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Boulos JC, Omer EA, Rigano D, Formisano C, Chatterjee M, Leich E, Klauck SM, Shan LT, Efferth T. Cynaropicrin disrupts tubulin and c-Myc-related signaling and induces parthanatos-type cell death in multiple myeloma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2265-2281. [PMID: 37344563 PMCID: PMC10618500 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of blood malignancies is incurable and has unforeseeable remitting-relapsing paths in response to different treatments. Cynaropicrin, a natural sesquiterpene lactone from the edible parts of the artichoke plant, has gained increased attention as a chemotherapeutic agent. In this study, we investigated the effects of cynaropicrin against multiple myeloma (MM) cells in vitro and assessed its in vivo effectiveness in a xenograft tumor zebrafish model. We showed that cynaropicrin exerted potent cytotoxicity against a panel of nine MM cell lines and two leukemia cell lines with AMO1 being the most sensitive cell line (IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.3 µM). Cynaropicrin (0.8, 1.9, 3.6 µM) dose-dependently reduced c-Myc expression and transcriptional activity in AMO1 cells that was associated with significant downregulation of STAT3, AKT, and ERK1/2. Cell cycle analysis showed that cynaropicrin treatment arrested AMO1 cells in the G2M phase along with an increase in the sub-G0G1 phase after 24 h. With prolonged treatment times, cells accumulated more in the sub-G0G1 phase, implying cell death. Using confocal microscopy, we revealed that cynaropicrin disrupted the microtubule network in U2OS cells stably expressing α-tubulin-GFP. Furthermore, we revealed that cynaropicrin promoted DNA damage in AMO1 cells leading to PAR polymer production by PARP1 hyperactivation, resulting in AIF translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus and subsequently to a novel form of cell death, parthanatos. Finally, we demonstrated that cynaropicrin (5, 10 µM) significantly reduced tumor growth in a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) xenograft zebrafish model. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cynaropicrin causes potent inhibition of hematopoietic tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle C Boulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ejlal A Omer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Rigano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Formisano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Manik Chatterjee
- University Hospital Würzburg, Translational Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Leich
- Julius Maximilian University, Institute of Pathology, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Translational Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Le-Tian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Chen JY, Lian X, Fan YW, Ao ZY, Zhang WJ, Pan YC, Chen LP, Yuan J, Wu JW. Four new stilbenes and one new flavonoid with potential antibacterial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity from Cajanus cajan. J Nat Med 2023; 77:858-866. [PMID: 37462863 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Four new stilbenes (1-4) and one new flavonoid (5), named cajanines D-H, together with three known stilbenes (6-8) were isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeon pea). The structures of these compounds were elucidated unambiguously on the basis of IR, 1D, and 2D NMR, as well as HRESIMS data. Structurally, stilbenes 1-4 bore an isopentyl side chain, and further hydroxylation of compounds 1-3 generated a greater variety of structural forms. Compound 5 was a flavonoid owning an isopentyl side chain. Besides, antibacterial activity of the isolated compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli was studied in vitro. Compounds 1-8 were endowed with profound antibacterial activity. Among them, the MIC values of compounds 4, 6, and 7 against S. aureus were 1.56, 0.78, and 0.78 µg/mL, respectively, among which 6 and 7 had better antibacterial activity than the positive control Vancomycin with the MIC values of 1.56 µg/mL. Additionally, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 main protease activity of all the isolated compounds was evaluated, and it was worth mentioning that the IC50 values of compounds 5-7 were 8.27, 4.65, and 8.30 µM, respectively, being comparable to the positive control Ebselen. Our findings may provide valuable guidance for the application of stilbenes as lead compounds in the future for the development of drugs with antibacterial or anti-COVID-19 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Yi Ao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chen Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie-Wei Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Adham AN, Abdelfatah S, Naqishbandi A, Sugimoto Y, Fleischer E, Efferth T. Transcriptomics, molecular docking, and cross-resistance profiling of nobiletin in cancer cells and synergistic interaction with doxorubicin upon SOX5 transfection. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154064. [PMID: 35344715 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nobiletin is a polymethoxylated flavone from citrus fruit peels. Among other bioactivities, it acts antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular-protective. Nobiletin exerts profound anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. PURPOSE The aim was to unravel the multiple modes of action against cancer cells by bioinformatic and transcriptomic techniques and their verification by molecular pharmacological methods. METHODS The in silico methods used were COMPARE analysis of transcriptomic data, signaling pathway analysis, transcription factor binding motif analysis in promoter sequences of target genes, and molecular docking. The in vitro methods used were resazurin assay, isobologram analysis, generation of stably SOX5-tranfected cells, and Western blotting. RESULTS Nobiletin was cytotoxic against a wide range of cell lines from different tumor types, including diverse phenotypes to established anticancer drugs (e.g., P-glycoprotein, ABCB5, p53, EGFR). Cross-resistance profiling with 83 standard anticancer drugs revealed a correlation to antihormonal anticancer drugs, which can be explained by the phytoestrogenic features of nobiletin. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the responsiveness of tumor cells was predictable by their specific mRNA expression profile. Nobiletin bound to the transcription factor SOX5 in silico. SOX5 conferred resistance to the control drug doxorubicin but collateral sensitivity to nobiletin in HEK293 cells transfected with a lentiviral GFP-tagged pLOCORF-SOX5 vector. The combination of nobiletin and doxorubicin synergistically killed HEK293-SOX5 cells in isobologram analyses, implying attractive new treatment options. CONCLUSION Nobiletin represents an interesting candidate for cancer therapy with broad-spectrum activity and multiple modes of action. The identification of novel targets (i.e., SOX5) may allow its use for targeted tumor therapy in individualized treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aveen N Adham
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alaadin Naqishbandi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Edmond Fleischer
- Fischer Analytics, Department Fischer Organics, 55413 Weiler, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Gai QY, Lu Y, Jiao J, Fu JX, Xu XJ, Yao L, Fu YJ. Application of UV-B radiation for enhancing the accumulation of bioactive phenolic compounds in pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] hairy root cultures. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112406. [PMID: 35152064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UV-B radiation is an ideal elicitation strategy for promoting phytochemical accumulation in plant in vitro cultures, associated with various advantages of easy manipulation, cost-effectiveness, no residue, and instantaneous termination. For the first time, UV-B radiation was used to enhance the production of bioactive phenolic compounds (flavonoids and stilbenes) in pigeon pea hairy root cultures (PPHRCs). The total yield of eight flavonoids (414.95 ± 50.68 μg/g DW) in 42-day-old PPHRCs exposed to 4 h of UV-B radiation increased by 1.49-fold as against control, whereas the yield of cajaninstilbene acid (6566.01 ± 702.14 μg/g DW) in PPHRCs undergoing 10 h of UV-B radiation significantly increased by 2.31-fold over control. UV-B radiation was found to induce the oxidative stress in PPHRCs and cause the tissue damage to hairy roots, which improved the levels of endogenous salicylic acid thus triggering the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. And, a regulation competition in metabolic flow dominated by CHS and STS was responsible for the difference in accumulation trends of flavonoids and cajaninstilbene acid. Results of this study not only provide a feasible and simple UV-B supplementation strategy for the enhanced production of bioactive phenolic compounds (especially the high-value cajaninstilbene acid) in PPHRCs, but also contributed to the understanding of photobiological responses related to secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Jin-Xian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
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Kinome-Wide Profiling Identifies Human WNK3 as a Target of Cajanin Stilbene Acid from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031506. [PMID: 35163434 PMCID: PMC8835736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a common food crop used in many parts of the world for nutritional purposes. One of its chemical constituents is cajanin stilbene acid (CSA), which exerts anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. In an effort to identify molecular targets of CSA, we performed a kinome-wide approach based on the measurement of the enzymatic activities of 252 human kinases. The serine-threonine kinase WNK3 (also known as protein kinase lysine-deficient 3) was identified as the most promising target of CSA with the strongest enzymatic activity inhibition in vitro and the highest binding affinity in molecular docking in silico. The lowest binding affinity and the predicted binding constant pKi of CSA (−9.65 kcal/mol and 0.084 µM) were comparable or even better than those of the known WNK3 inhibitor PP-121 (−9.42 kcal/mol and 0.123 µM). The statistically significant association between WNK3 mRNA expression and cellular responsiveness to several clinically established anticancer drugs in a panel of 60 tumor cell lines and the prognostic value of WNK3 mRNA expression in sarcoma biopsies for the survival time of 230 patients can be taken as clues that CSA-based inhibition of WNK3 may improve treatment outcomes of cancer patients and that CSA may serve as a valuable supplement to the currently used combination therapy protocols in oncology.
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Repurposing of the ALK Inhibitor Crizotinib for Acute Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111126. [PMID: 34832908 PMCID: PMC8617756 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib was a first generation of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients. COMPARE and cluster analyses of transcriptomic data of the NCI cell line panel indicated that genes with different cellular functions regulated the sensitivity or resistance of cancer cells to crizotinib. Transcription factor binding motif analyses in gene promoters divulged two transcription factors possibly regulating the expression of these genes, i.e., RXRA and GATA1, which are important for leukemia and erythroid development, respectively. COMPARE analyses also implied that cell lines of various cancer types displayed varying degrees of sensitivity to crizotinib. Unexpectedly, leukemia but not lung cancer cells were the most sensitive cells among the different types of NCI cancer cell lines. Re-examining this result in another panel of cell lines indeed revealed that crizotinib exhibited potent cytotoxicity towards acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma cells. P-glycoprotein-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells were cross-resistant to crizotinib. NCI-H929 multiple myeloma cells were the most sensitive cells. Hence, we evaluated the mode of action of crizotinib on these cells. Although crizotinib is a TKI, it showed highest correlation rates with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors and tubulin inhibitors. The altered gene expression profiles after crizotinib treatment predicted several networks, where TOP2A and genes related to cell cycle were downregulated. Cell cycle analyses showed that cells incubated with crizotinib for 24 h accumulated in the G2M phase. Crizotinib also increased the number of p-H3(Ser10)-positive NCI-H929 cells illustrating crizotinib's ability to prevent mitotic exit. However, cells accumulated in the sub-G0G1 fraction with longer incubation periods, indicating apoptosis induction. Additionally, crizotinib disassembled the tubulin network of U2OS cells expressing an α-tubulin-GFP fusion protein, preventing migration of cancer cells. This result was verified by in vitro tubulin polymerization assays. In silico molecular docking also revealed a strong binding affinity of crizotinib to the colchicine and Vinca alkaloid binding sites. Taken together, these results demonstrate that crizotinib destabilized microtubules. Additionally, the decatenation assay showed that crizotinib partwise inhibited the catalytic activity of DNA topoisomerase II. In conclusion, crizotinib exerted kinase-independent cytotoxic effects through the dual inhibition of tubulin polymerization and topoisomerase II and might be used to treat not only NSCLC but also multiple myeloma.
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Kadioglu O, Saeed M, Mahmoud N, Azawi S, Mrasek K, Liehr T, Efferth T. Identification of potential novel drug resistance mechanisms by genomic and transcriptomic profiling of colon cancer cells with p53 deletion. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:959-974. [PMID: 33515271 PMCID: PMC7904745 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is a pivotal player in tumor suppression with fifty percent of all invasive tumors displaying mutations in the TP53 gene. In the present study, we characterized colon cancer cells (HCT116 p53 −/−) with TP53 deletion, a sub-line derived from HCT116-p53 +/+ cells. RNA sequencing and network analyses were performed to identify novel drug resistance mechanisms. Chromosomal aberrations were identified by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Numerous genes were overexpressed in HCT116 p53 −/− cells: RND3/RhoE (235.6-fold up-regulated), DCLK1 (60.2-fold up-regulated), LBH (31.9-fold up-regulated), MYB (28.9-fold up-regulated), TACSTD2 (110.1-fold down-regulated), NRIP1 (81.5-fold down-regulated) and HLA-DMB (69.7-fold down-regulated) are among the identified genes with potential influence on multidrug resistance (MDR) and they are associated with cancer progression and tumorigenesis, according to previously published studies. Probably due to TP53 deletion, disturbances in DNA repair and apoptosis are leading to aberrancies in cellular and organismal organization, ultimately increasing tumorigenesis and cancer progression potential. With NFκB, PI3K and HSP70, being at the center of merged protein network, and TH1-2 pathways, being among the influenced pathways, it can be speculated that the inflammatory pathway contributes to a resistance phenotype together with cell cycle regulation and heat-shock response. HCT116-p53 −/− cells have more chromosomal aberrations, gains and losses in copy numbers than HCT116-p53 +/+ cells. In conclusion, numerous genomic aberrations, which might be associated with yet unknown drug resistance mechanisms, were identified. This may have important implications for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shaymaa Azawi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Gai QY, Jiao J, Wang X, Fu YJ, Lu Y, Liu J, Wang ZY, Xu XJ. Simultaneous quantification of eleven bioactive phenolic compounds in pigeon pea natural resources and in vitro cultures by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Food Chem 2021; 335:127602. [PMID: 32739807 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive phenolics primarily contribute to versatile health benefits of pigeon pea. For the first time, an UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative analysis of eleven bioactive phenolic compounds in pigeon pea natural resources (seeds, leaves, and roots) and in vitro cultures (calli and hairy roots). The proposed method could be achieved within 6 min of running time, and displayed the satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and stability. According to analytical results, the distribution of eleven target compounds in different organs of pigeon pea was clarified. Also, it was surprisingly found that pigeon pea in vitro cultures exhibited superiority in contents of genistin and cajaninstilbene acid as compared with natural resources. Overall, the present work provided a rapid and sensitive analysis approach, which could be useful not only for quality control of pigeon pea natural resources, but also for applicability and safety evaluation of pigeon pea in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
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Jiao J, Gai QY, Wang X, Liu J, Lu Y, Wang ZY, Xu XJ, Fu YJ. Effective Production of Phenolic Compounds with Health Benefits in Pigeon Pea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Hairy Root Cultures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8350-8361. [PMID: 32672956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in pigeon pea possess various biological properties beneficial to human health. In this study, pigeon pea hairy root cultures (PPHRCs) were developed as an effective in vitro platform for the production of phenolic compounds. A high-productive hairy root line was screened and characterized, and its culture conditions were optimized in terms of biomass productivity and phenolic yield. The comparative profiling of 10 phenolic compounds in PPHRCs and pigeon pea natural resources (seeds, leaves, and roots) was achieved by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The total phenolic yield in PPHRCs (3278.44 μg/g) was much higher than those in seeds (68.86 μg/g) and roots (846.03 μg/g), and comparable to leaves (3379.49 μg/g). Notably, PPHRCs exhibited superiority in the yield of the most important health-promoting compound cajaninstilbene acid (2996.23 μg/g) against natural resources (4.42-2293.31 μg/g). Overall, PPHRCs could serve as promising potential alternative sources for the production of phenolic compounds with nutraceutical/medicinal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
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10
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Dawood M, Fleischer E, Klinger A, Bringmann G, Shan L, Efferth T. Inhibition of cell migration and induction of apoptosis by a novel class II histone deacetylase inhibitor, MCC2344. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105076. [PMID: 32659428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifiers provide a new target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. The eraser histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a class IIb histone deacetylase that targets various non-histone proteins such as transcription factors, nuclear receptors, cytoskeletal proteins, DNA repair proteins, and molecular chaperones. Therefore, it became an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this study, virtual screening was applied to the MicroCombiChem database with 1162 drug-like compounds to identify new HDAC6 inhibitors. Five compounds were tested in silico and in vitro as HDAC6 inhibitors. Both analyses revealed 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide, 2-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-N-1-naphthalenyl-6-oxo- (MCC2344) as the best HDAC6 inhibitor among the five ligands. The binding affinity of MCC2344 to HDAC6 was further confirmed by microscale thermophoresis. Additionally, the anti-cancer activity of MCC2344 was tested in several tumor cell lines. Leukemia cells were the most sensitive cells towards MCC2344, particularly the P-glycoprotein-overexpressing multidrug-resistant cell line CEM/ADR5000 exhibited remarkable collateral sensitivity towards MCC2344. Transcriptome analysis using microarray hybridization was performed for investigating downstream mechanisms of action of MCC2344 in leukemia cells. MCC2344 affected microtubule dynamics and suppressed cell migration in the wound healing assay as well as in a spheroid model by hyper-acetylation of tubulin and HSP-90. MCC2344 induced cell death in CEM/ADR5000 cells by activation of PARP, caspase-3, and p21 in addition to the downregulation of p62. MCC2344 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in zebrafish larvae without mortality until 20 pM. We propose MCC2344 as a novel HDAC6 inhibitor for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Lu K, Hou W, Xu XF, Chen Q, Li Z, Lin J, Chen WM. Biological evaluation and chemoproteomics reveal potential antibacterial targets of a cajaninstilbene-acid analogue. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 188:112026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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13
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Sun Y, Liu Y, He W, Wang C, Tickner J, Kuek V, Zhou C, Wang H, Zou X, Hong Z, Yang F, Shao M, Chen L, Xu J. Cajaninstilbene acid inhibits osteoporosis through suppressing osteoclast formation and RANKL-induced signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11792-11804. [PMID: 30515822 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a form of osteolytic disease caused by an imbalance in bone homeostasis, with reductions in osteoblast bone formation, and augmented osteoclast formation and resorption resulting in reduced bone mass. Cajaninstilbene acid (CSA) is a natural compound derived from pigeon pea leaves. CSA possesses beneficial properties as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antihepatitis, and anticancer agent; however, its potential to modulate bone homeostasis and osteoporosis has not been studied. We observed that CSA has the ability to suppress RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast marker gene expression, and bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, it was revealed that CSA attenuates RANKL-activated NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cell pathways and inhibited phosphorylation of key signaling mediators c-Fos, V-ATPase-d2, and ERK. Moreover, in osteoclasts, CSA blocked RANKL-induced ROS activity as well as calcium oscillations. We further evaluated the therapeutic effect of CSA in a preclinical mouse model and showed that in vivo treatment of ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice with CSA protects the mice from osteoporotic bone loss. Thus, this study demonstrates that osteolytic bone diseases can potentially be treated by CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei He
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vincent Kuek
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuting Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhinan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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14
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Cytotoxicity of nimbolide towards multidrug-resistant tumor cells and hypersensitivity via cellular metabolic modulation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35762-35779. [PMID: 30515268 PMCID: PMC6254660 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimbolide is considered a promising natural product in cancer prevention and treatment. However, it is not known yet, whether the different mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR) influence its anticancer activity. In this study, well-known MDR mechanisms (ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCB5, TP53, EGFR) were evaluated against nimbolide. The P-glycoprotein (ABCB1/MDR1)-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cell line displayed remarkable hypersensitivity to nimbolide, which was mediated through upregulation of the tumor suppressor, PTEN, and its downstream components resulted in significant downregulation in ABCB1/MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein. In addition, nimbolide targeted essential cellular metabolic-regulating elements including HIF1α, FoxO1, MYC and reactive oxygen species. The expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mutant tumor suppressor TP53 did not correlate to nimbolide’s activity. Furthermore, this paper looked for other molecular determinants that might determine tumor cellular response towards nimbolide. COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of transcriptome-wide microarray-based mRNA expressions of the NCI 60 cell line panel were performed, and a set of 40 genes from different functional groups was identified. The data suggested NF-κB as master regulator of nimbolide’s activity. Interestingly, HIF1α was determined by COMPARE analysis to mediate sensitivity to nimbolide, which would be of great benefit in targeted therapy.
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15
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Hu Y, Yu K, Wang G, Zhang D, Shi C, Ding Y, Hong D, Zhang D, He H, Sun L, Zheng JN, Sun S, Qian F. Lanatoside C inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through attenuating Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cell. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:280-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Dawood M, Hamdoun S, Efferth T. Multifactorial Modes of Action of Arsenic Trioxide in Cancer Cells as Analyzed by Classical and Network Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:143. [PMID: 29535630 PMCID: PMC5835320 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide is a traditional remedy in Chinese Medicine since ages. Nowadays, it is clinically used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by targeting PML/RARA. However, the drug's activity is broader and the mechanisms of action in other tumor types remain unclear. In this study, we investigated molecular modes of action by classical and network pharmacological approaches. CEM/ADR5000 resistance leukemic cells were similar sensitive to As2O3 as their wild-type counterpart CCRF-CEM (resistance ratio: 1.88). Drug-resistant U87.MG ΔEGFR glioblastoma cells harboring mutated epidermal growth factor receptor were even more sensitive (collateral sensitive) than wild-type U87.MG cells (resistance ratio: 0.33). HCT-116 colon carcinoma p53-/- knockout cells were 7.16-fold resistant toward As2O3 compared to wild-type cells. Forty genes determining cellular responsiveness to As2O3 were identified by microarray and COMPARE analyses in 58 cell lines of the NCI panel. Hierarchical cluster analysis-based heat mapping revealed significant differences between As2O3 sensitive cell lines and resistant cell lines with p-value: 1.86 × 10-5. The genes were subjected to Galaxy Cistrome gene promoter transcription factor analysis to predict the binding of transcription factors. We have exemplarily chosen NF-kB and AP-1, and indeed As2O3 dose-dependently inhibited the promoter activity of these two transcription factors in reporter cell lines. Furthermore, the genes identified here and those published in the literature were assembled and subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for comprehensive network pharmacological approaches that included all known factors of resistance of tumor cells to As2O3. In addition to pathways related to the anticancer effects of As2O3, several neurological pathways were identified. As arsenic is well-known to exert neurotoxicity, these pathways might account for neurological side effects. In conclusion, the activity of As2O3 is not restricted to acute promyelocytic leukemia. In addition to PML/RARA, numerous other genes belonging to diverse functional classes may also contribute to its cytotoxicity. Network pharmacology is suited to unravel the multifactorial modes of action of As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Zhao Q, Assimopoulou AN, Klauck SM, Damianakos H, Chinou I, Kretschmer N, Rios JL, Papageorgiou VP, Bauer R, Efferth T. Inhibition of c-MYC with involvement of ERK/JNK/MAPK and AKT pathways as a novel mechanism for shikonin and its derivatives in killing leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38934-51. [PMID: 26472107 PMCID: PMC4770748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia remains life-threatening despite remarkable advances in chemotherapy. The poor prognosis and drug resistance are challenging treatment. Novel drugs are urgently needed. Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone, has been previously shown by us to be particularly effective towards various leukemia cell lines compared to solid tumors. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated shikonin and 14 derivatives on U937 leukemia cells. Four derivatives (isobutyrylshikonin, 2-methylbutyrylshikonin, isovalerylshikonin and β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin) were more active than shikonin. AnnexinV-PI analysis revealed that shikonins induced apoptosis. Cell cycle G1/S check point regulation and the transcription factor c-MYC, which plays a vital role in cell cycle regulation and proliferation, were identified as the most commonly down-regulated mechanisms upon treatment with shikonins in mRNA microarray hybridizations. Western blotting and DNA-binding assays confirmed the inhibition of c-MYC expression and transcriptional activity by shikonins. Reduction of c-MYC expression was closely associated with deregulated ERK, JNK MAPK and AKT activity, indicating their involvement in shikonin-triggered c-MYC inactivation. Molecular docking studies revealed that shikonin and its derivatives bind to the same DNA-binding domain of c-MYC as the known c-MYC inhibitors 10058-F4 and 10074-G5. This finding indicates that shikonins bind to c-MYC. The effect of shikonin on U937 cells was confirmed in other leukemia cell lines (Jurkat, Molt4, CCRF-CEM, and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000), where shikonin also inhibited c-MYC expression and influenced phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK. In summary, inhibition of c-MYC and related pathways represents a novel mechanism of shikonin and its derivatives to explain their anti-leukemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreana N Assimopoulou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Working Group Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ioanna Chinou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - José-Luis Rios
- Department de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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