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Ye Y, Chen Y, Wu H, Fu Y, Sun Y, Wang X, Li P, Wu Z, Wang J, Yang Z, Zhou E. Investigations into ferroptosis in methylmercury-induced acute kidney injury in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:1372-1383. [PMID: 36880449 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a highly poisonous form of mercury and a risk factor for kidney impairment in humans that currently has no effective means of therapy. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic metabolic cell death linked to numerous diseases. It is currently unknown whether ferroptosis takes part in MeHg-induced kidney damage. Here, we established a model of acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice by gavage with different doses of MeHg (0, 40, 80, 160 μmol/kg). Serological analysis revealed elevated levels of UA, UREA, and CREA; H&E staining showed variable degrees of renal tubule injury; qRT-PCR detection displayed increased expression of KIM-1 and NGAL in the groups with MeHg treatment, indicated that MeHg successfully induced AKI. Furthermore, MDA levels enhanced in renal tissues of mice with MeHg exposure whereas GSH levels decreased; ACSL4 and PTGS2 nucleic acid levels elevated while SLC7A11 levels reduced; transmission electron microscopy illustrated that the density of the mitochondrial membrane thickened and the ridge reduced considerably; protein levels for 4HNE and TfR1 improved since GPX4 levels declined, all these results implying the involvement of ferroptosis as a result of MeHg exposure. Additionally, the observed elevation in the protein levels of NLRP3, p-p65, p-p38, p-ERK1/2, and KEAP1 in tandem with downregulated Nrf2 expression levels indicate the involvement of the NF-κB/NLRP3/MAPK/Nrf2 pathways. All the above findings suggested that ferroptosis and the NF-κB/NLRP3/MAPK/Nrf2 pathways are implicated in MeHg-induced AKI, thereby providing a theoretical foundation and reference for future investigations into the prevention and treatment of MeHg-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrong Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichun Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanpeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwu Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youpeng Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixuan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ershun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Espitia-Pérez P, Albino SM, da Rosa HT, Silveira AK, Espitia-Pérez L, Brango H, Moraes DP, Hermann PRS, Mingori M, Barreto F, Kunzler A, Gelain DP, Schnorr CE, Moreira JCF. Effects of methylmercury and retinol palmitate co-administration in rats during pregnancy and breastfeeding: Metabolic and redox parameters in dams and their offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:603-615. [PMID: 30031321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous low-dose methylmercury (MeHg) exposure through an increased fish consumption represents a global public health problem, especially among pregnant women. A plethora of micronutrients presented in fish affects MeHg uptake/distribution, but limited data is available. Vitamin A (VitA), another fish micronutrient is used in nutritional supplementation, especially during pregnancy. However, there is no information about the health effects arising from their combined exposure. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of both MeHg and retinyl palmitate administered on pregnant and lactating rats in metabolic and redox parameters from dams and their offspring. Thirty Wistar female rats were orally supplemented with MeHg (0,5 mg/kg/day) and retinyl palmitate (7500 µg RAE/kg/day) via gavage, either individually or in combination from the gestational day 0 to weaning. For dams (150 days old) and their offspring (31 days old), glycogen accumulation (hepatic and cardiac) and retinoid contents (plasma and liver) were analyzed. Hg deposition in liver tissue was quantified. Redox parameters (liver, kidney, and heart) were evaluated for both animals. Cytogenetic damage was analyzed with micronucleus test. Our results showed no general toxic or metabolic alterations in dams and their offspring by MeHg-VitA co-administration during pregnancy and lactation. However, increased lipoperoxidation in maternal liver and a disrupted pro-oxidant response in the heart of male pups was encountered, with apparently no particular effects in the antioxidant response in female offspring. GST activity in dam kidney was altered leading to possible redox disruption of this tissue with no alterations in offspring. Finally, the genomic damage was exacerbated in both male and female pups. In conclusion, low-dose MeHg exposure and retinyl palmitate supplementation during gestation and lactation produced a potentiated pro-oxidant effect, which was tissue-specific. Although this is a pre-clinical approach, we recommend precaution for pregnant women regarding food consumption, and we encourage more epidemiological studies to assess possible modulations effects of MeHg-VitA co-administration at safe or inadvertently used doses in humans, which may be related to specific pathologies in mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Espitia-Pérez
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Suelen Marin Albino
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helen Tais da Rosa
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kleber Silveira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lyda Espitia-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del Sinú, Calle 38 Carrera 1W, Barrio Juan XXIII, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Hugo Brango
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo Pompéu Moraes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paolla Rissi Silva Hermann
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Moara Mingori
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Laboratório de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas e Medicamentos Veterinários (RPM), Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário RS, Estrada da Ponta Grossa 3036, CEP: 91780-580 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alice Kunzler
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Schnorr
- Departamento de Civil y Ambiental, Programa de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55- 66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo Depto. Bioquímica, Lab 32, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Knöbel Y, Glei M, Osswald K, Pool-Zobel BL. Ferric iron increases ROS formation, modulates cell growth and enhances genotoxic damage by 4-hydroxynonenal in human colon tumor cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:793-800. [PMID: 16412607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a relevant risk factor for colorectal cancer due to its genotoxic properties. Here we hypothesised that iron-overload causes other toxic effects, which contribute to carcinogenesis. For this, we investigated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA repair, cell growth and glutathione (GSH) in human colon tumor cells (HT29 clone 19A) treated with ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA, 0-2000 microM). Intracellular formation of ROS was analysed with the peroxide-labile fluorescent dye carboxy-dichlorodihydrofluorescine-diacetate. DNA repair, reflected as the persistency of DNA damage induced by selected genotoxins, was determined with the Comet assay. Cell growth and GSH were measured by fluorimetrical analysis. Key findings were that ROS formation increased with time (1000 microM Fe-NTA, p < 0.001). DNA damage was largely repaired after 120 min, but was not affected by 10 microM Fe-NTA. In contrast, 10 microM Fe-NTA significantly increased DNA damage induced by 4-hydroxynonenal. Doses of 25 microM Fe-NTA increased cell growth (p < 0.05), whereas high concentrations (2000 microM) resulted in growth arrest (p < 0.05), that was accompanied by increased GSH levels (p < 0.01). In conclusion, high concentrations of Fe-NTA caused cellular effects, which reflect a stress response, and resulted in formation of ROS. Carcinogenic risks from ferric iron could be derived also from lower concentrations, which enhance tumor cell growth and cause progenotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Knöbel
- Institute for Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Biological-Pharmaceutical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Shenker BJ, Guo TL, O I, Shapiro IM. Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by methyl mercury: temporal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of reductive reserve. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 157:23-35. [PMID: 10329504 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to define the mechanism by which MeHgCl induces human T-cell apoptosis. We asked the question: does mercury disrupt the Deltapsim and induce a mitochondrial permeability transition state? Using two fluorescent reagents, JC-1 and DiOC6(3), we demonstrated that MeHgCl exposure resulted in a decrease in the Deltapsim. Since a decline in Deltapsim can disturb the pHi, we employed SNARF-1 to assess pHi; results indicate that mercury treatment reduced the pHi from 7.0 to 6.5. Consistent with these observations, we noted that uncoupled electron transfer reactions generated ROS, while cardiolipin, a mitochondrial phospholipid, was oxidized. In concert with the biochemical changes, there was a decrease in overall dimension of the mitochondria of mercury-treated cells and a loss in cristae architecture. The toxicant also depleted the thiol reserves of the cell and promoted translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Furthermore, when T cells were thiol-depleted, there was increased susceptibility to MeHgCl-induced apoptosis. Finally, we established a temporal relationship between the decline in Deltapsim, generation of ROS, and depletion of thiol reserves. The earliest detectable event was at the level of the mitochondrion; in the presence of MeHgCl there was a profound reduction in mitochondrial Deltapsim and a decline in GSH levels within 1 h. Subsequently, a further decrease in thiol reserves was linked to the generation of ROS. We propose that the target organelle for MeHgCl is the mitochondrion and that induction of oxidative stress leads to activation of death-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Shenker
- Departments of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6002, USA
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Yasutake A, Nakano A, Miyamoto K, Eto K. Chronic effects of methylmercury in rats. I. Biochemical aspects. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1997; 182:185-96. [PMID: 9362101 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.182.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To examine chronic effects of methylmercury (MeHg), male Wistar rats were fed on MeHg-contaminated diet, 0, 1 and 5 ppm Hg, under a restricted feeding schedule of 16 g/rat/day for 6 days a week. Rats were killed at 6-month intervals for examination of Hg accumulation, tissue levels of glutathione, metallothionein and lipid peroxide, as well as anti-oxidative enzyme activities. The survival of the 5 ppm Hg group, 50% of which died by the end of 32nd month of the exposure, was somewhat shorter than control and 1 ppm Hg groups, 50% of which survived for 34 months. Although the rats showed no neurological signs or decreased body weight gain even in 5 ppm Hg-exposed group until the end of the 2nd year, crossing of hind limb was evident after 2.5 years in all three groups. Accordingly, the neurological sign observed here possibly due to aging rather than MeHg toxicity. Tissue Hg levels showed a dose-dependent accumulation except for the kidney, where the highest Hg accumulation was observed among tissues examined. Renal Hg levels in the 1 ppm group showed about 40% of those in the 5 ppm group. Significant effects by MeHg were evident only in the kidney, where glutathione and metallothionein levels increased in both MeHg-exposed groups. However, lipid peroxide levels elevated only in 1 ppm group. Among the antioxidative enzymes examined, the renal glutathione peroxidase was found to be the most labile enzyme against MeHg exposure. Renal dysfunction suggested by increased plasma creatinine levels was also significant in 5 ppm Hg rats at 2 years. Furthermore, anemia which would be caused by reduced erythropoietin production in the kidney was also evident in this group. The present study suggested that the kidney was the most susceptible organ against MeHg toxicity under the present exposure schedule and that the renal dysfunction might at least partly account for the shortened survival in 5 ppm Hg rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yasutake
- National Institute for Minamata Disease, Japan
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Shenker BJ, Datar S, Mansfield K, Shapiro IM. Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by organomercuric compounds: a flow cytometric analysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 143:397-406. [PMID: 9144456 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although several lines of investigation demonstrate that many heavy metals are cytotoxic to host defense cells, the mechanism of killing is poorly understood. The major focus of this investigation was to determine if organic mercuric compounds kill human lymphocytes by inducing the cells to undergo apoptosis and to evaluate possible flow cytometric systems for assessing cell death. T-cells were exposed to 0.6-5 microM MeHgCl, EtHgCl, or PhHgCl for up to 24 hr and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Mercury-treated cells exhibited increased Hoechst 33258 and 33342 fluorescence while maintaining their ability to exclude the vital stain 7-AAD. Furthermore, T-cells exposed to mercury exhibited changes in light scatter patterns that included decreased forward light scatter and increased side scatter. The light scatter and fluorescent changes were consistent with changes that cells display during apoptosis. To further evaluate cell death and to distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis, merocyanine 540 staining and annexin V binding to the plasma membrane as well as DNA fragmentation were assessed. Mercury-treated cells exhibited increased merocyanine 540 fluorescence and annexin V binding along with changes in nuclear morphology consistent with the notion of apoptosis. Conventional agarose gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate low-molecular-weight DNA bands; however, when probed by flow cytometry using both nick translation and a modified TUNEL assay, patterns consistent with nuclear fragmentation were evident. We noted that the percentage of T-cells undergoing apoptosis was dependent upon the amount of serum present in the medium; as serum concentrations were increased from 0 to 10%, cell death declined. Apoptosis (33%) was observed within 1 hr of exposure to MeHgCl; maximum cell death (67%) occurred after 24 hr exposure. Induction of apoptosis was dependent on the mercury concentration and independent of the hydrophobicity of the mercury ligand. Finally, we assessed mercury-dependent apoptosis in activated T-cells. When treated with mitogen, mercury failed to induce apoptosis in these cells. Indeed, there was no evidence of either apoptosis nor necrosis in these populations. It was concluded that the activation process prevented development of a metabolic state that was required for induction of apoptogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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