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Xu T, Fu Q, Qingru Z, Wang Z, Liu X, Xiao S, Jiang X, Lu Y, Gong Z, Wu Y, Fang M. A simple fluorescence pyrocatechol-polyethyleneimine detection method for 3-MCPD. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:276-283. [PMID: 38113035 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01912h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid fluorescence detection method was established for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). The detection system works based on the fluorescence quenching of pyrocatechol-polyethyleneimine (PCh-PEI) polymer by 3-MCPD. The fluorescence quenching ability of 3-MCPD for PCh-PEI polymer was measured at different pH and temperatures. Indeed, in the presence of 3-MCPD, the fluorescence intensity of PCh-PEI polymer solution was quenched best at 100 °C and pH 8.5. Also, the effect of different concentrations of 3-MCPD on the optical properties of the PCh-PEI polymer was examined. Under optimal experimental conditions, fluorescence detection was linear in a range of 0.08-2.0 mg per L 3-MCPD, with a calculated detection limit of 0.06 mg L-1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9974. Concisely, the reported method has good sensitivity and can be used for the rapid detection of 3-MCPD contamination in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Qing Fu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Zeng Qingru
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shensheng Xiao
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Oil Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Yuepeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Oil Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Min Fang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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2
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Oey SB, van der Fels-Klerx H, Fogliano V, van Leeuwen SP. Chemical refining methods effectively mitigate 2-MCPD esters, 3-MCPD esters, and glycidyl esters formation in refined vegetable oils. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of total 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol from refined edible oils based on a natural deep eutectic solvent and its determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462559. [PMID: 34571280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a fast, sensitive, and selective sample preparation procedure was presented for the determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in refined edible oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this method, firstly, the sample lipids and analyte fatty esters are saponified by sodium hydroxide under sonication. After that the analyte was derivatized using phenylboronic acid (as the derivatization agent) and the obtained derivative was extracted during an air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction procedure (AALLME). Six different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared as the extraction solvents and the most effective extraction for 3-MCPD was obtained in the presence of a natural DES (NDES) consisting of choline chloride (ChCl)-acetic acid (AcOH). Important variables such as sodium hydroxide concentration and volume, sonication time, temperature, extraction solvent type and volume, and phenylboronic acid concentration and volume have been optimized. Using the optimum conditions, broad linear range (0.88-1000 ng g-1), suitable coefficient of determination (0.995), and low limits of detection (0.26 ng g-1) and quantification (0.88 ng g-1) were obtained. Relative standard deviations for intra- (n=8) and inter-day (n=6) precisions at a concentration of 5 ng g-1 were 2.6 and 3.2%, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied to 3-MCPD determination in refined edible oil samples including sunflower, corn, and canola oils.
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4
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Martin AA, Fodjo EK, Eric-Simon ZV, Gu Z, Yang G, Albert T, Kong C, Wang HF. Cys-AgNPs modified gold electrode as an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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5
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Free and bound MCPD and glycidyl esters in smoked and thermally treated fishery products of the German market. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo provide a comprehensive overview of the amounts of unesterified and bound 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidyl esters (G–E) in processed fishery products sold in Germany, an analysis of various frequently consumed products was conducted. In total, 258 commercial samples of breaded and pre-fried fishery products (e.g., frozen fish fingers), fried fish products (e.g., products in marinade), canned fish, smoked fish and some smoked spice preparations were examined. In addition, the effect of different kitchen preparation methods (e.g., baking, frying and roasting) on the MCPD and G–E amounts of fish fingers was studied. The mentioned process contaminants, MCPD and G-E, were quantifiable in the majority of the samples. Although pre-fried and fried fishery products predominantly contained MCPD esters (MCPD-E), mainly free MCPD was found in smoked fish. Compared with other types of smoke generation, hot smoked fish prepared in traditional Altona smoking kilns contained, on average, the highest 3-MCPD contents (range: 12–246 µg/kg). The amounts of bound MCPD in the fried fish products (range for 3-MCPD-E: < LOQ-808 µg/kg) were not significantly different from the amounts in the investigated pre-fried fish samples (range for 3-MCPD-E: < LOQ-792 µg/kg). However, they differ significantly from the amounts in unfried products (< LOQ). After preparation in the kitchen, the contents in the ready-to-eat fish fingers depend primarily on the initial contaminant amounts of the frozen product and/or the frying oil, respectively.
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6
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Li X, Tan CP, Liu YF, Xu YJ. Interactions between Food Hazards and Intestinal Barrier: Impact on Foodborne Diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14728-14738. [PMID: 33289375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is an important digestive organ of the human body, and its barrier is the guardian of the body from the external environment. The impairment of the intestinal barrier is believed to be an important determinant in various foodborne diseases. Food hazards can lead to the occurrence of many foodborne diseases represented by inflammation. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the impact of the food hazards on intestinal barriers is essential for promoting human health. This review examined the relationship between food hazards and the intestinal barrier in three aspects: apoptosis, imbalance of gut microbiota, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of dysfunctional gut microbiota caused by food hazards was also discussed. This review discusses the interaction among food hazards, intestinal barrier, and foodborne diseases and, thus, offers a new thought to deal with foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor 410500, Malaysia
| | - Yuan-Fa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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7
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Martin AA, Fodjo EK, Marc GBI, Albert T, Kong C. Simple and rapid detection of free 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol based on cysteine modified silver nanoparticles. Food Chem 2020; 338:127787. [PMID: 32827901 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A rapid colorimetric method using cysteine-modified silver nanoparticles (Cys-AgNPs) is applied for the detection of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Indeed, in the presence of 3-MCPD, the color of Cys-AgNPs solution changes from yellow to pink within five minutes at 100 °C and pH 9.3. This change is mainly attributed to the ability of amino group of cysteine to react with 3-MCPD to form N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-amino acid grafted on AgNPs (3-MCPD-Cys-AgNPs) in alkaline medium. This color change makes 3-MCPD to be clearly detectable by unassisted visual means even at 0.1 μg⋅mL-1. Besides, using UV-Vis spectroscopic technique, a linear range from 0.1 μg⋅mL-1 to 1.25 μg⋅mL-1 for 3-MCPD detection is obtained, with a calculated detection limit of 0.084 μg⋅mL-1. These results suggest that this sensing technique is sensitive to 3-MCPD and may have a substantial application in the rapid detection of food contaminants particularly, where quality and safety of food products are paramount concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aka Alla Martin
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Physical Chemistry Laboratory, UFR SSMT, Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Essy Kouadio Fodjo
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, UFR SSMT, Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Gouli Bi Irié Marc
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, UFR SSMT, Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Trokourey Albert
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, UFR SSMT, Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Cong Kong
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai 200063, China.
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8
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Zhang Z, Yang P, Gao B, Huang G, Liu M, Yu LL. Synthesis of 2-Monochloropanol Fatty Acid Esters and Their Acute Oral Toxicities in Swiss Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3789-3795. [PMID: 30874433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthetic route was designed, developed, and utilized to synthesize six high-purity 2-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (2-MCPD esters), a group of potential processing-induced food contaminants. A chlorine atom was introduced to C-2 of a diethyl malonate molecule, which was reduced by NaBH4 and followed by esterification using fatty acids. The reaction products were isolated and purified using silica gel columns to obtain three 2-MCPD monoesters and three diesters at about 50-54% and 56-59% yields, respectively. In addition, 2-MCPD monopalmitate and dipalmitate were examined for their acute oral toxicities in Swiss mice. The LD50 values of 2-MCPD mono- and dipalmitate were greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW), along with detectable nephrotoxicity and testicular toxicity. The results of this study may promote future investigation of MCPD ester toxicology and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Puyu Yang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , 0112 Skinner Building , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Guoren Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Man Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- College of Life Science , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , 0112 Skinner Building , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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9
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Beekman JK, Granvogl M, MacMahon S. Analysis and Occurrence of MCPD and Glycidyl Esters in Infant Formulas and Other Complex Food Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2019-1306.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Beekman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive,College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Chair for Food Chemistry, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive,College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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10
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Huang G, Gao B, Xue J, Cheng Z, Sun X, Zhang Y, Yu LL. Toxicokinetics and Metabolism of 3-Monochloropropane 1,2-Diol Dipalmitate in Sprague Dawley Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11672-11680. [PMID: 30303014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane 1,2-diol (3-MCPD) are a group of processing-induced toxicants. To better clarify their possible toxicological effects and mechanisms, it is important to investigate their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In this study, the kinetic parameters of 3-MCPD dipalmitate in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat plasma were determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. 3-MCPD dipalmitate was absorbed in rats with a Cmax of 135.00 ng/mL, a T1/2 of 3.87 h, a Tmax of 2.5 h, an MRT of 5.08 h, a CL of 3.50 L/h/g, a Vd of 21.34 L/g, and an AUC0-∞ of 458.47 h·ng/mL. A total of 17 metabolites were identified, and 16 of them were reported for the first time. Furthermore, these metabolites were examined for their presences in the liver, kidney, testis, brain, spleen, thymus, intestine, plasma, feces, and urine samples 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after oral administration of 3-MCPD dipalmitate using Metabolynx software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoren Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Boyan Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Jinli Xue
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , 0112 Skinner Building , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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11
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Proteomic analysis of 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and 2-MCPD dipalmitate toxicity in rat kidney and liver in a 28-days study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Suppression of T lymphocyte activation by 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol mono- and di-palmitate esters in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:54-62. [PMID: 29733892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether and how 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters, a group of food contaminants formed during processing, might inhibit the immune system through suppressing T lymphocyte activation for the first time. Three 3-MCPD esters including 1-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (1-pal), 2-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (2-pal), and1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (dipal) were selected as the probe compounds to test the possible effects of fatty acid structure on their potential immune inhibitory effect. The results showed that 1-pal and 2-pal, but not dipal, significantly suppressed ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation, cell cycle activity, Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion, CD4+ T cell populations, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells under the experimental conditions. Moreover, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that 1-pal and 2-pal could inhibit the activation of ConA-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. In addition, 1-pal significantly suppressed DNFB-induced delayed-type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction characterized by the increased ear thickness and IFN-γ production in mice. These observations indicated that 3-MCPD esters exerted a negative effect on T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, and the immunosuppressive activities of 3-MCPD monopalmitates were stronger than 3-MCPD dipalmitate.
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13
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Frenzel F, Oberemm A, Lampen A, Braeuning A. Proteomic effects of repeated-dose oral exposure to 2-monochloropropanediol and its dipalmitate in rat testes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:354-359. [PMID: 29705614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters are food contaminants which are concomitantly formed upon thermal treatment of foodstuff containing fats and salt. Exposure to 2- or 3-MCPD thus results, for example, from refined vegetable oils, in instant meals or infant formula, as well as in cereals or pastries. The molecular mechanisms of 2-MCPD toxicity are poorly understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of 2-MCDP-induced alterations in the testes from rats following oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight per day 2-MCPD, or an equimolar dose of 2-MCPD dipalmitate as a representative 2-MCPD fatty acid ester. In the absence of overt histopathologically detectable toxicity, moderate alterations in cellular proteomic signatures were recorded. The observations are in line with the assumption that the molecular mechanisms of 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD toxicity differ. Observed proteomic alterations point towards effects of 2-MCPD on mitogen-dependent signaling and mitochondrial energy utilization. Presented data for the first time provide insight into proteomic effects of 2-MCPD in testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Frenzel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Jumaah F, Jędrkiewicz R, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J, Essén S, Turner C, Sandahl M. Rapid and Green Separation of Mono- and Diesters of Monochloropropanediols by Ultrahigh Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Neat Carbon Dioxide as a Mobile Phase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8220-8228. [PMID: 28847148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the effect of column selectivity and density of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) on the separation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters, known as food toxicants, using SC-CO2 without addition of cosolvent in ultrahigh performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS). This study shows that over 20 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) mono- and diesters are separated on a 2-picolylamine column in less than 12 min. The presence and position of a hydroxyl group in the structure, the number of unsaturated bonds, and the acyl chain length play a significant role in the separation of MCPD esters. The flow rate, backpressure, and column oven temperature, which affect the density of the mobile phase, were shown to have a substantial impact on retention, efficiency, and selectivity. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of MCPD esters in refined oils and showed a close to excellent green analysis score using the Analytical Eco-Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Jumaah
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Renata Jędrkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology , 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Gromadzka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology , 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology , 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sofia Essén
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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15
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Comparative analysis of transcriptomic responses to repeated-dose exposure to 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD in rat kidney, liver and testis. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Oxidative inactivation of the endogenous antioxidant protein DJ-1 by the food contaminants 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:289-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Gao B, Liu M, Huang G, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang TTY, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu L. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of 3-MCPD 1-Monopalmitate after Oral Administration in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2609-2614. [PMID: 28276235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of monochloropropane 1,2-diol (3-MCPD) are processing-induced toxicants and have been detected in several food categories. This study investigated the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 3-MCPD esters in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate as the probe compound. The kinetics of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate in plasma was investigated using SD rats, and the results indicated that 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was absorbed directly in vivo and metabolized. Its primary metabolites in the liver, kidney, testis, brain, plasma, and urine were tentatively identified and measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after oral administration. Structures were proposed for eight metabolites. 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was converted to free 3-MCPD, which formed the phase II metabolites. All of the metabolites were chlorine-related chemical components; most of them existed in urine, reflecting the excretion pattern of 3-MCPD esters. Understanding the metabolism of 3-MCPD esters in vivo is critical for assessing their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Man Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guoren Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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18
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Hassan R. Possibilities and limitations of intravital imaging. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 15:872-874. [PMID: 28275323 PMCID: PMC5341010 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hassan
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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19
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Comparative proteomic analysis of 2-MCPD- and 3-MCPD-induced heart toxicity in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3145-3155. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Senyildiz M, Alpertunga B, Ozden S. DNA methylation analysis in rat kidney epithelial cells exposed to 3-MCPD and glycidol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:432-439. [PMID: 27884059 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1255951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a well-known food processing contaminant that has been regarded as a rat carcinogen, which is known to induce Leydig-cell and mammary gland tumors in males, as well as kidney tumors in both genders. 3-MCPD is highly suspected to be a non-genotoxic carcinogen. 2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) can be formed via dehalogenation from 3-MCPD. We aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of 3-MCPD and glycidol, then to demonstrate the possible epigenetic mechanisms with global and gene-specific DNA methylation in rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK-52E). IC50 value of 3-MCPD was determined as 48 mM and 41.39 mM, whereas IC50 value of glycidol was 1.67 mM and 1.13 mM by MTT and NRU test, respectively. Decreased global DNA methylation at the concentrations of 100 μM and 1000 μM for 3-MCPD and 100 μM and 500 μM for glycidol were observed after 48 h exposure by using 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) ELISA kit. Methylation changes were detected in promoter regions of c-myc and Rassf1a in 3-MCPD and glycidol treated NRK-52E cells by using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), whereas changes on gene expression of c-myc and Rassf1a were observed by using real-time PCR. However, e-cadherin, p16, VHL and p15 genes were unmethylated in their CpG promoter regions in response to treatment with 3-MCPD and glycidol. Alterations in DNA methylation might be key events in the toxicity of 3-MCPD and glycidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Senyildiz
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sibel Ozden
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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21
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Samaras VG, Giri A, Zelinkova Z, Karasek L, Buttinger G, Wenzl T. Analytical method for the trace determination of esterified 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol and glycidyl fatty acid esters in various food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Marc C, Drouard-Pascarel V, Rétho C, Janvion P, Saltron F. Determination of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol and 2-Monochloropropane-1,3-diol (MCPD) Esters and Glycidyl Esters by Microwave Extraction in Different Foodstuffs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4353-4361. [PMID: 27133957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in various foodstuffs, which are isolated using microwave extraction. The next step is based on alkaline-catalyzed ester cleavage. The released glycidol is transformed into monobromopropanediol (MBPD). All compounds are derivatized in free diols (MCPD and MBPD) with phenylboronic acid and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was validated for oils with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.1 mg/kg, for chips and crisps with a LOQ of 0.02 mg/kg, and for infant formula with a LOQ of 0.0025 mg/L. Recoveries of each sample were controlled by standard addition on extracts before derivatization. Quantitation was performed by the addition of isotopically labeled glycidyl and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Marc
- Service Commun des Laboratoires , 25 Avenue de la République, 91744 Massy, France
| | | | - Cécile Rétho
- Service Commun des Laboratoires , 25 Avenue de la République, 91744 Massy, France
| | - Patrice Janvion
- Service Commun des Laboratoires , 25 Avenue de la République, 91744 Massy, France
| | - Frédéric Saltron
- Service Commun des Laboratoires , 25 Avenue de la République, 91744 Massy, France
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Indirect Determination of MCPD Fatty Acid Esters in Lipid Fractions of Commercially Available Infant Formulas for the Assessment of Infants’ Health Risk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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25
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Kaze N, Watanabe Y, Sato H, Murota K, Kotaniguchi M, Yamamoto H, Inui H, Kitamura S. Estimation of the Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism Behaviors of 2- and 3-Monochloropropanediol Esters. Lipids 2016; 51:913-22. [PMID: 27023203 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regioisomers of the di- and mono-oleate of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) have been synthesized and subsequently hydrolyzed with pancreatic lipase and pancreatin to estimate the intestinal digestion and absorption of these compounds after their intake. The hydrolysates were analyzed by HPLC using a corona charged aerosol detection system, which allowed for the separation and detection of the different regioisomers of the MCPD esters. The hydrolysates were also analyzed by GC-MS to monitor the free MCPD. The results indicated that the two acyl groups of 2-MCPD-1,3-dioleate were smoothly hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and pancreatin to give free 2-MCPD. In contrast, the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD-1,2-dioleate proceeded predominantly at the primary position to produce 3-MCPD-2-oleate. 2-MCPD-1-oleate and 3-MCPD-1-oleate were further hydrolyzed to free 2- and 3-MCPD by pancreatic lipase and pancreatin, although the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD-2-oleate was 80 % slower than that of 3-MCPD-1-oleate. The intestinal absorption characteristics of these compounds were evaluated in vitro using a Caco-2 cell monolayer. The results revealed that the MCPD monooleates, but not the MCPD dioleates, were hydrolyzed to produce the free MCPD in the presence of the Caco-2 cells. The resulting free MCPD permeated the Caco-2 monolayer most likely via a diffusion mechanism because their permeation profiles were independent of the dose. Similar permeation profiles were obtained for 2- and 3-MCPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kaze
- Ueda Oils and Fats MFG Co. Ltd, 17 Uozakihamamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-0024, Japan
| | - Yomi Watanabe
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, 536-8553, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, 536-8553, Japan
| | - Kaeko Murota
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Miyako Kotaniguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Ueda Oils and Fats MFG Co. Ltd, 17 Uozakihamamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Nutrition, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8555, Japan
- Center for Research and Development of Bioresources, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kitamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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26
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Liu M, Huang G, Wang TTY, Sun X, Yu LL. 3-MCPD 1-Palmitate Induced Tubular Cell Apoptosis In Vivo via JNK/p53 Pathways. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:181-92. [PMID: 27008853 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) are a group of processing induced food contaminants with nephrotoxicity but the molecular mechanism(s) remains unclear. This study investigated whether and how the JNK/p53 pathway may play a role in the nephrotoxic effect of 3-MCPD esters using 3-MCPD 1-palmitate (MPE) as a probe compound in Sprague Dawley rats. Microarray analysis of the kidney from the Sprague Dawley rats treated with MPE, using Gene Ontology categories and KEGG pathways, revealed that MPE altered mRNA expressions of the genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (JNK and ERK), p53, and apoptotic signal transduction pathways. The changes in the mRNA expressions were confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses and were consistent with the induction of tubular cell apoptosis as determined by histopathological, TUNEL, and immunohistochemistry analyses in the kidneys of the Sprague Dawley rats. Additionally, p53 knockout attenuated the apoptosis, and the apoptosis-related protein bax expression and cleaved caspase-3 activation induced by MPE in the p53 knockout C57BL/6 mice, whereas JNK inhibitor SP600125 but not ERK inhibitor U0126 inhibited MPE-induced apoptosis, supporting the conclusion that JNK/p53 might play a critical role in the tubular cell apoptosis induced by MPE and other 3-MCPD fatty acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- *Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guoren Huang
- *Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- *Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- *Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742
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