxicity unit; TU) and isobologram model to determine the type of interaction between the different classes of pesticides, while the CA, IA and GCA models were used to predicted the observed mixture effects. The estimated 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 for copper hydroxide were 198.66 mg/L, 167.51 mg/L, 138.64 mg/L, and 104.82 mg/L; glyphosate were 162.92 mg/L, 103.88 mg/L, 61.95 mg/L, and 52.6l mg/L; while the mixtures were 63.18 mg/L, 59.06 mg/L, 56.42 mg/L, and 50.67 mg/L, respectively. Glyphosate was 2 times more toxic than copper hydroxide to C. gariepinus when acting singly. The SR and RTU was <1 indicate that the interaction between the pesticides was synergistic. Synergism was also corroborated by the isobologram model. The interaction of the mixture of copper hydroxide and glyphosate followed the IA model while the CA and GCA model underestimated the observed mixture effects. The study showed that copper hydroxide was practically non-toxic, while glyphosate and the mixture were slightly toxic to C. gariepinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanu C. Kingsley
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
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31
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Baek IH, Kim Y, Baik S, Kim J. Investigation of the Synergistic Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals on Aliivibrio fischeri in Major River Basins in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16020208. [PMID: 30642109 PMCID: PMC6352224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This work introduces the potential synergistic toxicity of binary mixtures of pesticides and pharmaceuticals, which have been detected in substantial amounts in major river basins in South Korea. Different dose-response curve functions were employed in each experimental toxicity dataset for Aliivibrio fischeri. We tested the toxicity of 30 binary mixtures at two effect concentrations: high effect concentration [EC50] and low effect concentration (EC10) ranges. Thus, the toxicological interactions were evaluated at 60 effected concentration data points in total and based on model deviation ratios (MDRs) between predicted and observed toxicity values (e.g., three types of combined effects: synergistic (MDR > 2), additive (0.5 ≤ MDR ≤ 2), and antagonistic (MDR < 0.5)). From the 60 data points, MDRs could not be applied to 17 points, since their toxicities could not be measured. The result showed 48%-additive (n = 20), 40%-antagonistic (n = 17), and 12%-synergistic (n = 6) toxicity effects from 43 binaries (excluding the 17 combinations without MDRs). In this study, EC10 ratio mixtures at a low overall effect range showed a general tendency to have more synergistic effects than the EC50 ratio mixtures at a high effect range. We also found an inversion phenomenon, which detected three binaries of the combination of synergism at low concentrations and additive antagonism at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyuk Baek
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Campus E 2.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Seungyun Baik
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Jongwoon Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
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Ginzburg AL, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Hutchison JE. Synergistic Toxicity Produced by Mixtures of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles and Widely Used Surfactants. ACS Nano 2018; 12:5312-5322. [PMID: 29697962 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle safety is usually determined using solutions of individual particles that are free of additives. However, the size-dependent properties of nanoparticles can be readily altered through interactions with other components in a mixture. In applications, nanoparticles are commonly combined with surfactants or other additives to increase dispersion or to enhance product performance. Surfactants might also influence the biological activity of nanoparticles; however, little is known about such effects. We investigated the influence of surfactants on nanoparticle biocompatibility by studying mixtures of ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles and Polysorbate 20 in embryonic zebrafish. These mixtures produced synergistic toxicity at concentrations where the individual components were benign. We examined the structural basis for this synergy using solution-phase analytical techniques. Spectroscopic and X-ray scattering studies suggest that the Polysorbate 20 does not affect the nanoparticle core structure. DOSY NMR showed that the hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles increased, suggesting that Polysorbate 20 assembles on the nanoparticle surfaces. Mass spectrometry showed that these assemblies have both increased uptake and increased toxicity in zebrafish, as compared to the gold nanoparticles alone. We probed the generality of this synergy by performing toxicity assays with two other common surfactants, Polysorbate 80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate. These surfactants also caused synergistic toxicity, although the extent and time frame of the response depends upon the surfactant structure. These results demonstrate a need for additional, foundational studies to understand the effects of surfactants on nanoparticle biocompatibility and challenge traditional models of nanoparticle safety where the matrix is assumed to have only additive effects on nanoparticle toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora L Ginzburg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , United States
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , United States
| | - James E Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
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Niehus NC, Floeter C, Hollert H, Witt G. Miniaturised Marine Algae Test with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Comparing Equilibrium Passive Dosing and Nominal Spiking. Aquat Toxicol 2018; 198:190-197. [PMID: 29554635 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study the miniaturised Marine Algae Test (mMAT) using passive dosing was developed based on the ISO EN DIN10253 to investigate the growth inhibition of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Risk assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) like PAHs in aquatic toxicity tests is very difficult due to their low aqueous solubilities, losses via sorption to the wells and volatilisation. However, passive dosing can overcome these challenges. In this study biocompatible silicone O-rings were used as PAH reservoir. Individual PAHs at saturation were tested using passive dosing and in comparison with nominal spiking. Additionally, a recreated mixture of PAHs reflecting the field composition of the sediment pore water was tested with passive dosing. PAHs revealed strong growth inhibiting effects on algal growth in passive dosing tests, while nominal spiking had only slightly growth inhibiting effects in the highest concentration. The recreated PAH mixture revealed slightly inhibiting effects using passive dosing when tested with a factor of 5000 of the field concentration. This study demonstrates the superiority of passive dosing to spiking and further the successful implementation of passive dosing in the marine algae test maintaining a constant concentration for HOCs with a log KOW > 4.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Claire Niehus
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20 21033 Hamburg, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carolin Floeter
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Gesine Witt
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
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Ye N, Wang Z, Wang S, Peijnenburg WJGM. Toxicity of mixtures of zinc oxide and graphene oxide nanoparticles to aquatic organisms of different trophic level: particles outperform dissolved ions. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:423-438. [PMID: 29658385 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1458342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Concomitant releases of various engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment have resulted in concerns regarding their combined toxicity to aquatic organisms. It is however, still elusive to distinguish the contribution to toxicity of components in NP mixtures. In the present study, we quantitatively evaluated the relative contribution of NPs in their particulate form (NP(particle)) and of dissolved ions released from NPs (NP(ion)) to the combined toxicity of binary mixtures of ZnO NPs and graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GO NPs) to three aquatic organisms of different trophic levels, including an alga species (Scenedesmus obliquus), a cladoceran species (Daphnia magna), and a freshwater fish larva (Danio rerio). Our results revealed that the effects of ZnO NPs and GO NPs were additive to S. obliquus and D. magna but antagonistic to D. rerio. The relative contribution to toxicity (RCT) of the mixture components to S. obliquus decreased in the order of RCTGO NP(particle) > RCTZnO NP(particle) > RCTZnO NP(ion), while the RCT of the mixture components to D. magna and D. rerio decreased in the order of RCTZnO NP(particle) > RCTGO NP(particle) > RCTZnO NP(ion). This finding also implies that the suspended particles rather than the dissolved Zn-ions dictated the combined toxicity of binary mixtures of ZnO NPs and GO NPs to the aquatic organisms of different trophic level. The alleviation of the contribution to toxicity of the ionic form of ZnO NPs was caused by the adsorption of the dissolved ions on GO NPs. Furthermore, the ZnO NP(particle) and GO NP(particle) displayed a different contribution to the observed mixture toxicity, dependent on the trophic level of the aquatic organisms tested. The difference of the contributions between the two particulate forms was mainly associated with differences in the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Our findings highlight the important role of particles in the ecological impact of multi-nanomaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ye
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , China.,b Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Se Wang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , China.,b Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- b Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands.,c Centre for Safety of Substances and Products , National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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Liu Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Ye N, Fang H, Wang D. TiO₂, SiO₂ and ZrO₂ Nanoparticles Synergistically Provoke Cellular Oxidative Damage in Freshwater Microalgae. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E95. [PMID: 29419775 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) are the most widely used engineered nanomaterials. The individual toxicities of metal-based NPs have been plentifully studied. However, the mixture toxicity of multiple NP systems (n ≥ 3) remains much less understood. Herein, the toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), silicon dioxide (SiO2) NPs and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) NPs to unicellular freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus was investigated individually and in binary and ternary combination. Results show that the ternary combination systems of TiO2, SiO2 and ZrO2 NPs at a mixture concentration of 1 mg/L significantly enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species level in the algae. Moreover, the ternary NP systems remarkably increased the activity of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, together with an increase in lipid peroxidation products and small molecule metabolites. Furthermore, the observation of superficial structures of S. obliquus revealed obvious oxidative damage induced by the ternary mixtures. Taken together, the ternary NP systems exerted more severe oxidative stress in the algae than the individual and the binary NP systems. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of the assessment of the synergistic toxicity of multi-nanomaterial systems.
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Brennan KM, Oh SY, Yiannikouris A, Graugnard DE, Karrow NA. Differential Gene Expression Analysis of Bovine Macrophages after Exposure to the Penicillium Mycotoxins Citrinin and/or Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110366. [PMID: 29137202 PMCID: PMC5705981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by fungal species commonly contaminate livestock feedstuffs, jeopardizing their health and diminishing production. Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins produced by Penicillium spp. and commonly co-occur. Both CIT and OTA can modulate immune response by inhibiting cell proliferation and differentiation, altering cell metabolism, and triggering programmed cell death. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sublethal exposure (i.e., the concentration that inhibited cell proliferation by 25% (IC25)) to CIT, OTA or CIT + OTA on the bovine macrophage transcriptome. Gene expression was determined using the Affymetrix Bovine Genome Array. After 6 h of exposure to CIT, OTA or CIT + OTA, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEG), respectively, was as follows: 1471 genes (822 up-regulated, 649 down-regulated), 5094 genes (2611 up-regulated, 2483 down-regulated) and 7624 genes (3984 up-regulated, 3640 down-regulated). Of these, 179 genes (88 up-regulated, 91 down-regulated) were commonly expressed between treatments. After 24 h of exposure to CIT, OTA or CIT + OTA the number of DEG, respectively, was as follows: 3230 genes (1631 up-regulated, 1599 down-regulated), 8558 genes (4167 up-regulated, 4391 down-regulated), and 10,927 genes (6284 up-regulated, 4643 down-regulated). Of these, 770 genes (247 up-regulated, 523 down-regulated) were commonly expressed between treatments. The categorization of common biological functions and pathway analysis suggests that the IC25 of both CIT and OTA, or their combination, induces cellular oxidative stress, a slowing of cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Collectively, these effects contribute to inhibiting bovine macrophage proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Brennan
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - Se-Young Oh
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - Daniel E Graugnard
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
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Michiels EDG, Vergauwen L, Hagenaars A, Fransen E, Dongen SV, Van Cruchten SJ, Bervoets L, Knapen D. Evaluating Complex Mixtures in the Zebrafish Embryo by Reconstituting Field Water Samples: A Metal Pollution Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030539. [PMID: 28257097 PMCID: PMC5372555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately assessing the toxicity of complex, environmentally relevant mixtures remains an important challenge in ecotoxicology. The goal was to identify biological effects after exposure to environmental water samples and to determine whether the observed effects could be explained by the waterborne metal mixture found in the samples. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to water samples of five different sites originating from two Flemish (Mol and Olen, Belgium) metal contaminated streams: “Scheppelijke Nete” (SN) and “Kneutersloop” (K), and a ditch (D), which is the contamination source of SN. Trace metal concentrations, and Na, K, Mg and Ca concentrations were measured using ICP-MS and were used to reconstitute site-specific water samples. We assessed whether the effects that were observed after exposure to environmental samples could be explained by metal mixture toxicity under standardized laboratory conditions. Exposure to “D” or “reconstituted D” water caused 100% mortality. SN and reconstituted SN water caused similar effects on hatching, swim bladder inflation, growth and swimming activity. A canonical discriminant analysis confirmed a high similarity between both exposure scenarios, indicating that the observed toxicity was indeed primarily caused by metals. The applied workflow could be a valuable approach to evaluate mixture toxicity that limits time and costs while maintaining biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D G Michiels
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - An Hagenaars
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Steven J Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Lammel T, Boisseaux P, Navas JM. Potentiating effect of graphene nanomaterials on aromatic environmental pollutant-induced cytochrome P450 1A expression in the topminnow fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1. Environ Toxicol 2015; 30:1192-1204. [PMID: 24706484 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are an emerging class of carbon nanomaterial with great potential for a broad range of industrial and consumer applications. However, their increasing production and use is expected to result in release of nano-sized graphene platelets into the environment, where they may interact with chemical pollutants modifying their fate and toxic potential. The objective of this study was to assess whether graphene nanoplatelets can act as vector for aromatic environmental pollutants increasing their cellular uptake and associated hazardous effects in vitro. For this purpose, cell cultures of the topminnow fish (Poeciliopsis lucida) hepatoma cell line PLHC-1 were simultaneously (and successively) exposed to graphene nanoplatelets (graphene oxide (GO) or carboxyl graphene (CXYG)) and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist (β-naphthoflavone (β-NF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) or 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169)). Following exposure cytochrome P450 1A (Cyp1A) induction was assessed by measuring cyp1A mRNA expression levels using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Cyp1A-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. It was observed that pre- and co-exposure of cells to GO and CXYG nanoplatelets had a potentiating effect on β-NF, BkF, and PCB169-dependent Cyp1A induction suggesting that graphene nanoplatelets increase the effective concentration of AhR agonists by facilitating their passive diffusion into the cells by damaging the cells' plasma membrane and/or by transporting them over the plasma membrane via a Trojan horse-like mechanism. The results demonstrate the existence of combination effects between nanomaterials and environmental pollutants and stress the importance of considering these effects when evaluating their respective hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lammel
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Boisseaux
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Kim J, Kim S. State of the art in the application of QSAR techniques for predicting mixture toxicity in environmental risk assessment. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2015; 26:41-59. [PMID: 25608956 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.984627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The focus of regulatory chemical risk assessment has been mainly placed on single chemicals rather than mixtures. However, living organisms and the environment might be exposed to mixtures of chemicals. Many scientific studies have revealed that mixture toxicity can arise from the combined effects of components present at levels below their individual no-effect concentrations. Predictive approaches will be essential for estimating mixture toxicity, as the number of possible mixtures is extremely large. Although predictive models are virtually indispensable for estimating mixture toxicity for both scientific and regulatory purposes, risk assessors encounter substantial difficulties in using conventional models, mainly due to the lack of information on the modes of toxic action of the mixture constituents. Alternative models that use different information instead of the modes of action thus need to be developed. The objective of this study is to investigate the state of the art in predictive models based on quantitative structure-activity relationship techniques for estimating the toxicity of mixture components, and to identify future challenges hindering more reliable mixture risk assessment for environmental risk assessment. Alternative models need to be developed not only to overcome the limitations of conventional models, but also to improve their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- a KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Saarbruecken , Germany
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França FM, De Paiva TCB, Marcantônio AS, Teixeira PC, Ferreira CM. Acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risk assessment of rice pesticides to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. J Environ Sci Health B 2015; 50:406-410. [PMID: 25844861 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1011950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of some pesticides used in irrigated rice farming to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. The LC 50-96h for commercial formulations containing bentazon, penoxsulam, vegetable oil, permethrin and carbofuran, separately and their mixtures, were determined at the proportions commonly used in the field. The limits of risk concentrations of these products for the studied species were also established. The LC 50-96h for tadpoles was 4,530 mg L(-1) for bentazon; 7.52 mg L(-1) for penoxsulam + 145.66 mg L(-1) of vegetable oil; 81.57 mg L(-1) for vegetable oil; 0.10 mg L(-1) for permethrin; 29.90 mg L(-1) for carbofuran (active ingredients), and 38.79 times the dose used in the field for the mixture of these products. The environmental risk was determined only for permethrin, and care should be taken when using the vegetable oil.
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Ge Y, Bruno M, Wallace K, Leavitt S, Andrews D, Spassova MA, Xi M, Roy A, Haykal-Coates N, Lefew W, Swank A, Winnik WM, Chen C, Woodard J, Farraj A, Teichman KY, Ross JA. Systematic proteomic approach to characterize the impacts of chemical interactions on protein and cytotoxicity responses to metal mixture exposures. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:183-92. [PMID: 25285964 DOI: 10.1021/pr500795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical interactions have posed a big challenge in toxicity characterization and human health risk assessment of environmental mixtures. To characterize the impacts of chemical interactions on protein and cytotoxicity responses to environmental mixtures, we established a systems biology approach integrating proteomics, bioinformatics, statistics, and computational toxicology to measure expression or phosphorylation levels of 21 critical toxicity pathway regulators and 445 downstream proteins in human BEAS-2B cells treated with 4 concentrations of nickel, 2 concentrations each of cadmium and chromium, as well as 12 defined binary and 8 defined ternary mixtures of these metals in vitro. Multivariate statistical analysis and mathematical modeling of the metal-mediated proteomic response patterns showed a high correlation between changes in protein expression or phosphorylation and cellular toxic responses to both individual metals and metal mixtures. Of the identified correlated proteins, only a small set of proteins including HIF-1α is likely to be responsible for selective cytotoxic responses to different metals and metals mixtures. Furthermore, support vector machine learning was utilized to computationally predict protein responses to uncharacterized metal mixtures using experimentally generated protein response profiles corresponding to known metal mixtures. This study provides a novel proteomic approach for characterization and prediction of toxicities of metal and other chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ge
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Rieke S, Koehn S, Hirsch-Ernst K, Pfeil R, Kneuer C, Marx-Stoelting P. Combination effects of (tri)azole fungicides on hormone production and xenobiotic metabolism in a human placental cell line. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11:9660-79. [PMID: 25233012 PMCID: PMC4199042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are exposed to multiple residues of different pesticides via the diet. Therefore, EU legislation for pesticides requires the evaluation of single active substances as well as the consideration of combination effects. Hence the analysis of combined effects of substances in a broad dose range represents a key challenge to current experimental and regulatory toxicology. Here we report evidence for additive effects for (tri)azole fungicides, a widely used group of antifungal agents, in the human placental cell line Jeg-3. In addition to the triazoles cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole and the azole fungicide prochloraz also pesticides from other chemical classes assumed to act via different modes of action (i.e., the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the triazinylsulfonylurea herbicide triflusulfuron-methyl) were investigated. Endpoints analysed include synthesis of steroid hormone production (progesterone and estradiol) and gene expression of steroidogenic and non-steroidogenic cytochrome-P-450 (CYP) enzymes. For the triazoles and prochloraz, a dose dependent inhibition of progesterone production was observed and additive effects could be confirmed for several combinations of these substances in vitro. The non-triazoles chlorpyrifos and triflusulfuron-methyl did not affect this endpoint and, in line with this finding, no additivity was observed when these substances were applied in mixtures with prochloraz. While prochloraz slightly increased aromatase expression and estradiol production and triflusulfuron-methyl decreased estradiol production, none of the other substances had effects on the expression levels of steroidogenic CYP-enzymes in Jeg-3 cells. For some triazoles, prochloraz and chlorpyrifos a significant induction of CYP1A1 mRNA expression and potential combination effects for this endpoint were observed. Inhibition of CYP1A1 mRNA induction by the AhR inhibitor CH223191 indicated AhR receptor dependence this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rieke
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sophie Koehn
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karen Hirsch-Ernst
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Pfeil
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Kneuer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Meijer M, Dingemans MML, van den Berg M, Westerink RHS. Inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels as common mode of action for (mixtures of) distinct classes of insecticides. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:103-11. [PMID: 24913802 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to distinct structural classes of insecticides with different neurotoxic modes of action. Because calcium homeostasis is essential for proper neuronal function and development, we investigated the effects of insecticides from different classes (pyrethroid: (α-)cypermethrin; organophosphate: chlorpyrifos; organochlorine: endosulfan; neonicotinoid: imidacloprid) and mixtures thereof on the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Effects of acute (20 min) exposure to (mixtures of) insecticides on basal and depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)]i were studied in vitro with Fura-2-loaded PC12 cells and high resolution single-cell fluorescence microscopy. The data demonstrate that cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, endosulfan, and chlorpyrifos concentration-dependently decreased depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)]i, with 50% (IC50) at 78nM, 239nM, 250nM, and 899nM, respectively. Additionally, acute exposure to chlorpyrifos or endosulfan (10μM) induced a modest increase in basal [Ca(2+)]i, amounting to 68 ± 8nM and 53 ± 8nM, respectively. Imidacloprid did not disturb basal or depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)]i at 10μM. Following exposure to binary mixtures, effects on depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)]i were within the expected effect additivity range, whereas the effect of the tertiary mixture was less than this expected additivity effect range. These results demonstrate that different types of insecticides inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)]i in PC12 cells by inhibiting voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in vitro at concentrations comparable with human occupational exposure levels. Moreover, the effective concentrations in this study are below those for earlier described modes of action. Because inhibition of VGCCs appears to be a common and potentially additive mode of action of several classes of insecticides, this target should be considered in neurotoxicity risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Meijer
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milou M L Dingemans
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kumar A, Chang B, Xagoraraki I. Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in water: issues and challenges ahead. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7:3929-53. [PMID: 21139869 PMCID: PMC2996217 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study identified existing issues related to quantitative pharmaceutical risk assessment (QPhRA, hereafter) for pharmaceuticals in water and proposed possible solutions by analyzing methodologies and findings of different published QPhRA studies. Retrospective site-specific QPhRA studies from different parts of the world (U.S.A., United Kingdom, Europe, India, etc.) were reviewed in a structured manner to understand different assumptions, outcomes obtained and issues, identified/addressed/raised by the different QPhRA studies. Till date, most of the published studies have concluded that there is no appreciable risk to human health during environmental exposures of pharmaceuticals; however, attention is still required to following identified issues: (1) Use of measured versus predicted pharmaceutical concentration, (2) Identification of pharmaceuticals-of-concern and compounds needing special considerations, (3) Use of source water versus finished drinking water-related exposure scenarios, (4) Selection of representative exposure routes, (5) Valuation of uncertainty factors, and (6) Risk assessment for mixture of chemicals. To close the existing data and methodology gaps, this study proposed possible ways to address and/or incorporation these considerations within the QPhRA framework; however, more research work is still required to address issues, such as incorporation of short-term to long-term extrapolation and mixture effects in the QPhRA framework. Specifically, this study proposed a development of a new "mixture effects-related uncertainty factor" for mixture of chemicals (i.e., mixUF(composite)), similar to an uncertainty factor of a single chemical, within the QPhRA framework. In addition to all five traditionally used uncertainty factors, this uncertainty factor is also proposed to include concentration effects due to presence of different range of concentration levels of pharmaceuticals in a mixture. However, further work is required to determine values of all six uncertainty factors and incorporate them to use during estimation of point-of-departure values within the QPhRA framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; E-Mail:
| | - Biao Chang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 215 Sustainable Education Building, 788 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, A124 Engineering Research Complex, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Hillwalker WE, Allan SE, Tanguay RL, Anderson KA. Exploiting lipid-free tubing passive samplers and embryonic zebrafish to link site specific contaminant mixtures to biological responses. Chemosphere 2010; 79:1-7. [PMID: 20172587 PMCID: PMC2833334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) bio-analytical tool was developed in response to the need for a quantitative technology for assessing the toxicity of environmentally relevant contaminant mixtures. This tool combines passive samplers with the embryonic zebrafish model. When applied in an urban river it effectively linked site specific, bioavailable contaminant mixtures to multiple biological responses. Embryonic zebrafish exposed to extracts from lipid-free passive samplers that were deployed at five locations, within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite, displayed different responses. Six of the eighteen biological responses observed in 941 exposed zebrafish were significantly different between sites. This demonstrates the sensitivity of the bio-analytical tool for detecting spatially distinct toxicity in aquatic systems; bridging environmental exposure to biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kim A. Anderson
- Corresponding Author: Kim A. Anderson, , Oregon State University, 1007 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, 541-737-8501 (TEL), 541-737-0497 (FAX)
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Kortenkamp A, Faust M, Scholze M, Backhaus T. Low-level exposure to multiple chemicals: reason for human health concerns? Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115 Suppl 1:106-14. [PMID: 18174958 PMCID: PMC2174412 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key question in the risk assessment of exposures to multiple chemicals is whether mixture effects may occur when chemicals are combined at low doses which individually do not induce observable effects. However, a systematic evaluation of experimental studies addressing this issue is missing. OBJECTIVES With this contribution, we wish to bridge this gap by providing a systematic assessment of published studies against well-defined quality criteria. RESULTS On reviewing the low-dose mixture literature, we found good evidence demonstrating significant mixture effects with combinations of chemicals well below their individual no observable adverse effect levels (NOAELs), both with mixtures composed of similarly and dissimilarly acting agents. CONCLUSIONS The widely held view that mixtures of dissimilarly acting chemicals are "safe" at levels below NOAELs is not supported by empirical evidence. We show that this view is also based on the erroneous assumption that NOAELs can be equated with zero-effect levels. Thus, on the basis of published evidence, it is difficult to rule out the possibility of mixture effects from low-dose multiple exposures.
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