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Estévez J, Pizarro L, Marsillach J, Furlong C, Sogorb MA, Richter R, Vilanova E. Inhibition with simultaneous spontaneous reactivation and aging of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphorus compounds: Demeton-S-methyl as a model. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110789. [PMID: 37931869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic analysis of esterase inhibition by acylating compounds (organophosphorus, carbamates and sulfonylfluorides) sometimes cannot yield consistent results by fitting simple inhibition kinetic models to experimental data of complex systems. In this work kinetic data were obtained for demeton-S-methyl (DSM) with human acetylcholinesterase in two kinds of experiments: (a) time progressive inhibition with a range of concentrations, (b) progressive spontaneous reactivation starting with pre-inhibited enzyme. DSM is an organophosphorus compound used as pesticide and considered a model for studying the dermal exposure of nerve agents such as VX gas. A kinetic model equation was deduced with four different molecular phenomena occurring simultaneously: (1) inhibition; (2) spontaneous reactivation; (3) aging; and (4) ongoing inhibition (inhibition during the substrate reaction). A 3D fit of the model was applied to analyze the inhibition experimental data. The best-fitting model is compatible with a sensitive enzymatic entity. The second-order rate constant of inhibition (ki = 0.0422 μM-1 min-1), the spontaneous reactivation constant (ks = 0.0202 min-1) and the aging constant (kg = 0.0043 min-1) were simultaneously estimated. As an example for testing the model and approach, it was tested also in the presence of 5 % ethanol (conditions as previously used in the literature), the best fitting model is compatible with two apparent sensitive enzymatic entities (17 % and 83 %) and only one spontaneously reactivates and ages. The corresponding second-order rate constants of inhibition (ki = 0.0354 and 0.0119 μM-1 min-1) and the spontaneous reactivation and aging constants for the less sensitive component (kr = 0.0203 min-1 and kg = 0.0088 min-1) were estimated. The results were also consistent with a significant ongoing inhibition. These parameters were similar to those deduced in spontaneous reactivation experiments of the pre-inhibited samples with DSM in the absence or presence of ethanol. The two apparent components fit was interpreted by an equilibrium between ethanol-free and ethanol-bound enzyme. The consistency of results in inhibition and in spontaneous reactivation experiments was considered an internal validation of the methodology and the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estévez
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Luis Pizarro
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Department Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Clement Furlong
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miguel A Sogorb
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rebecca Richter
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Omedes S, Crespo-Picazo JL, García-Párraga D, Sole M. B-esterase measurements and other blood related biomarkers in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) as indicators of health status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163040. [PMID: 36965720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) has been selected as sentinel species by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) descriptor 10 in relation to marine litter. In this, and other protected species, there is a need to develop conservative pollution biomarkers equally informative of chemical exposures to those traditionally carried out in metabolic organs, such as the liver. With this aim, plasma from turtles undergoing rehabilitation at the Fundació Oceanogràfic rescue centre (Arca del Mar) were selected and tested for B-esterase measurements. Hydrolysis rates of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and carboxylesterases (CEs) using four commercial substrates were undertaken on 191 plasma samples. Results indicated that acetylthiocholine was the most adequate substrate of cholinesterases and butyrate esters for CE measures. The correlation of these parameters with well-established blood biochemistry measurements was analysed. B-esterase measures in wild specimens were discussed in relation to age group, pathology on admission to the rescue centre and season; moreover, contrasts with long-term resident turtles were also made. Although this study provides baseline data on B-esterase measures in a large sample size for this species, more complementary information is still needed in terms of population genetics, chemical exposures, and in relation to other biochemical parameters before they can be confidently applied in wild specimens within the regulatory MSFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Omedes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Psg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Crespo-Picazo
- Fundació Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Gran Vía Marqués del Turia 19, 46005 València, Spain
| | - D García-Párraga
- Fundació Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Gran Vía Marqués del Turia 19, 46005 València, Spain
| | - M Sole
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Psg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Estévez J, Terol M, Sogorb MÁ, Vilanova E. Interactions of human acetylcholinesterase with phenyl valerate and acetylthiocholine: Thiocholine as an enhancer of phenyl valerate esterase activity. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109764. [PMID: 34875277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phenyl valerate (PV) is a neutral substrate for measuring the PVase activity of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), a key molecular event of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy. This substrate has been used to discriminate and identify other proteins with esterase activity and potential targets of organophosphorus (OP) binding. A protein with PVase activity in chicken (model for delayed neurotoxicity) was identified as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Further studies in human BChE suggest that other sites might be involved in PVase activity. From the theoretical docking analysis, other more favorable sites for binding PV related to the Asn289 residue located far from the catalytic site ("PVsite") were deduced.In this paper, we demonstrate that acetylcholinesterase is also able to hydrolyze PV. Robust kinetic studies of interactions between substrates PV and acetylthiocholine (AtCh) were performed. The kinetics did not fit the classic competition models among substrates. While PV interacts as a competitive inhibitor in AChE activity, AtCh at low concentrations enhances PVase activity and inhibits this activity at high concentrations. Kinetic behavior suggests that the potentiation effect is caused by thiocholine released at the active site, where AtCh could act as a Trojan Horse. We conclude that the products released at the active site could play an important role in the hydrolysis reactions of different substrates in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estévez
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain.
| | - Marina Terol
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sogorb
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Nstitute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
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De Boer D, Nguyen N, Mao J, Moore J, Sorin EJ. A Comprehensive Review of Cholinesterase Modeling and Simulation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:580. [PMID: 33920972 PMCID: PMC8071298 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article reviews published efforts to study acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase structure and function using computer-based modeling and simulation techniques. Structures and models of both enzymes from various organisms, including rays, mice, and humans, are discussed to highlight key structural similarities in the active site gorges of the two enzymes, such as flexibility, binding site location, and function, as well as differences, such as gorge volume and binding site residue composition. Catalytic studies are also described, with an emphasis on the mechanism of acetylcholine hydrolysis by each enzyme and novel mutants that increase catalytic efficiency. The inhibitory activities of myriad compounds have been computationally assessed, primarily through Monte Carlo-based docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Pharmaceutical compounds examined herein include FDA-approved therapeutics and their derivatives, as well as several other prescription drug derivatives. Cholinesterase interactions with both narcotics and organophosphate compounds are discussed, with the latter focusing primarily on molecular recognition studies of potential therapeutic value and on improving our understanding of the reactivation of cholinesterases that are bound to toxins. This review also explores the inhibitory properties of several other organic and biological moieties, as well as advancements in virtual screening methodologies with respect to these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna De Boer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Nguyet Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA; (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jia Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA; (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jessica Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Eric J. Sorin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
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Souza FD, Rodrigues Garcia D, Cuya T, Pimentel AS, Gonçalves ADS, Alencastro RBD, França TCC. Molecular Modeling Study of Uncharged Oximes Compared to HI-6 and 2-PAM Inside Human AChE Sarin and VX Conjugates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4490-4500. [PMID: 32175496 PMCID: PMC7066550 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of nerve agents over the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) turned these compounds into the most dangerous chemical weapons known. Among the antidotes in use today against these agents, oximes in combination with other drugs are the only treatment with any action. HI-6 and 2-PAM are cationic oximes proved to be effective for the reactivation of AChE inhibited by the nerve agents VX and sarin (GB). However, when it comes to reactivation of AChE inside the central or peripheral nervous systems, charged molecules present low diffusion due to low penetration through the blood-brain barrier. Uncharged oximes appear as an interesting alternative to solve this problem, but the development and enhancement of more efficient uncharged oximes capable of reactivating human AChE is still necessary. Given the limitations for in vivo and in vitro experimental studies with nerve agents, modeling is an important tool that can contribute to a better understanding of factors that may affect the efficiency of uncharged oximes. In order to investigate the interaction and behavior of cationic and uncharged oximes, we performed here molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding energies calculations of the known cationic oximes HI-6 and 2-PAM plus four uncharged oximes found in the literature, complexed with human AChE (HssACHE) conjugated with the nerve agents VX and GB. The uncharged oximes showed different behaviors, especially RS194B, which presented stability inside AChE-VX, but presented free binding energy lower than cationic oximes, suggesting that structural alterations could favor its interactions with these complexes. In contrast, HI-6 and 2-PAM showed higher affinities with more negative binding energy values and larger contribution of the amino acid Asp74, demonstrating the importance of the quaternary nitrogen to the affinity and interaction of oximes with AChE-GB and AChE-VX conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rodrigues Garcia
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Teobaldo Cuya
- Faculty
of Technology, University of the State of
Rio de Janeiro, 27537-000 Resende/RJ, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Department
of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Arlan da Silva Gonçalves
- Postgraduate
Program in Sustainable Technologies (PPGTECS), Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Espírito
Santo, Unit Vila Velha, 29056-255 Vila Velha/ES, Brazil
- Postgraduate
Program in Chemistry (PPGQUI), Federal University
of Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, ESBrazil
| | | | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho
62, 50003 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
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Understanding the bioconjugation reaction of phenthoate with human serum albumin: New insights from experimental and computational approaches. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mukhametgalieva AR, Aglyamova AR, Lushchekina SV, Goličnik M, Masson P. Time-course of human cholinesterases-catalyzed competing substrate kinetics. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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