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Peng W, Qin L, Wang T, Sun Y, Li Z, Lefer DJ, Luo C, Ye F, Wang B, Guo W, Zheng Y. A Highly Atom-Efficient Prodrug Approach to Generate Synergy between H 2S and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Improve Safety. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39316761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to synergize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with NSAIDs have faced challenges due to complex structural entities and independent release kinetics. This study presents a highly atom-efficient approach of using a thiocarboxylic acid (thioacid) as a novel H2S releasing precursor and successfully employs it to modify NSAIDs, which offers several critical advantages. First, thioacid-modified NSAID is active in inhibiting cyclooxygenase, sometimes with improved potency. Second, this prodrug approach avoids introducing extra structural moieties, allowing for the release of only the intended active principals. Third, the release of H2S and NSAID is concomitant, thus optimally synchronizing the concentration profiles of the two active principals. The design is based on our discovery that esterases can directly and efficiently hydrolyze thiocarboxylic acids, enabling controlled release H2S. This study demonstrates the proof of principle through synthesizing analogs, assesses release kinetics, enzyme inhibition, and pharmacological efficacy, and evaluates toxicity and gut microbiota regulation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Lixiao Qin
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Tianci Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yangqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - David J Lefer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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Estévez J, Terol M, Sogorb MÁ, Vilanova E. Interactions of human acetylcholinesterase with phenyl valerate and acetylthiocholine: Thiocholine as an enhancer of phenyl valerate esterase activity. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109764. [PMID: 34875277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phenyl valerate (PV) is a neutral substrate for measuring the PVase activity of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), a key molecular event of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy. This substrate has been used to discriminate and identify other proteins with esterase activity and potential targets of organophosphorus (OP) binding. A protein with PVase activity in chicken (model for delayed neurotoxicity) was identified as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Further studies in human BChE suggest that other sites might be involved in PVase activity. From the theoretical docking analysis, other more favorable sites for binding PV related to the Asn289 residue located far from the catalytic site ("PVsite") were deduced.In this paper, we demonstrate that acetylcholinesterase is also able to hydrolyze PV. Robust kinetic studies of interactions between substrates PV and acetylthiocholine (AtCh) were performed. The kinetics did not fit the classic competition models among substrates. While PV interacts as a competitive inhibitor in AChE activity, AtCh at low concentrations enhances PVase activity and inhibits this activity at high concentrations. Kinetic behavior suggests that the potentiation effect is caused by thiocholine released at the active site, where AtCh could act as a Trojan Horse. We conclude that the products released at the active site could play an important role in the hydrolysis reactions of different substrates in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estévez
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain.
| | - Marina Terol
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sogorb
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
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Lushchekina SV, Masson P. Slow-binding inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase of medical interest. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108236. [PMID: 32712274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Certain ligands slowly bind to acetylcholinesterase. As a result, there is a slow establishment of enzyme-inhibitor equilibrium characterized by a slow onset of inhibition prior reaching steady state. Three mechanisms account for slow-binding inhibition: a) slow binding rate constant kon, b) slow ligand induced-fit following a fast binding step, c) slow conformational selection of an enzyme form. The slow equilibrium may be followed by a chemical step. This later that can be irreversible has been observed with certain alkylating agents and substrate transition state analogs. Slow-binding inhibitors present long residence times on target. This results in prolonged pharmacological or toxicological action. Through several well-known molecules (e.g. huperzine) and new examples (tocopherol, trifluoroacetophenone and a 6-methyluracil alkylammonium derivative), we show that slow-binding inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase are promising drugs for treatment of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease and myasthenia gravis. Moreover, they may be of interest for neuroprotection (prophylaxis) against organophosphorus poisoning. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside to Battlefield'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya V Lushchekina
- Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Biomolecular Systems and Nanomaterials, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygina St., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Patrick Masson
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, 420008, Russia.
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Estévez J, Rodrigues de Souza F, Romo M, Mangas I, Costa Franca TC, Vilanova E. Interactions of human butyrylcholinesterase with phenylvalerate and acetylthiocholine as substrates and inhibitors: kinetic and molecular modeling approaches. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1281-1296. [PMID: 30877329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenyl valerate (PV) is a substrate for measuring the PVase activity of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), a key molecular event of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy. A protein with PVase activity in chicken (model for delayed neurotoxicity) was identified as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Purified human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) showed PVase activity with a similar sensitivity to inhibitors as its cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Further kinetic and theoretical molecular simulation studies were performed. The kinetics did not fit classic competition models among substrates. Partially mixed inhibition was the best-fitting model to acetylthiocholine (AtCh) interacting with PVase activity. ChE activity showed substrate activation, and non-competitive inhibition was the best-fitting model to PV interacting with the non-activated enzyme and partial non-competitive inhibition was the best fitted model for PV interacting with the activated enzyme by excess of AtCh. The kinetic results suggest that other sites could be involved in those activities. From the theoretical docking analysis, we deduced other more favorable sites for binding PV related with Asn289 residue, situated far from the catalytic site ("PV-site"). Both substrates acethylcholine (ACh) and PV presented similar docking values in both the PV-site and catalytic site pockets, which explained some of the observed substrate interactions. Molecular dynamic simulations based on the theoretical structure of crystallized hBChE were performed. Molecular modeling studies suggested that PV has a higher potential for non-competitive inhibition, being also able to inhibit the hydrolysis of ACh through interactions with the PV-site. Further theoretical studies also suggested that PV could yet be able to promote competitive inhibition. We concluded that the kinetic and theoretical studies did not fit the simple classic competition among substrates, but were compatible with the interaction with two different binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estévez
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Felipe Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil
| | - María Romo
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Iris Mangas
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.,Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Estévez J, Benabent M, Selva V, Mangas I, Sogorb MÁ, Del Rio E, Vilanova E. Cholinesterase and phenyl valerate-esterase activities sensitive to organophosphorus compounds in membranes of chicken brain. Toxicology 2018; 410:73-82. [PMID: 30176330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Some effects of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) esters cannot be explained by action on currently recognized targets acetylcholinesterase or neuropathy target esterase (NTE). In previous studies, in membrane chicken brain fractions, four components (EPα, EPβ, EPγ and EPδ) of phenyl valerate esterase activity (PVase) had been kinetically discriminated combining data of several inhibitors (paraoxon, mipafox, PMSF). EPγ is belonging to NTE. The relationship of PVase components and acetylcholine-hydrolyzing activity (cholinesterase activity) is studied herein. Only EPα PVase activity showed inhibition in the presence of acetylthiocholine, similarly to a non-competitive model. EPα is highly sensitive to mipafox and paraoxon, but is resistant to PMSF, and is spontaneously reactivated when inhibited with paraoxon. In this papers we shows that cholinesterase activities showed inhibition kinetic by PV, which does not fit with a competitive inhibition model when tested for the same experimental conditions used to discriminate the PVase components. Four enzymatic components (CP1, CP2, CP3 and CP4) were discriminated in cholinesterase activity in the membrane fraction according to their sensitivity to irreversible inhibitors mipafox, paraoxon, PMSF and iso-OMPA. Components CP1 and CP2 could be related to EPα as they showed interactions between substrates and similar inhibitory kinetic properties to the tested inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estévez
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain
| | - Mónica Benabent
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain
| | - Verónica Selva
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain
| | - Iris Mangas
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sogorb
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Del Rio
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- University "Miguel Hernandez", Institute of Bioengineering, Unit of Toxicology, Elche, Spain.
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Hydrolyzing activities of phenyl valerate sensitive to organophosphorus compounds paraoxon and mipafox in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:123-128. [PMID: 30118792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular targets of best known neurotoxic effects associated to acute exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are serine esterases located in the nervous system, although there are other less known neurotoxic adverse effects associated with chronic exposure to OPs whose toxicity targets are still not identified. In this work we studied sensitivity to the non-neuropathic OP paraoxon and to the neuropathic OP mipafox of phenyl valerate esterases (PVases) in intact and lysed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The main objective was to discriminate different unknown pools of esterases that might be potential targets of chronic effects from those esterases already known and recognized as targets to these acute neurotoxicity effects. Two components of PVases of different sensitivities were discriminated for paraoxon in both intact and lysed cells; while the two components inhibitable by mipafox were found only for intact cells. A completely resistant component to paraoxon of around 30% was found in both intact and lysed cells; while a component of slightly lower amplitude (around 20%) completely resistant to mipafox was also found for both preparations (intact and lysed cells). The comparison of the results between the intact cells and the lysed cells suggests that the plasma membrane could act as a barrier that reduced the bioavailability of mipafox to PVases. This would imply that the discrimination of the different esterases should be made in lysed cells. However, those studies which aim to determine the physiological role of these esterases should be necessarily conducted in intact cultured cells.
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Ramsay RR, Tipton KF. Assessment of Enzyme Inhibition: A Review with Examples from the Development of Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:E1192. [PMID: 28714881 PMCID: PMC6152246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of many drugs involve enzyme inhibition. This is exemplified by the inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and the cholinsterases (ChE) that have been used for several pharmacological purposes. This review describes key principles and approaches for the reliable determination of enzyme activities and inhibition as well as some of the methods that are in current use for such studies with these two enzymes. Their applicability and potential pitfalls arising from their inappropriate use are discussed. Since inhibitor potency is frequently assessed in terms of the quantity necessary to give 50% inhibition (the IC50 value), the relationships between this and the mode of inhibition is also considered, in terms of the misleading information that it may provide. Incorporation of more than one functionality into the same molecule to give a multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) requires careful assessment to ensure that the specific target effects are not significantly altered and that the kinetic behavior remains as favourable with the MTDL as it does with the individual components. Such factors will be considered in terms of recently developed MTDLs that combine MAO and ChE inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8QP, UK.
| | - Keith F Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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