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Tao S, Liang S, Zeng T, Yin D. Epigenetic modification-related mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1043667. [PMID: 36685594 PMCID: PMC9845774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes most primary liver cancers and is one of the most lethal and life-threatening malignancies globally. Unfortunately, a substantial proportion of HCC patients are identified at an advanced stage that is unavailable for curative surgery. Thus, palliative therapies represented by multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sorafenib remained the front-line treatment over the past decades. Recently, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially targeting the PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 axis, has achieved an inspiring clinical breakthrough for treating unresectable solid tumors. However, many HCC patients with poor responses lead to limited benefits in clinical applications, which has quickly drawn researchers' attention to the regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints in HCC immune evasion. Evasion of immune surveillance by cancer is attributed to intricate reprogramming modulation in the tumor microenvironment. Currently, more and more studies have found that epigenetic modifications, such as chromatin structure remodeling, DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNA levels, may contribute significantly to remodeling the tumor microenvironment to avoid immune clearance, affecting the efficacy of immunotherapy for HCC. This review summarizes the rapidly emerging progress of epigenetic-related changes during HCC resistance to ICIs and discusses the mechanisms of underlying epigenetic therapies available for surmounting immune resistance. Finally, we summarize the clinical advances in combining epigenetic therapies with immunotherapy, aiming to promote the formation of immune combination therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuhang Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Taofei Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dalong Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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2
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Feng J, Meng X. Histone modification and histone modification-targeted anti-cancer drugs in breast cancer: Fundamentals and beyond. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:946811. [PMID: 36188615 PMCID: PMC9522521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.946811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated epigenetic enzymes and resultant abnormal epigenetic modifications (EMs) have been suggested to be closely related to tumor occurrence and progression. Histone modifications (HMs) can assist in maintaining genome stability, DNA repair, transcription, and chromatin modulation within breast cancer (BC) cells. In addition, HMs are reversible, dynamic processes involving the associations of different enzymes with molecular compounds. Abnormal HMs (e.g. histone methylation and histone acetylation) have been identified to be tightly related to BC occurrence and development, even though their underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. EMs are reversible, and as a result, epigenetic enzymes have aroused wide attention as anti-tumor therapeutic targets. At present, treatments to restore aberrant EMs within BC cells have entered preclinical or clinical trials. In addition, no existing studies have comprehensively analyzed aberrant HMs within BC cells; in addition, HM-targeting BC treatments remain to be further investigated. Histone and non-histone protein methylation is becoming an attractive anti-tumor epigenetic therapeutic target; such methylation-related enzyme inhibitors are under development at present. Consequently, the present work focuses on summarizing relevant studies on HMs related to BC and the possible mechanisms associated with abnormal HMs. Additionally, we also aim to analyze existing therapeutic agents together with those drugs approved and tested through pre-clinical and clinical trials, to assess their roles in HMs. Moreover, epi-drugs that target HMT inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors should be tested in preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of BC. Epi-drugs that target histone methylation (HMT inhibitors) and histone acetylation (HDAC inhibitors) have now entered clinical trials or are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Therefore, the review covers the difficulties in applying HM-targeting treatments in clinics and proposes feasible approaches for overcoming such difficulties and promoting their use in treating BC cases.
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Ahmed YW, Alemu BA, Bekele SA, Gizaw ST, Zerihun MF, Wabalo EK, Teklemariam MD, Mihrete TK, Hanurry EY, Amogne TG, Gebrehiwot AD, Berga TN, Haile EA, Edo DO, Alemu BD. Epigenetic tumor heterogeneity in the era of single-cell profiling with nanopore sequencing. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:107. [PMID: 36030244 PMCID: PMC9419648 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing has brought the technology to the next generation in the science of sequencing. This is achieved through research advancing on: pore efficiency, creating mechanisms to control DNA translocation, enhancing signal-to-noise ratio, and expanding to long-read ranges. Heterogeneity regarding epigenetics would be broad as mutations in the epigenome are sensitive to cause new challenges in cancer research. Epigenetic enzymes which catalyze DNA methylation and histone modification are dysregulated in cancer cells and cause numerous heterogeneous clones to evolve. Detection of this heterogeneity in these clones plays an indispensable role in the treatment of various cancer types. With single-cell profiling, the nanopore sequencing technology could provide a simple sequence at long reads and is expected to be used soon at the bedside or doctor's office. Here, we review the advancements of nanopore sequencing and its use in the detection of epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannis Wondwosen Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhan Ababaw Alemu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Addisu Bekele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tebeje Gizaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Fekadie Zerihun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endriyas Kelta Wabalo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Degef Teklemariam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehayneh Kelemu Mihrete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Yibru Hanurry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tensae Gebru Amogne
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assaye Desalegne Gebrehiwot
- Department of Medical Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Nida Berga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebsitu Abate Haile
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dessiet Oma Edo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuwork Derebew Alemu
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
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4
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Walz AC, Van De Vyver AJ, Yu L, Birtwistle MR, Krogan NJ, Bouhaddou M. Leveraging modeling and simulation to optimize the therapeutic window for epigenetic modifier drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108162. [PMID: 35189161 PMCID: PMC9292061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene expression and give rise to malignant transformation and tumorigenesis. Epigenetic drugs aim to revert the phenotype of cancer cells to normally functioning cells, and are developed and applied to treat both hematological and solid cancers. Despite this promising therapeutic avenue, the successful development of epigenetic modulators has been challenging. We argue that besides identifying the right responder patient population, the selection of an optimized dosing regimen is equally important. For the majority of epigenetic modulators, hematological adverse effects such as thrombocytopenia, anemia or neutropenia are frequently observed and may limit their therapeutic potential. Therefore, one of the key challenges is to identify a dosing regimen that maximizes drug efficacy and minimizes toxicity. This requires a good understanding of the quantitative relationship between the administered dose, the drug exposure and the magnitude and duration of drug response related to safety and efficacy. With case examples, we highlight how modeling and simulation has been successfully applied to address those questions. As an outlook, we suggest the combination of efficacy and safety prediction models that capture the quantitative, mechanistic relationships governing the balance between their safety and efficacy dynamics. A stepwise approach for its implementation is presented. Utilizing in silico explorations, the impact of dosing regimen on the therapeutic window can be explored. This will serve as a basis to select the most promising dosing regimen that maximizes efficacy while minimizing adverse effects and to increase the probability of success for the given epigenetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author: , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research & Early Development, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland. Mobile: +41 79 865 89 28
| | - Arthur J. Van De Vyver
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Yu
- LIYU Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Marc R. Birtwistle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,CA, 94158, USA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,CA, 94158, USA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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5
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Del Gaudio N, Di Costanzo A, Liu NQ, Conte L, Dell'Aversana C, Bove G, Benedetti R, Montella L, Ciardiello F, Carafa V, Ambrosino C, Tucci V, Conte M, Martens JHA, Stunnenberg HG, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. CBX2 shapes chromatin accessibility promoting AML via p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:125. [PMID: 35681235 PMCID: PMC9178829 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamic epigenome and proteins specialized in the interpretation of epigenetic marks critically contribute to leukemic pathogenesis but also offer alternative therapeutic avenues. Targeting newly discovered chromatin readers involved in leukemogenesis may thus provide new anticancer strategies. Accumulating evidence suggests that the PRC1 complex member CBX2 is overexpressed in solid tumors and promotes cancer cell survival. However, its role in leukemia is still unclear. Methods We exploited reverse genetic approaches to investigate the role of CBX2 in human leukemic cell lines and ex vivo samples. We also analyzed phenotypic effects following CBX2 silencing using cellular and molecular assays and related functional mechanisms by ATAC-seq and RNA-seq. We then performed bioinformatic analysis of ChIP-seq data to explore the influence of histone modifications in CBX2-mediated open chromatin sites. Lastly, we used molecular assays to determine the contribution of CBX2-regulated pathways to leukemic phenotype. Results We found CBX2 overexpressed in leukemia both in vitro and ex vivo samples compared to CD34+ cells. Decreased CBX2 RNA levels prompted a robust reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Similarly, sensitivity to CBX2 silencing was observed in primary acute myeloid leukemia samples. CBX2 suppression increased genome-wide chromatin accessibility followed by alteration of leukemic cell transcriptional programs, resulting in enrichment of cell death pathways and downregulation of survival genes. Intriguingly, CBX2 silencing induced epigenetic reprogramming at p38 MAPK-associated regulatory sites with consequent deregulation of gene expression. Conclusions Our results identify CBX2 as a crucial player in leukemia progression and highlight a potential druggable CBX2-p38 MAPK network in AML. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01603-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Del Gaudio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Costanzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Ning Qing Liu
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lidio Conte
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversana
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Bove
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Liliana Montella
- Medical Oncology Complex Unit, "Santa Maria delle Grazie" Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carafa
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Biogem Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Valeria Tucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Biogem Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Conte
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Joost H A Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Princess Maxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, 3584, CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy. .,Biogem Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy.
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Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia-From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194820. [PMID: 34638304 PMCID: PMC8508378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasia associated with a molecular alteration, the fusion gene BCR-ABL1, that encodes the tyrosine kinase oncoprotein BCR-ABL1. This led to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), with Imatinib being the first TKI approved. Although the vast majority of CML patients respond to Imatinib, resistance to this targeted therapy contributes to therapeutic failure and relapse. Here we review the molecular mechanisms and other factors (e.g., patient adherence) involved in TKI resistance, the methodologies to access these mechanisms, and the possible therapeutic approaches to circumvent TKI resistance in CML. Abstract Resistance to targeted therapies is a complex and multifactorial process that culminates in the selection of a cancer clone with the ability to evade treatment. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was the first malignancy recognized to be associated with a genetic alteration, the t(9;22)(q34;q11). This translocation originates the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, encoding the cytoplasmic chimeric BCR-ABL1 protein that displays an abnormally high tyrosine kinase activity. Although the vast majority of patients with CML respond to Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), resistance might occur either de novo or during treatment. In CML, the TKI resistance mechanisms are usually subdivided into BCR-ABL1-dependent and independent mechanisms. Furthermore, patients’ compliance/adherence to therapy is critical to CML management. Techniques with enhanced sensitivity like NGS and dPCR, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and the development of mathematical modeling and computational prediction methods could reveal the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance and facilitate the design of more effective treatment strategies for improving drug efficacy in CML patients. Here we review the molecular mechanisms and other factors involved in resistance to TKIs in CML and the new methodologies to access these mechanisms, and the therapeutic approaches to circumvent TKI resistance.
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Schütt J, Nägler T, Schenk T, Brioli A. Investigating the Interplay between Myeloma Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Development of Drug Resistance: Dissecting the Role of Epigenetic Modifications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164069. [PMID: 34439223 PMCID: PMC8392438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite advances made in the last two decades, multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable disease. The genetic complexity of MM and the presence of intra-clonal heterogeneity are major contributors to disease relapse and the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, the bone marrow microenvironment is known to play a pivotal role in MM disease progression. Together with genetic modifications, epigenetic changes have been shown to influence MM development and progression. However, epigenetic treatments for MM are still lacking. This is mainly due to the high rate of adverse events of epigenetic drugs in clinical practice. In this review, we will focus on the role of epigenetic modifications in MM disease progression and the development of drug resistance, as well as their role in shaping the interplay between bone marrow stromal cells and MM cells. The current and future treatment strategies involving epigenetic drugs will also be addressed. Abstract Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells infiltrating the bone marrow (BM). Many studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of bone marrow stromal cells in MM progression and drug resistance. Together with the BM microenvironment (BMME), epigenetics also plays a crucial role in MM development. A variety of epigenetic regulators, including histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and lysine demethylases (KDMs), are altered in MM, contributing to the disease progression and prognosis. In addition to histone modifications, DNA methylation also plays a crucial role. Among others, aberrant epigenetics involves processes associated with the BMME, like bone homeostasis, ECM remodeling or the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the interplay of MM cells with the BMME in the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, we will focus on the epigenetic aberrations in MM and their role in disease evolution, interaction with the BMME, disease progression and development of drug resistance. We will also briefly touch on the epigenetic treatments currently available or currently under investigation to overcome BMME-driven treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schütt
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Nägler
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Tino Schenk
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annamaria Brioli
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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Wan Y, Hoyle RG, Xie N, Wang W, Cai H, Zhang M, Ma Z, Xiong G, Xu X, Huang Z, Liu X, Li J, Wang C. A Super-Enhancer Driven by FOSL1 Controls miR-21-5p Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:656628. [PMID: 33937067 PMCID: PMC8085558 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-21-5p is one of the most common oncogenic miRNAs that is upregulated in many solid cancers by inhibiting its target genes at the posttranscriptional level. However, the upstream regulatory mechanisms of miR-21-5p are still not well documented in cancers. Here, we identify a super-enhancer associated with the MIR21 gene (MIR21-SE) by analyzing the MIR21 genomic regulatory landscape in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We show that the MIR21-SE regulates miR-21-5p expression in different HNSCC cell lines and disruption of MIR21-SE inhibits miR-21-5p expression. We also identified that a key transcription factor, FOSL1 directly controls miR-21-5p expression by interacting with the MIR21-SE in HNSCC. Moreover, functional studies indicate that restoration of miR-21-5p partially abrogates FOSL1 depletion-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion. Clinical studies confirmed that miR-21-5p expression is positively correlated with FOSL1 expression. These findings suggest that FOSL1-SE drives miR-21-5p expression to promote malignant progression of HNSCC
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rosalie G Hoyle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongshi Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gan Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxian Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Shanmugam MK, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S, Bishayee A, Kumar AP, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Role of histone acetyltransferase inhibitors in cancer therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 125:149-191. [PMID: 33931138 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancer is a complex phenomenon driven by various extrinsic as well as intrinsic risk factors including epigenetic modifications. These post-translational modifications are encountered in diverse cancer cells and appear for a relatively short span of time. These changes can significantly affect various oncogenic genes and proteins involved in cancer initiation and progression. Histone lysine acetylation and deacetylation processes are controlled by two opposing classes of enzymes that modulate gene regulation either by adding an acetyl moiety on a histone lysine residue by histone lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) or via removing it by histone deacetylases (KDACs). Deregulated KAT activity has been implicated in the development of several diseases including cancer and can be targeted for the development of anti-neoplastic drugs. Here, we describe the predominant epigenetic changes that can affect key KAT superfamily members during carcinogenesis and briefly highlight the pharmacological potential of employing lysine acetyltransferase inhibitors (KATi) for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arunasalam Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, United States
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Batra N, De Souza C, Batra J, Raetz AG, Yu AM. The HMOX1 Pathway as a Promising Target for the Treatment and Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 of 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6412. [PMID: 32899231 PMCID: PMC7503392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global pandemic with increasing incidence and mortality rates. Recent evidence based on the cytokine profiles of severe COVID-19 cases suggests an overstimulation of macrophages and monocytes associated with reduced T-cell abundance (lymphopenia) in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 open reading frame 3 a (ORF3a) protein was found to bind to the human HMOX1 protein at a high confidence through high-throughput screening experiments. The HMOX1 pathway can inhibit platelet aggregation, and can have anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, amongst others, all of which are critical medical conditions observed in COVID-19 patients. Here, we review the potential of modulating the HMOX1-ORF3a nexus to regulate the innate immune response for therapeutic benefits in COVID-19 patients. We also review other potential treatment strategies and suggest novel synthetic and natural compounds that may have the potential for future development in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Cristabelle De Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Alan G. Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
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11
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Cho Y, Kim YK. Cancer Stem Cells as a Potential Target to Overcome Multidrug Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:764. [PMID: 32582535 PMCID: PMC7280434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR), which is a significant impediment to the success of cancer chemotherapy, is attributable to various defensive mechanisms in cancer. Initially, overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was considered the most important mechanism for drug resistance; hence, many investigators for a long time focused on the development of specific ABC transporter inhibitors. However, to date their efforts have failed to develop a clinically applicable drug, leaving only a number of problems. The concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has provided new directions for both cancer and MDR research. MDR is known to be one of the most important features of CSCs and thus plays a crucial role in cancer recurrence and exacerbation. Therefore, in recent years, research targeting CSCs has been increasing rapidly in search of an effective cancer treatment. Here, we review the drugs that have been studied and developed to overcome MDR and CSCs, and discuss the limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Kee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Ribeiro ML, Reyes-Garau D, Armengol M, Fernández-Serrano M, Roué G. Recent Advances in the Targeting of Epigenetic Regulators in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31681423 PMCID: PMC6807552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years, major advances have been made in the diagnosis and development of selective therapies for several blood cancers, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the mature B lymphocyte compartment. However, most of these entities remain incurable and current treatments are associated with variable efficacy, several adverse events, and frequent relapses. Thus, new diagnostic paradigms and novel therapeutic options are required to improve the prognosis of patients with B-NHL. With the recent deciphering of the mutational landscapes of B-cell disorders by high-throughput sequencing, it came out that different epigenetic deregulations might drive and/or promote B lymphomagenesis. Consistently, over the last decade, numerous epigenetic drugs (or epidrugs) have emerged in the clinical management of B-NHL patients. In this review, we will present an overview of the most relevant epidrugs tested and/or used so far for the treatment of different subtypes of B-NHL, from first-generation epigenetic therapies like histone acetyl transferases (HDACs) or DNA-methyl transferases (DNMTs) inhibitors to new agents showing selectivity for proteins that are mutated, translocated, and/or overexpressed in these diseases, including EZH2, BET, and PRMT. We will dissect the mechanisms of action of these epigenetic inhibitors, as well as the molecular processes underlying their lack of efficacy in refractory patients. This review will also provide a summary of the latest strategies being employed in preclinical and clinical settings, and will point out the most promising lines of investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University Medical School, Braganca Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Armengol
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miranda Fernández-Serrano
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Kim DU, Nam J, Cha MD, Kim SW. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4D decreases the malignant properties of DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells by repressing the AKT/mTOR/Myc signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3589-3598. [PMID: 30867802 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease involving numerous genetic abnormalities. One of the major characteristics of CRC is enhanced Wnt signaling caused by loss-of-function mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Previously, it has been demonstrated that the majority of malignant phenotypes following APC deletion in adult murine small intestines could be rescued when Myc, a downstream target of the Wnt pathway, was deleted. This indicated that Myc is a critical regulator of CRC development following APC loss. Previous studies reported that cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) can influence the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) survival pathway in cancer and Myc is a critical downstream molecule of AKT/mTOR signaling. Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), a member of the cAMP-specific PDE4 family, has been associated with drug resistance in CRC. However, the association between PDE4D and Myc remains unclear. To investigate the potential role of PDE4D in Myc regulation in CRC, the present study evaluated the expression levels of PDE4 subtypes in DLD-1 CRC cells. Additionally, the effects of PDE4 inhibitors on Myc expression and oncogenic properties were analyzed by western blot analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, colony formation and soft agar assays. It was demonstrated that cAMP/PDE4D signals serve a critical role in regulating Myc expression in DLD-1 CRC cells. Furthermore, PDE4D was identified to be a main hydrolyzer of cAMP and suppression of PDE4D using selective inhibitors of PDE4 increased intracellular cAMP levels, which resulted in a marked decrease in the oncogenic properties of DLD-1 cells, including colony formation, cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Notably, the current data imply that cAMP represses Myc expression via the downregulation of AKT/mTOR signaling, which was abolished by high PDE4D activities in DLD-1 cells. Additionally, a natural polyphenol resveratrol in combination with forskolin elevated the concentration of cAMP and enhanced the expression of Myc and the malignant phenotype of DLD-1 cells, reproducing the effect of known chemical inhibitors of PDE4. In conclusion, the present study identified that cAMP/PDE4D signaling is a critical regulator of Myc expression in DLD-1 and possibly other CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Uk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew D Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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14
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Targeting Cancer through the Epigenetic Features of Telomeric Regions. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:281-290. [PMID: 30660503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the chromatin associated with telomeric regions, which include telomeres and subtelomeres, is essential for telomeres function and cell viability. Whereas human subtelomeres are heterochromatic, telomeres are labeled with euchromatic marks like H4K20me1 and H3K27ac in most commonly studied human cell lines. The epigenetic marks of human telomeric regions influence oncogenic processes. Indeed, different drugs that decrease their genome-wide levels are currently being used or tested in specific cancer therapies. These drugs can challenge cancer by altering the function of key cellular proteins. However, they should also compromise oncogenic processes by modifying the epigenetic landscape of telomeric regions. We believe that studies of telomeric chromatin structure and telomeres dysfunction should help to design epigenetic therapies for cancer treatment.
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15
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Rosen ED, Kaestner KH, Natarajan R, Patti ME, Sallari R, Sander M, Susztak K. Epigenetics and Epigenomics: Implications for Diabetes and Obesity. Diabetes 2018; 67:1923-1931. [PMID: 30237160 PMCID: PMC6463748 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association convened a research symposium, "Epigenetics and Epigenomics: Implications for Diabetes and Obesity" on 17-19 November 2017. International experts in genetics, epigenetics, computational biology, and physiology discussed the current state of understanding of the relationships between genetics, epigenetics, and environment in diabetes and examined existing evidence for the role of epigenetic factors in regulating metabolism and the risk of diabetes and its complications. The authors summarize the presentations, which highlight how the complex interactions between genes and environment may in part be mediated through epigenetic changes and how information about nutritional and other environmental stimuli can be transmitted to the next generation. In addition, the authors present expert consensus on knowledge gaps and research recommendations for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Maike Sander
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Chalyk BA, Hrebeniuk KV, Gavrilenko KS, Kulik IB, Rozhenko AB, Volochnyuk DM, Liashuk OS, Grygorenko OO. Synthesis of 4-Hetarylisoxazoles from Amino Acid-Derived Halogenoximes and Push-Pull Enamines. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantin S. Gavrilenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Irene B. Kulik
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Alexander B. Rozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr S. Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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17
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Enhanced efficacy of combined temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy for gliomas using targeted nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1991. [PMID: 29777137 PMCID: PMC5959860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) is limited by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and rapid resistance to single agent therapies. To address these issues, we developed a transferrin-functionalized nanoparticle (Tf-NP) that can deliver dual combination therapies. Using intravital imaging, we show the ability of Tf-NPs to traverse intact BBB in mice as well as achieve direct tumor binding in two intracranial orthotopic models of GBM. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with Tf-NPs loaded with temozolomide and the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 leads to increased DNA damage and apoptosis that correlates with a 1.5- to 2-fold decrease in tumor burden and corresponding increase in survival compared to equivalent free-drug dosing. Immunocompetent mice treated with Tf-NP-loaded drugs also show protection from the effects of systemic drug toxicity, demonstrating the preclinical potential of this nanoscale platform to deliver novel combination therapies to gliomas and other central nervous system tumors. The blood-brain barrier often limits effective delivery of treatments for glioblastoma . In this study, the authors develop transferrin-functionalized nanoparticles able to traverse the intact blood-brain barrier and deliver combination temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy to glioma-bearing mice.
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18
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Sato A, Ueno H, Fusegi M, Kaneko S, Kohno K, Virgona N, Ando A, Sekine Y, Yano T. A Succinate Ether Derivative of Tocotrienol Enhances Dickkopf-1 Gene Expression through Epigenetic Alterations in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells. Pharmacology 2018; 102:26-36. [PMID: 29763912 DOI: 10.1159/000489128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt signaling plays an essential role in tumor cell growth, including the development of malignant mesothelioma (MM). Epigenetic silencing of negative Wnt regulators leading to constitutive Wnt signaling has been observed in various cancers and warrants further attention. We have reported that a succinate ether derivative of α-tocotrienol (T3E) has potent cytotoxic effects in MM cells. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether the anti-MM effect of T3E could be mediated via the epigenetic alteration of the Wnt antagonist gene, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). METHODS WST-1 and cell analyzers were employed to analyze the effects of T3E on cell viability and apoptosis of human MM cell lines (H2452, H28). Real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to evaluate the expression at mRNA and protein levels. Methylation status and epigenetic modifications of DKK1's promoter regions after T3E treatment in MM cells were studied using methylation-specific PCR and Chromatin immunoprecipitation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown -(siRNA), and specific inhibitors, were used to validate DKK1 as a target of T3E. RESULTS T3E markedly impaired MM cell viability, increased the expression of phosphorylated-JNK and DKK1 and suppressed cyclin D, a downstream target gene of Wnt signaling. Knockdown of DKK1 expression by siRNA or a specific JNK inhibitor confirmed the contribution of DKK1 and JNK to T3E-induced cytotoxicity in MM cells. On the other hand, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) expression, which promotes cell proliferation as a Wnt-independent DKK1 receptor was inhibited by T3E. Silencing CKAP4 by -siRNA did not appear to directly affect MM cell viability, thereby indicating that expression of both DKK1 and CKAP4 is required. Furthermore, T3E-mediated inhibition of both DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, 3A, and 3B) and histone deacetylases (HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8) in MM cells leads to increased DKK1 expression, thereby promoting tumor growth inhibition. MM cells treated with Zebularine (a DNMT inhibitor) and sodium butyrate (an HDAC inhibitor) exhibited cytotoxic effects, which may explain the inhibitory action of T3E on MM cells. In addition, an enhanced expression of DKK1 in MM cells following T3E treatment is positively correlated with the methylation status of its promoter; T3E decreased DNA methylation and increased histone acetylation. Moreover, T3E specifically increased histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation activity, whereas no effects were observed on histone H3K9 and H3K27. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the epigenetic induction of DKK1 may lead to effective treatment of MM, and T3E has great potential to induce anti-MM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Sato
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute of Life Innovation, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haruka Ueno
- Graduate School of Food Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Momoka Fusegi
- Graduate School of Food Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Saki Kaneko
- Graduate School of Food Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kakeru Kohno
- Graduate School of Food Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nantiga Virgona
- Research Institute of Life Innovation, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Sekine
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yano
- Graduate School of Food Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan.,Research Institute of Life Innovation, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
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19
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Sakthikumar S, Elvers I, Kim J, Arendt ML, Thomas R, Turner-Maier J, Swofford R, Johnson J, Schumacher SE, Alföldi J, Axelsson E, Couto CG, Kisseberth WC, Pettersson ME, Getz G, Meadows JRS, Modiano JF, Breen M, Kierczak M, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Marinescu VD, Lindblad-Toh K. SETD2 Is Recurrently Mutated in Whole-Exome Sequenced Canine Osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3421-3431. [PMID: 29724721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a debilitating bone cancer that affects humans, especially children and adolescents. A homologous form of osteosarcoma spontaneously occurs in dogs, and its differential incidence observed across breeds allows for the investigation of tumor mutations in the context of multiple genetic backgrounds. Using whole-exome sequencing and dogs from three susceptible breeds (22 golden retrievers, 21 Rottweilers, and 23 greyhounds), we found that osteosarcoma tumors show a high frequency of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNA), affecting key oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. The across-breed results are similar to what has been observed for human osteosarcoma, but the disease frequency and somatic mutation counts vary in the three breeds. For all breeds, three mutational signatures (one of which has not been previously reported) and 11 significantly mutated genes were identified. TP53 was the most frequently altered gene (83% of dogs have either mutations or SCNA in TP53), recapitulating observations in human osteosarcoma. The second most frequently mutated gene, histone methyltransferase SETD2, has known roles in multiple cancers, but has not previously been strongly implicated in osteosarcoma. This study points to the likely importance of histone modifications in osteosarcoma and highlights the strong genetic similarities between human and dog osteosarcoma, suggesting that canine osteosarcoma may serve as an excellent model for developing treatment strategies in both species.Significance: Canine osteosarcoma genomics identify SETD2 as a possible oncogenic driver of osteosarcoma, and findings establish the canine model as a useful comparative model for the corresponding human disease. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3421-31. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Sakthikumar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ingegerd Elvers
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jaegil Kim
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Maja L Arendt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg D, Denmark
| | - Rachael Thomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erik Axelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Guillermo Couto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Veterinary Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, Ohio
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Veterinary Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mats E Pettersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer R S Meadows
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Breen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Marcin Kierczak
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Voichita D Marinescu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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20
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Bai ZT, Bai B, Zhu J, Di CX, Li X, Zhou WC. Epigenetic actions of environmental factors and promising drugs for cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2049-2056. [PMID: 29434904 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is known to be primarily associated with gene mutations. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that epigenetic events also serve crucial roles in tumor etiology. Environmental factors, including nutrition, toxicants and ethanol, are involved in carcinogenesis through inducing epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone deacetylase and miRNA regulation. Studying epigenetic mechanisms has facilitated the development of early diagnostic strategies and potential therapeutic avenues. Modulation at the epigenetic level, including reversing epigenetic modifications using targeted drugs, has demonstrated promise in cancer therapy. Therefore, identifying novel epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic targets has potential for the future of cancer therapy. The present review discusses the environmental factors involved in epigenetic modifications and potential drug candidates for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Tian Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Pathology Department of Donggang Branch Courts, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Xia Di
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xun Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ce Zhou
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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21
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Epigenetic reprogramming in liver fibrosis and cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:124-132. [PMID: 29079534 PMCID: PMC5716427 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel insights into the epigenetic control of chronic liver diseases are now emerging. Recent advances in our understanding of the critical roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications and ncRNA may now be exploited to improve management of fibrosis/cirrhosis and cancer. Furthermore, improved technologies for the detection of epigenetic markers from patients' blood and tissues will vastly improve diagnosis, treatment options and prognostic tracking. The aim of this review is to present recent findings from the field of liver epigenetics and to explore their potential for translation into therapeutics to prevent disease promoting epigenome reprogramming and reverse epigenetic changes.
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22
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Rohira AD, Lonard DM. Steroid receptor coactivators present a unique opportunity for drug development in hormone-dependent cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 140:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Protein-Protein Interaction Modulators for Epigenetic Therapies. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:65-84. [PMID: 29413000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is becoming an attractive approach for drug discovery. This is particularly true for difficult or emerging targets, such as epitargets that may be elusive to drugs that fall into the traditional chemical space. The chemical nature of the PPIs makes attractive the use of peptides or peptidomimetics to selectively modulate such interactions. Despite the fact peptide-based drug discovery has been challenging, the use of peptides as leads compounds for drug discovery is still a valid strategy. This chapter discusses the current status of PPIs in epigenetic drug discovery. A special emphasis is made on peptides and peptide-like compounds as potential drug candidates.
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24
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Ackloo S, Brown PJ, Müller S. Chemical probes targeting epigenetic proteins: Applications beyond oncology. Epigenetics 2017; 12:378-400. [PMID: 28080202 PMCID: PMC5453191 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1279371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic chemical probes are potent, cell-active, small molecule inhibitors or antagonists of specific domains in a protein; they have been indispensable for studying bromodomains and protein methyltransferases. The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), comprising scientists from academic and pharmaceutical laboratories, has generated most of the current epigenetic chemical probes. Moreover, the SGC has shared about 4 thousand aliquots of these probes, which have been used primarily for phenotypic profiling or to validate targets in cell lines or primary patient samples cultured in vitro. Epigenetic chemical probes have been critical tools in oncology research and have uncovered mechanistic insights into well-established targets, as well as identify new therapeutic starting points. Indeed, the literature primarily links epigenetic proteins to oncology, but applications in inflammation, viral, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases are now being reported. We summarize the literature of these emerging applications and provide examples where existing probes might be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ackloo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 15, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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25
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Molina-Serrano D, Kirmizis A. Calorie restriction breaks an epigenetic barrier to longevity. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:821-822. [PMID: 28319441 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1304745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Molina-Serrano
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus.,b Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes , CNRS UMR 6290, Rennes , France
| | - Antonis Kirmizis
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
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26
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Zhang HT, Gui T, Sang Y, Yang J, Li YH, Liang GH, Li T, He QY, Zha ZG. The BET Bromodomain Inhibitor JQ1 Suppresses Chondrosarcoma Cell Growth via Regulation of YAP/p21/c-Myc Signaling. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2182-2192. [PMID: 28059436 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Tian Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; College of Life Science and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Tao Gui
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Yuan Sang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Yu-Hang Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Gui-Hong Liang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510240 China
| | - Thomas Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; College of Life Science and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Zhen-Gang Zha
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery; Institute of Orthopedic Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510630 China
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27
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Pan D, Kather M, Willmann L, Schlimpert M, Bauer C, Lagies S, Schmidtkunz K, Eisenhardt SU, Jung M, Günther S, Kammerer B. Metabolic Response to XD14 Treatment in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1772. [PMID: 27783056 PMCID: PMC5085796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
XD14 is a 4-acyl pyrrole derivative, which was discovered by a high-throughput virtual screening experiment. XD14 inhibits bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT) and consequently suppresses cell proliferation. In this study, metabolic profiling reveals the molecular effects in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) treated by XD14. A three-day time series experiment with two concentrations of XD14 was performed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for untargeted profiling of treated and non-treated MCF-7 cells. The gained data sets were evaluated by several statistical methods: analysis of variance (ANOVA), clustering analysis, principle component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Cell proliferation was strongly inhibited by treatment with 50 µM XD14. Samples could be discriminated by time and XD14 concentration using PLS-DA. From the 117 identified metabolites, 67 were significantly altered after XD14 treatment. These metabolites include amino acids, fatty acids, Krebs cycle and glycolysis intermediates, as well as compounds of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. This massive intervention in energy metabolism and the lack of available nucleotides could explain the decreased proliferation rate of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Pan
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michel Kather
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lucas Willmann
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute of Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Simon Lagies
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Karin Schmidtkunz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen U Eisenhardt
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Günther
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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28
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Horning BD, Suciu RM, Ghadiri DA, Ulanovskaya OA, Matthews ML, Lum KM, Backus KM, Brown SJ, Rosen H, Cravatt BF. Chemical Proteomic Profiling of Human Methyltransferases. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13335-13343. [PMID: 27689866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylation is a fundamental mechanism used in Nature to modify the structure and function of biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, RNA, and metabolites. Methyl groups are predominantly installed into biomolecules by a large and diverse class of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTs), of which there are ∼200 known or putative members in the human proteome. Deregulated MT activity contributes to numerous diseases, including cancer, and several MT inhibitors are in clinical development. Nonetheless, a large fraction of the human MT family remains poorly characterized, underscoring the need for new technologies to characterize MTs and their inhibitors in native biological systems. Here, we describe a suite of S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) photoreactive probes and their application in chemical proteomic experiments to profile and enrich a large number of MTs (>50) from human cancer cell lysates with remarkable specificity over other classes of proteins. We further demonstrate that the SAH probes can enrich MT-associated proteins and be used to screen for and assess the selectivity of MT inhibitors, leading to the discovery of a covalent inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme implicated in cancer and metabolic disorders. The chemical proteomics probes and methods for their utilization reported herein should prove of value for the functional characterization of MTs, MT complexes, and MT inhibitors in mammalian biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Horning
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Darian A Ghadiri
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Olesya A Ulanovskaya
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Megan L Matthews
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Steven J Brown
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92307, United States
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29
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miR-449a inhibits colorectal cancer progression by targeting SATB2. Oncotarget 2016; 8:100975-100988. [PMID: 29254139 PMCID: PMC5731849 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-449a has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor in several cancers, however, it is controversial whether it inhibits tumor growth in colorectal cancer. The mechanisms underlying its expression and functions in colorectal cancers are still largely unknown. SATB2 is a sensitive and specific marker for CRC diagnosis. However, the mechanisms by which the expression and functions of SATB2 are regulated still remain to be clarified. We investigated the expression and functional significance of miR-449a and SATB2 and the mechanisms of their dysregulation in human CRC cells. miR-449a overexpression or SATB2 depletion inhibited tumor growth and promoted apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells in vitro and in xenograft mouse model, partially by downregulating SATB2. Expression of miR-449a was increased epigenetically via knocking down their targets, particularly SATB2. miR-449a was downregulated and STAB2 expression was upregulated in human CRCs. Their expressions were significantly associated with overall survival of CRC patients. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a miR-449a-SATB2 negative feedback loop that maintains low levels of miR-449a as well as high level of SATB2, thereby promoting CRC development.
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30
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Zhang C, Suo J, Katayama H, Wei Y, Garcia-Manero G, Hanash S. Quantitative proteomic analysis of histone modifications in decitabine sensitive and resistant leukemia cell lines. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 27382363 PMCID: PMC4932764 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The refractory nature of many cancers remains the main health challenge over the past century. The epigenetic drug, decitabine (DAC), represents one of the most promising therapeutic agents in cancers particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, its ambiguous anti-tumor mechanism and the unpredictable drug-resistant nature in some population compromise its application in cancer therapy. In crosstalk with DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are the key players in modulating the downstream epigenetic status of tumor suppressor genes. This study targets the role of decitabine in epigenetic regulation in leukemia therapy and searches responsive predictors and therapeutic targets for pretreatment evaluation and drug development. Results A simple, fast, and robust proteomic strategy identified 15 novel PTMs and 60 PTM combinations in two leukemia cell lines (MDS-L and TF-1). Histone modification profiles have been generated and compared between DAC sensitive and resistant groups (n = 3) in response to DAC treatment. Among these histone PTMs, five of which were found differentially upon DAC treatment in drug sensitive and resistant cells: H3.3K36me3, H4K8acK12acK16ac in MDS-L cells; and H3.1K27me1, H3.1K36me1, H3.1K27me1K36me1 in TF-1 cells. They may serve as biomarkers in predicting leukemia and drug responsiveness. In addition, we also explored PTM differences in two cell lines which were developed from early and advanced stages of AML. Three PTMs (H3.1K27me3, H3.1K27me2K36me2 and H3.3K27me2K36me2) are highly abundant in TF-1 cells (advanced AML cell line), suggesting their relevance to leukemogenesis. Our method allowed deep analysis of histone proteins and elucidation of a large number of histone PTMs with high precision and sensitivity. Conclusion DAC-induced DNA hypomethylation has wide impact on chromatin modifications. This study represents first effort to investigate the undefined epigenetic mechanism of decitabine in leukemia therapy. The identification of 15 novel PTMs and the discovery of several marks have relevance to epigenetic directed therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-016-9115-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchao Zhang
- Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jinfeng Suo
- Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Samir Hanash
- Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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31
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Epigenetic mechanisms regulating the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and their promise for therapeutics. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:45-53. [PMID: 27271356 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers around the globe and third most fatal malignancy. Chronic liver disorders such as chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis often lead to the development of HCC. Accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in the development of HCC. Genetic research sparked by recent developments in next generation sequencing has identified the frequency of genetic alterations that occur in HCC and has led to the identification of genetic hotspots. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic aberrations are strongly associated with the initiation and development of HCC. Various important genes encoding tumor suppressors including P16, RASSF1A, DLC-1, RUNX3 and SOCS-1 are targets of epigenetic dysregulation during the development of HCC. The present review discusses the importance of epigenetic regulations including DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA mediated regulation of gene expression during tumorigenesis and their use as disease biomarkers. Furthermore, these epigenetic alterations have been discussed in relationship with promising therapeutic perspectives for HCC and related cancers.
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32
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Vacca M, Della Ragione F, Scalabrì F, D'Esposito M. X inactivation and reactivation in X-linked diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:78-87. [PMID: 26994527 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the phenomenon by which mammals compensate for dosage of X-linked genes in females (XX) versus males (XY). XCI patterns can be random or show extreme skewing, and can modify the mode of inheritance of X-driven phenotypes, which contributes to the variability of human pathologies. Recent findings have shown reversibility of the XCI process, which has opened new avenues in the approaches used for the treatment of X-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Vacca
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Floriana Della Ragione
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio D'Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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33
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McCleland ML, Mesh K, Lorenzana E, Chopra VS, Segal E, Watanabe C, Haley B, Mayba O, Yaylaoglu M, Gnad F, Firestein R. CCAT1 is an enhancer-templated RNA that predicts BET sensitivity in colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:639-52. [PMID: 26752646 PMCID: PMC4731162 DOI: 10.1172/jci83265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon tumors arise in a stepwise fashion from either discrete genetic perturbations or epigenetic dysregulation. To uncover the key epigenetic regulators that drive colon cancer growth, we used a CRISPR loss-of-function screen and identified a number of essential genes, including the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein BRD4. We found that BRD4 is critical for colon cancer proliferation, and its knockdown led to differentiation effects in vivo. JQ1, a BET inhibitor, preferentially reduced growth in a subset of epigenetically dysregulated colon cancers characterized by the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Integrated transcriptomic and genomic analyses defined a distinct superenhancer in CIMP+ colon cancers that regulates cMYC transcription. We found that the long noncoding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) is transcribed from this superenhancer and is exquisitely sensitive to BET inhibition. Concordantly, cMYC transcription and cell growth were tightly correlated with the presence of CCAT1 RNA in a variety of tumor types. Taken together, we propose that CCAT1 is a clinically tractable biomarker for identifying patients who are likely to benefit from BET inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Colorectal Neoplasms
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Triazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Colin Watanabe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oleg Mayba
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and
| | | | - Florian Gnad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and
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The anticancer potential of steroidal saponin, dioscin, isolated from wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) root extract in invasive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 591:98-110. [PMID: 26682631 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we observed that wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) root extract (WYRE) was able to activate GATA3 in human breast cancer cells targeting epigenome. This study aimed to find out if dioscin (DS), a bioactive compound of WYRE, can modulate GATA3 functions and cellular invasion in human breast cancer cells. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated in the absence/presence of various concentrations of DS and subjected to gene analysis by RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. We determined the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to migrate into wound area and examined the effects of DS on cellular invasion using invasion assay. DS reduced cell viability of both cell lines in a concentration and time-dependent manner. GATA3 expression was enhanced by DS (5.76 μM) in MDA-MB-231 cells. DS (5.76 μM)-treated MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited the morphological characteristic of epithelial-like cells; mRNA expression of DNMT3A, TET2, TET3, ZFPM2 and E-cad were increased while TET1, VIM and MMP9 were decreased. Cellular invasion of MDA-MB-231 was reduced by 65 ± 5% in the presence of 5.76 μM DS. Our data suggested that DS-mediated pathway could promote GATA3 expression at transcription and translation levels. We propose that DS has potential to be used as an anti-invasive agent in breast cancer.
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Miousse IR, Currie R, Datta K, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, French JE, Harrill AH, Koturbash I, Lawton M, Mann D, Meehan RR, Moggs JG, O'Lone R, Rasoulpour RJ, Pera RAR, Thompson K. Importance of investigating epigenetic alterations for industry and regulators: An appraisal of current efforts by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. Toxicology 2015; 335:11-9. [PMID: 26134581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have led to rapid progress in the characterization of epigenetic modifications that control gene expression in a generally heritable way, and are likely involved in defining cellular phenotypes, developmental stages and disease status from one generation to the next. On November 18, 2013, the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a symposium entitled "Advances in Assessing Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Drugs and Chemicals" in Washington, D.C. The goal of the symposium was to identify gaps in knowledge and highlight promising areas of progress that represent opportunities to utilize epigenomic profiling for risk assessment of drugs and chemicals. Epigenomic profiling has the potential to provide mechanistic information in toxicological safety assessments; this is especially relevant for the evaluation of carcinogenic or teratogenic potential and also for drugs that directly target epigenetic modifiers, like DNA methyltransferases or histone modifying enzymes. Furthermore, it can serve as an endpoint or marker for hazard characterization in chemical safety assessment. The assessment of epigenetic effects may also be approached with new model systems that could directly assess transgenerational effects or potentially sensitive stem cell populations. These would enhance the range of safety assessment tools for evaluating xenobiotics that perturb the epigenome. Here we provide a brief synopsis of the symposium, update findings since that time and then highlight potential directions for future collaborative efforts to incorporate epigenetic profiling into risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard Currie
- Syngenta Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Heidrun Ellinger-Ziegelbauer
- Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - John E French
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alison H Harrill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Derek Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - Raegan O'Lone
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Reza J Rasoulpour
- Toxicology Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Karol Thompson
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, OCP, CDER, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Kelly WK, Marks P, Richon VM. CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: Vorinostat—Gateway to Epigenetic Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2198-200. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Katoh M. Functional proteomics of the epigenetic regulators ASXL1, ASXL2 and ASXL3: a convergence of proteomics and epigenetics for translational medicine. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:317-28. [PMID: 25835095 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1033409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ASXL1, ASXL2 and ASXL3 are epigenetic scaffolds for BAP1, EZH2, NCOA1, nuclear receptors and WTIP. Here, functional proteomics of the ASXL family members are reviewed with emphasis on mutation spectra, the ASXM2 domain and the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. Copy number gains of ASXL1 occur in chromosome 20q11.2 duplication syndrome and cervical cancer. Truncation mutations of ASXLs occur in autism, Bohring-Opitz and related syndromes, hematological malignancies and solid tumors, such as prostate cancer, breast cancer and high-grade glioma, which are gain- or loss-of-function mutations. The ASXM2 domain is a binding module for androgen receptor and estrogen receptor α, while the PHD finger is a ligand of WTIP LIM domains and a putative chromatin-binding module. Phylogenetic analyses of 139 human PHD fingers revealed that ASXL PHD fingers cluster with those of BPTF, DIDO, ING1, KDM5A (JARID1A), KMT2E (MLL5), PHF2, PHF8 and PHF23. The cell context-dependent epigenetic code of ASXLs should be deciphered to develop therapeutics for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center - Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo Ward, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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D'Amato L, Dell'Aversana C, Conte M, Ciotta A, Scisciola L, Carissimo A, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. ARHGEF3 controls HDACi-induced differentiation via RhoA-dependent pathways in acute myeloid leukemias. Epigenetics 2015; 10:6-18. [PMID: 25494542 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.988035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression and activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been correlated with tumorigenesis. Inhibitors of HDACs (HDACi) induce acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins affecting gene expression, cell cycle progression, cell migration, terminal differentiation and cell death. Here, we analyzed the regulation of ARHGEF3, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, by the HDACi MS275 (entinostat). MS275 is a well-known benzamide-based HDACi, which induces differentiation of the monoblastic-like human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937 to monocytes/macrophages. Incubation of U937 cells with MS275 resulted in an up regulation of ARHGEF3, followed by a significant enhancement of the marker of macrophage differentiation CD68. ARHGEF3 protein is primarily nuclear, but MS275 treatment rapidly induced its translocation into the cytoplasm. ARHGEF3 cytoplasmic localization is associated with activation of the RhoA/Rho-associated Kinase (ROCK) pathway. In addition to cytoskeletal rearrangements orchestrated by RhoA, we showed that ARHGEF3/RhoA-dependent signals involve activation of SAPK/JNK and then Elk1 transcription factor. Importantly, MS275-induced CD68 expression was blocked by exposure of U937 cells to exoenzyme C3 transferase and Y27632, inhibitors of Rho and ROCK respectively. Moreover, ARHGEF3 silencing prevented RhoA activation leading to a reduction in SAPK/JNK phosphorylation, Elk1 activation and CD68 expression, suggesting a crucial role for ARHGEF3 in myeloid differentiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ARHGEF3 modulates acute myeloid leukemia differentiation through activation of RhoA and pathways directly controlled by small GTPase family proteins. The finding that GEF protein modulation by HDAC inhibition impacts on cell differentiation may be important for understanding the antitumor mechanism(s) by which HDACi treatment stimulates differentiation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana D'Amato
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale ; Seconda Università di Napoli ; Napoli , Italy
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Kyburz D, Karouzakis E, Ospelt C. Epigenetic changes: The missing link. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:577-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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