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Zhang W, Zhang M, Xu Z, Yan H, Wang H, Jiang J, Wan J, Tang B, Liu C, Chen C, Meng Q. Human forebrain organoid-based multi-omics analyses of PCCB as a schizophrenia associated gene linked to GABAergic pathways. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5176. [PMID: 37620341 PMCID: PMC10449845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying genes whose expression is associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) risk by transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) facilitates downstream experimental studies. Here, we integrated multiple published datasets of TWAS, gene coexpression, and differential gene expression analysis to prioritize SCZ candidate genes for functional study. Convergent evidence prioritized Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Subunit Beta (PCCB), a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene, as an SCZ risk gene. However, the PCCB's contribution to SCZ risk has not been investigated before. Using dual luciferase reporter assay, we identified that SCZ-associated SNPs rs6791142 and rs35874192, two eQTL SNPs for PCCB, showed differential allelic effects on transcriptional activities. PCCB knockdown in human forebrain organoids (hFOs) followed by RNA sequencing analysis revealed dysregulation of genes enriched with multiple neuronal functions including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic synapse. The metabolomic and mitochondrial function analyses confirmed the decreased GABA levels resulted from inhibited tricarboxylic acid cycle in PCCB knockdown hFOs. Multielectrode array recording analysis showed that PCCB knockdown in hFOs resulted into SCZ-related phenotypes including hyper-neuroactivities and decreased synchronization of neural network. In summary, this study utilized hFOs-based multi-omics analyses and revealed that PCCB downregulation may contribute to SCZ risk through regulating GABAergic pathways, highlighting the mitochondrial function in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendiao Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hongye Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiamei Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Chao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Qingtuan Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & School of Life Sciences, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Gallagher EM, Rizzo GM, Dorsey R, Dhummakupt ES, Moran TS, Mach PM, Jenkins CC. Normalization of organ-on-a-Chip samples for mass spectrometry based proteomics and metabolomics via Dansylation-based assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105540. [PMID: 36563973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based 'omics pairs well with organ-on-a-chip-based investigations, which often have limited cellular material for sampling. However, a common issue with these chip-based platforms is well-to-well or chip-to-chip variability in the proteome and metabolome due to factors such as plate edge effects, cellular asynchronization, effluent flow, and limited cell count. This causes high variability in the quantitative multi-omics analysis of samples, potentially masking true biological changes within the system. Solutions to this have been approached via data processing tools and post-acquisition normalization strategies such as constant median, constant sum, and overall signal normalization. Unfortunately, these methods do not adequately correct for the large variations, resulting in a need for increased biological replicates. The methods in this work utilize a dansylation based assay with a subset of labeled metabolites that allow for pre-acquisition normalization to better correlate the biological perturbations that truly occur in chip-based platforms. BCA protein assays were performed in tandem with a proteomics pipeline to achieve pre-acquisition normalization. The CN Bio PhysioMimix was seeded with primary hepatocytes and challenged with VX after six days of culture, and the metabolome and proteome were analyzed using the described normalization methods. A decreased coefficient of variation percentage is achieved, significant changes are observed through the proteome and metabolome, and better classification of biological replicates acquired because of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Gallagher
- U.S. Army, Threat Agent Sciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, NRC Research Associateship Program, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Gabrielle M Rizzo
- U.S. Army, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | - Russell Dorsey
- U.S. Army, Threat Agent Sciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- U.S. Army, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | - Theodore S Moran
- U.S. Army, Threat Agent Sciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- U.S. Army, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | - Conor C Jenkins
- U.S. Army, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
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Jin Q, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shi M, Shi J, Zhu S, Shi T, Zhang R, Chen X, Zong X, Wang C, Li L. PGC 1α-Mediates Mitochondrial Damage in the Liver by Inhibiting the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain as a Non-cholinergic Mechanism of Repeated Low-Level Soman Exposure. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:563-573. [PMID: 37005300 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to assess whether mitochondrial damage in the liver induced by subacute soman exposure is caused by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) and whether PGC-1α regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain damage. Toxicity mechanism research may provide theoretical support for developing anti-toxic drugs in the future. First, a soman animal model was established in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by subcutaneous soman injection. Then, liver damage was biochemically evaluated, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also determined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to examine liver mitochondrial damage, and high-resolution respirometry was carried out for assessing mitochondrial respiration function. In addition, complex I-IV levels were quantitatively evaluated in isolated liver mitochondria by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PGC-1α levels were detected with a Jess capillary-based immunoassay device. Finally, oxidative stress was analyzed by quantifying superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Repeated low-level soman exposure did not alter AChE activity, while increasing morphological damage of liver mitochondria and liver enzyme levels in rat homogenates. Complex I, II and I + II activities were 2.33, 4.95, and 5.22 times lower after treatment compared with the control group, respectively. Among complexes I-IV, I-III decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and PGC-1α levels were 1.82 times lower after soman exposure than in the control group. Subacute soman exposure significantly increased mitochondrial ROS production, which may cause oxidate stress. These findings indicated dysregulated mitochondrial energy metabolism involves PGC-1α protein expression imbalance, revealing non-cholinergic mechanisms for soman toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Yalan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Siqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | | | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
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Goralski TDP, Jenkins CC, Angelini DJ, Horsmon JR, Dhummakupt ES, Rizzo GM, Simmons BL, Liem AT, Roth PA, Karavis MA, Hill JM, Sekowski JW, Glover KP. A novel approach to interrogating the effects of chemical warfare agent exposure using organ-on-a-chip technology and multiomic analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280883. [PMID: 36780485 PMCID: PMC9925079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip platforms are utilized in global bioanalytical and toxicological studies as a way to reduce materials and increase throughput as compared to in vivo based experiments. These platforms bridge the infrastructure and regulatory gaps between in vivo animal work and human systems, with models that exemplify active biological pathways. In conjunction with the advent of increased capabilities associated with next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry based '-omic' technologies, organ-on-a-chip platforms provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the global changes at multiple biological levels, including the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. When investigated concurrently, a complete profile of cellular and regulatory perturbations can be characterized following treatment with specific agonists. In this study, global effects were observed and analyzed following liver chip exposure to the chemical warfare agent, VX. Even though the primary mechanism of action of VX (i.e. acetylcholinesterase inhibition) is well characterized, recent in vivo studies suggest additional protein binding partners that are implicated in metabolism and cellular energetic pathways. In addition, secondary toxicity associated with peripheral organ systems, especially in human tissues, is not well defined. Our results demonstrate the potential of utilizing an organ-on-a-chip platform as a surrogate system to traditional in vivo studies. This is realized by specifically indicating significant dysregulation of several cellular processes in response to VX exposure including but not limited to amino acid synthesis, drug metabolism, and energetics pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. P. Goralski
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Conor C. Jenkins
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Angelini
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Horsmon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Dhummakupt
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle M. Rizzo
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Brooke L. Simmons
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Alvin T. Liem
- DCS Corporation, Belcamp, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Mark A. Karavis
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer W. Sekowski
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
| | - Kyle P. Glover
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center (CBC), Gunpowder, MD, United States of America
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Blini Marengo Malheiros F, Vicente EF, Gois Morales A, Alberto-Silva C. Efficiency of the removal of tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) pesticide in water: use of cork granules as a natural adsorbent on acetylcholinesterase activity in neuronal PC12 cell. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:554-560. [PMID: 35583269 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2077608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) is an organophosphate pesticide that irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Cork powder or granules have been recommended as a sustainable sorbent to remove pesticides from water. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of removing TEPP from water using wine corks to obtain cork granules as natural adsorbent, analyzing the TEPP effects on AChE activity in commercial enzyme from Electrophorus electricus and secreted by neuronal PC12 cells. TEPP inhibited AChE activity in a concentration-dependent manner. For the first time, we showed that different concentrations of TEPP diluted in water after adsorption experiments using cork granules decreased TEPP's inhibitory effects on AChE activity in commercial enzyme and neuronal PC12 cell culture medium. Our results suggest that the optimum removal of TEPP from water by corks was 91.4 ± 4.0%. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that cork granules can be used to remediate pesticide-contaminated environments, such as those contaminated by organophosphate pesticides, and demonstrate a new application of a biochemical assay on AChE activity using a commercial enzyme or secreted by neuronal PC12 cells in culture as a possible methodologic strategy for evaluating the success of TEPP removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Blini Marengo Malheiros
- Postgraduate Course in Agribusiness and Development, Research Group on Environmental Management and Education (PGEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science and Engineering, Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica Gois Morales
- Research Group on Environmental Management and Education (PGEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Management, Development and Tecnology, Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto-Silva
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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Vokuev MF, Baygildiev ТМ, Plyushchenko IV, Ikhalaynen YA, Ogorodnikov RL, Solontsov IK, Braun АV, Savelieva EI, Rуbalchenko IV, Rodin IA. Untargeted and targeted analysis of sarin poisoning biomarkers in rat urine by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6973-6985. [PMID: 34549323 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents continue to pose a real threat to humanity, despite their prohibition under the Chemical Weapons Convention. Sarin is one of the most toxic and lethal representatives of nerve agents. The methodology for the targeted analysis of known sarin metabolites has reached great heights, but little attention has been paid to the untargeted analysis of biological samples of victims exposed to this deadly poisonous substance. At present, the development of computational and statistical methods of analysis offers great opportunities for finding new metabolites or understanding the mechanisms of action or effect of toxic substances on the organism. This study presents the targeted LC-MS/MS determination of methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid in the urine of rats exposed to a non-lethal dose of sarin, as well as the untarget urine analysis by LC-HRMS. Targeted analysis of polar acidic sarin metabolites was performed on a mixed-mode reversed-phase anion-exchange column, and untargeted analysis on a conventional reversed-phase C18 column. Isopropyl methylphosphonic acid was detected and quantified within 5 days after subcutaneous injection of sarin at a dose of 1/4 LD50. A combination of generalized additive mixed models and dose-response analysis with database searches using accurate mass of precursor ions and corresponding MS/MS spectra enabled us to propose new six potential biomarkers of biological response to exposure. The results confirm the well-known fact that sarin poisoning has a significant impact on the victims' metabolome, with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase being just the first step and trigger of the complex toxicodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Vokuev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Т М Baygildiev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Plyushchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y A Ikhalaynen
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - R L Ogorodnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - I K Solontsov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - А V Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory for the Chemical and Analytical Control of the Military Research Centre, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Savelieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Kuz'molovsky g/p, 188663, Leningrad Region, Russia
| | - I V Rуbalchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory for the Chemical and Analytical Control of the Military Research Centre, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Rodin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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