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Li J, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Kuca K. Deoxynivalenol induces cell senescence in RAW264.7 macrophages via HIF-1α-mediated activation of the p53/p21 pathway. Toxicology 2024; 506:153868. [PMID: 38906241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a potent mycotoxin, exhibits strong immunotoxicity and poses a significant threat to human and animal health. Cell senescence has been implicated in the immunomodulatory effects of DON; however, the potential of DON to induce cell senescence remains inadequately explored. Emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) serves as a crucial target of mycotoxins and is closely involved in cell senescence. To investigate this potential, we employed the RAW264.7 macrophage model and treated the cells with varying concentrations of DON (2-8 μM) for 24 h. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 2365 genes were significantly upregulation while 2405 genes were significantly decreased after exposure to DON. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated substantial enrichment in pathways associated with cellular senescence and hypoxia. Remarkably, we observed a rapid and sustained increase in HIF-1α expression following DON treatment. DON induced cell senescence through the activation of the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) and p16INK4A (p16) pathways, while also upregulating the expression of nuclear factor-κB, leading to the secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, including IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. Crucially, HIF-1α positively regulated the expression of p53, p21, and p16, as well as the secretion of SASP factors. Additionally, DON induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase, enhanced the activity of the senescence biomarker senescence-associated β-galactosidase, and disrupted cell morphology, characterized by mitochondrial damage. Our study elucidates that DON induces cell senescence in RAW264.7 macrophages by modulating the HIF-1α/p53/p21 pathway. These findings provide valuable insights for the accurate prevention of DON-induced immunotoxicity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic.
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Dürlinger S, Kreutzmann H, Unterweger C, Martin V, Hamar F, Knecht C, Auer A, Dimmel K, Rümenapf T, Griessler A, Voglmayr T, Maurer R, Oppeneder A, Ladinig A. Detection of PRRSV-1 in tongue fluids under experimental and field conditions and comparison of different sampling material for PRRSV sow herd monitoring. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:18. [PMID: 38764057 PMCID: PMC11104003 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) leads to significant economic losses worldwide. One of the initial measures following an outbreak is to stabilise the herd and to prevent vertical transmission of PRRSV. The objective of this study was to detect PRRSV in different sampling material, both in an experimental model and on a commercial piglet producing farm, with a focus on evaluating the suitability of tongue fluid samples. RESULTS In the experimental model, PRRSV negative pregnant gilts were infected with PRRSV-1 AUT15-33 on gestation day 85 and necropsy of gilts and foetuses was performed three weeks later. 38.3% of individual foetal serum and 39.4% of individual foetal thymus samples were considered PRRSV RT-qPCR positive. Tongue fluids from individual foetuses showed a 33.0% positivity rate. PRRSV RNA was detected in all but one sample of litter-wise pooled processing fluids and tongue fluids. In the field study, the investigated farm remained PRRSV positive and unstable for five consecutive farrowing groups after the start of the sampling process. Tongue fluid samples pooled by litter in the first investigated farrowing group had a 54.5% positivity rate, with the overall highest viral load obtained in the field study. In this farrowing group, 33.3% of investigated litter-wise pooled processing fluid samples and all investigated serum samples (pools of 4-6 individuals, two piglets per litter) were considered positive. Across all investigated farrowing groups, tongue fluid samples consistently showed the highest viral load. Moreover, tongue fluid samples contained the virus in moderate amounts for the longest time compared to the other investigated sampling material. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the viral load in individual foetuses is higher in serum or thymus compared to tongue fluid samples. However, litter-wise pooled tongue fluid samples are well-suited for detecting vertical transmission within the herd, even when the suspected prevalence of vertical transmission events is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dürlinger
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- GD Animal Health Service, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | - Christine Unterweger
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Martin
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Flora Hamar
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Auer
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Dimmel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Griessler
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic GmbH, Grossendorf 3, 4551, Ried im Traunkreis, Austria
| | - Thomas Voglmayr
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic GmbH, Grossendorf 3, 4551, Ried im Traunkreis, Austria
| | - Roland Maurer
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic GmbH, Grossendorf 3, 4551, Ried im Traunkreis, Austria
| | - Alexander Oppeneder
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic GmbH, Grossendorf 3, 4551, Ried im Traunkreis, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Ning C, Xiao W, Liang Z, Wu Y, Fan H, Wang S, Kong X, Wang Y, Wu A, Li Y, Yuan Z, Wu J, Yang C. Melatonin alleviates T-2 toxin-induced oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in piglet spleen and thymus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111653. [PMID: 38354511 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, an unavoidable contaminant in animal feeds, can induce oxidative stress and damage immune organs. Melatonin (MT), a natural and potent antioxidant, has shown promise as a detoxifier for various mycotoxins. However, the detoxifying effect of MT on T-2 toxin has not been previously reported. In order to investigate the protective effect of MT added to diets on the immune system of T-2 toxin-exposed piglets, twenty piglets weaned at 28d of age were randomly divided into control, T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg), MT (5 mg/kg), and T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) + MT (5 mg/kg) groups(n = 5 per group). Our results demonstrated that MT mitigated T-2 toxin-induced histoarchitectural alterations in the spleen and thymus, such as hemorrhage, decreased white pulp size in the spleen, and medullary cell sparing in the thymus. Further research revealed that MT promoted the expression of Nrf2 and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD, while reducing the production of the lipid peroxidation product MDA. Moreover, MT inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulated the expression of downstream cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1. MT also suppressed the activation of caspase-3 while down-regulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 to reduce apoptosis. Additionally, MT ameliorated the T-2 toxin-induced disorders of immune cells and immune molecules in the blood. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MT may effectively protect the immune system of piglets against T-2 toxin-induced damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in the spleen and thymus. Therefore, MT holds the potential as an antidote for T-2 toxin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ning
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zengenni Liang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - You Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Aoao Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Chenglin Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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