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Petereit C, Porath K, Rackow S, Kernig K, Hakenberg OW, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Age-dependent effects of the β 3 adrenoceptor agonist CL316,243 on human and rat detrusor muscle strips. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:243-256. [PMID: 37993748 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Motility of detrusor smooth muscle includes adrenergic relaxation and cholinergic contraction. Since the latter may be deregulated in overactive bladder (OAB) pathophysiology, anticholinergics are the standard therapy but occasionally less tolerated due to side effects such as dry mouth and constipation. β3 adrenoceptor agonists also alleviate OAB symptoms by relaxing the detrusor muscle. Their age dependence, however, is far from understood. To address this issue, we induced contractions with KCl (60 mM) and carbachol (from 10 nM to 100 μM) in the presence of the β3 adrenoceptor agonist CL316,243 (from 0.1 to 10 μM) in both human and rat muscle strips. Our results confirmed that both contractions were attenuated by β3 adrenoceptor activation in both species, but with differing age dependence. In humans, specimens from mid-life subjects showed a significantly more pronounced effect of CL316,243 in attenuating carbachol-induced contractions than those from aged subjects (Cohen's d of maximal attenuation: 1.82 in mid-life versus 0.13 in aged) without altering EC50. Conversely, attenuation of KCl responses by CL316,243 increased during ageing (Spearman correlation coefficient = -0.584, P<0.01). In rats, both KCl- and carbachol-induced contractions were significantly more attenuated by CL316,243 in samples from adolescent as compared to aged samples. Immunohistochemistry in human detrusor sections proved β3 adrenoreceptor abundance to remain unaltered during ageing. In conclusion, our findings suggest differential age-dependent changes in human β3 adrenoceptor-dependent attenuation of detrusor contraction in terms of electromechanical versus pharmacomechanical coupling; they may help understand the differential responsiveness of OAB patients to β3 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Petereit
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Simone Rackow
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karoline Kernig
- Department of Urology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Center of Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Center of Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Chen YC, Chen HW, Huang TC, Chu TY, Juan YS, Long CY, Lee HY, Huang SP, Liu YP, Chen CJ, Wu MN, Chueh KS, Li CC, Lee CH, Tsai WC, Wu WJ. Skin sympathetic nerve activity as a potential biomarker for overactive bladder. World J Urol 2023; 41:1373-1379. [PMID: 36971826 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormalities in autonomic function are associated with an overactive bladder (OAB). Heart rate variability is generally used as the sole assessment of autonomic activity; however, we utilized neuECG, a novel method of recording skin electrical signals, to assess autonomic nervous function in healthy controls and patients with OAB before and after treatment. METHODS The prospective sample included 52 participants: 23 patients newly diagnosed with OAB and 29 controls. Autonomic function was assessed in all participants in the morning using neuECG, which analyzed the average skin sympathetic nerve activity (aSKNA) and electrocardiogram simultaneously. All patients with OAB were administered antimuscarinics; urodynamic parameters were assessed before treatments; autonomic and bladder functions using validated questionnaires for OAB symptoms were evaluated before and after OAB treatment. RESULTS Patients with OAB had significantly higher baseline aSKNA (p = 0.003), lower standard deviation of the normal-to-normal beat intervals, lower root mean square of the successive differences, lower high-frequency, and higher low-frequency than did controls. Baseline aSKNA had the highest value in predicting OAB (AUROC = 0.783, p < 0.001). The aSKNA was negatively correlated with first desire and normal desire in urodynamic studies (both p = 0.025) and was significantly decreased after treatment at rest, stress, and recovery phases, as compared to those before treatment (p = 0.046, 0.017, and 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION Sympathetic activity increased significantly in patients with OAB compared to that in healthy controls, and decreased significantly post-treatment. Higher aSKNA is associated with decreased bladder volume at which voiding is desired. SKNA may be a potential biomarker for diagnosing OAB.
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Erdogan BR, Michel MB, Matthes J, Castañeda TR, Christen U, Arioglu-Inan E, Michel MC, Pautz A. A comparison of urinary bladder weight in male and female mice across five models of diabetes and obesity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1118730. [PMID: 36891264 PMCID: PMC9986474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1118730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes often leads to lower urinary tract dysfunction. The most frequently assessed parameter of urinary bladder dysfunction in animal models of diabetes is an enlargement of the bladder, which is consistently observed in type 1 and less consistently in type 2 diabetes. The vast majority of studies on bladder weight in animal models of diabetes and obesity has been performed in males, and no studies have directly compared this outcome parameter between sexes. Methods: Therefore, we have compared bladder weight and bladder/body weight ratio in five mouse models of obesity and diabetes (RIP-LCMV, db/db, ob/ob (two studies), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) knock-out mice and mice on a high-fat diet; pre-specified secondary analysis of a previously reported study). Results: In a pooled analysis of the control groups of all studies, females exhibited slightly lower glucose levels, lower body weight, and lower bladder weight, but bladder/body weight ratio was similar in both sexes (0.957 vs. 0.986 mg/g, mean difference 0.029 [-0.06; 0.118]). Among the six diabetic/obese groups, bladder/body weight ratio was similar in both sexes in three but smaller in female mice in three other groups. The mRNA expression of a panel of genes implied in the pathophysiology of bladder enlargement and/or fibrosis and inflammation did not differ systematically between sexes. Conclusions: We conclude that sex differences in diabetes/obesity-associated bladder enlargement may be model dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül R. Erdogan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Martina B. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Matthes
- Centre of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Urs Christen
- Pharmazentrum, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Pautz A, Michel MC. Sex and Gender Differences in the Pharmacology of the Overactive Urinary Bladder. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 282:57-74. [PMID: 37439844 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the lower urinary tract in general and the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) in particular are prevalent and have major impact on the quality of life of the afflicted patients and their partners. We concisely review sex and gender differences in patients and animal models in physiological bladder function, its alterations in disease (mostly OAB), and its responses to treatment. Women appear to have a smaller functional bladder capacity and, therefore, must void more often than men. On the other hand, men have a greater bladder outlet resistance, which is partly attributed to a longer urethra and partly to the presence of the prostate. Sex and gender differences in bladder contractility appear small and were not found consistently. The ability of bladder smooth muscle to relax may be somewhat smaller in females. However, females are heavily underrepresented in experimental studies on bladder function. Stress urinary incontinence is found predominantly in women (particularly those after childbirth). OAB is similarly prevalent in men and women. Females seek treatment much more often and are overrepresented in clinical trials. Treatment responses in OAB patients are similar in both genders for oral medications, but improvements upon injections of onabotulinum toxin type A appear smaller in men. We conclude that there is no evidence for major sex and gender differences in bladder dysfunction as related to OAB and its treatment responses, but female animals are heavily underrepresented in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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High-Intensity Interval Training Minimizes the Deleterious Effects of Arterial Hypertension on the Urinary Bladder of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9979397. [PMID: 36865350 PMCID: PMC9974255 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9979397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Arterial hypertension promotes urological complications by modifying the functional capacity of the urinary bladder. On the other hand, physical exercise has been suggested as a nonpharmacological tool to improve blood pressure regulation. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can effectively increase peak oxygen consumption, body composition, physical fitness, and health-related characteristics of adults; however, its action on the urinary bladder is little discussed. In the present study, we verified the effect of HIIT on the modulation of the redox state, morphology, and inflammatory and apoptotic processes of the urinary bladder of hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were divided into two groups: SHR sedentary and SHR submitted to HIIT. Arterial hypertension promoted an increase in the plasma redox state, modified the volume of the urinary bladder, and increased collagen deposition in detrusor muscle. It was also possible to identify, in the sedentary SHR group, an increase in inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and TNF-α in the urinary bladder, as well as a reduction in BAX expression. However, in the HIIT group, reduced blood pressure levels were observed, together with an improvement in morphology, such as a decrease in collagen deposition. HIIT also regulated the proinflammatory response, promoting increases in IL-10 and BAX expressions and in the number of plasma antioxidant enzymes. The present work highlights the intracellular pathways involved with the oxidative and inflammatory capacity of the urinary bladder and the potential effect of HIIT on the regulation of the urothelium and detrusor muscle of hypertensive rats.
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Singh N, Zabbarova I, Ikeda Y, Kanai A, Chermansky C, Yoshimura N, Tyagi P. Role of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in aging bladder phenotype. Life Sci 2022; 289:120203. [PMID: 34875252 PMCID: PMC8724453 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the functional role of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated gated channel (HCN) subtypes in the aging bladder phenotype characterized by diminished bladder volume sensation (BVS) with or without the detrusor instability (DI). METHODS Expression of HCN subtypes was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in aged male Fisher 344 rats (n = 15) and young rats (n = 15). Nocturnal urination and awake cystometry (CMG) were assessed in presence and absence of a steady state HCN channel blockade achieved with daily oral gavage of vehicle or Ivabradine (HCN blocker) 6 mg/kg for 7 days. RESULTS The association of BVS with the age-related downregulation (~30%) of cAMP sensitive HCN1, HCN2 subtypes, and (~50%) upregulation of cAMP insensitive HCN3 subtype is evinced by the doubling in the mean urine volume of nocturnal voids (0.82 ± 0.22 mL vs 0.41 ± 0.12 mL; n = 10; p < 0.05) predicting an age-related rise in the micturition volume threshold (p < 0.0001) in CMG, which is raised further by Ivabradine treatment (p < 0.0005). Ivabradine also doubled non-voiding contractions (NVC) and maximum voiding pressure (MVP) in young and aged rats, respectively (p < 0.0001) to abolish the age-related, innate two -fold elevation in NVC not accompanied with MVP rise in untreated aged rats (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION The age-related HCN downregulation is mechanistically linked to the exhibition of aging bladder phenotype with the manifestation of DI following steady state blockade of HCN channels in Ivabradine treated young rats. The amplification of MVP in aged rats mediated by FDA approved Ivabradine hints at potential repurposing opportunity in detrusor underactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Singh
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Irina Zabbarova
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Youko Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Anthony Kanai
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Chermansky
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Yamada S, Niiya R, Ito Y, Kato Y, Onoue S. Comparative characterization of β-adrenoceptors in the bladder, heart, and lungs of rats: Alterations in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:51-55. [PMID: 34924129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize and compare β-adrenoceptors in the rat bladder with those in the heart and lungs of SD rats (8-10 weeks old) using subtype-selective agonists and antagonists in a radioligand binding assay with (-)-[125I]cyanopindolol ([125I]CYP), and also to clarify alterations in β-adrenoceptors in the bladder of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at 14 weeks old, from those of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and Wistar rats at the same age. A radioligand binding assay with [125I]CYP was used to measure β-adrenoceptor binding activity in rat tissues. Metoprolol exhibited the highest affinity to specific binding sites of [125I]CYP in the rat heart, indicating the dominance of β1-adrenoceptors. β3-selective agonists (BRL37344 and CL316243) and antagonist (SR59230A) exhibited higher affinity to specific binding sites of [125I]CYP in the bladder than in the heart and lungs. Furthermore, the binding affinity of the β2-selective antagonist, ICI118551 was the highest in the bladder. The Bmax of specific [125]CYP binding in the bladder was significantly lower in WKY and SHR than in Wistar rats. The present study provides further evidence for the coexistence of β2-and β3-adrenoceptors in the rat bladder, and indicates that β-adrenoceptor density is lower in the bladders of WKY and SHR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Lung/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Radioligand Assay/methods
- Rats, Inbred SHR/metabolism
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Ryo Niiya
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ito
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Mossa A, Cammisotto PG, Velasquez-Flores M, Campeau L. Adaptation to partial urethral obstruction in healthy aging LOU rats and the role of nerve growth factor signaling pathway in the bladder. Exp Gerontol 2021; 157:111625. [PMID: 34780930 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM Aging is associated with poor ability to adapt to stress and abnormal nerve growth factor (NGF) profile. Lower urinary tract symptoms frequently disturb the quality of life of the aging population with no optimal treatment for both genders. The aim of the study was to compare the bladder response to bladder outflow obstruction in young and old LOU rats, a model of healthy aging that does not develop insulin resistance, and its relation to proNGF/NGF imbalance. METHODS 6- and 36-month-old female LOU rats were subjected to partial bladder urethral obstruction (PUO) for 2 weeks. Morphometric parameters (body and bladder weight) and glycemia were evaluated. Cystometry was carried out to measure functional parameters followed by ex vivo assessment of muscle strip contractile characteristics. Tissue proteins were examined by immunoblotting and morphology was examined by microscopy. RESULTS Body weight and glycaemia were not affected by surgery. PUO increases significantly bladder weight with increased thickness and fibrosis of the bladder wall as revealed by histological examination in both age groups. Cystometry showed that old PUO rats had a significant reduction in the intercontraction interval and the bladder capacity, a pattern opposite to young rats with PUO. Contractile properties of bladder strip were not affected by age or PUO. On the molecular level, the old rats had lower abundance of the mature NGF relative to proNGF, with signs of p75NTR activation suggested by the higher expression of TNF-α and JNK phosphorylation in the bladder tissue. CONCLUSION Bladder adaptation to PUO occurs only in young LOU rats to maintain efficient bladder contractility. Old LOU rats display proNGF/NGF imbalance and the associated p75NTR activation. This can further induce tissue damage and degeneration through activation of JNK pathway and release of TNF-α which in turn interferes with the necessary bladder adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakr Mossa
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Lysanne Campeau
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ma L, Tang JY, Zhou JY, Zhu C, Zhang X, Zhou P, Yu Q, Wang Y, Gu XJ. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used clinically, improves bladder function in a mouse model of moderate spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2093-2098. [PMID: 33642399 PMCID: PMC8343320 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, the upward conduction of the spinal cord is lost, resulting in the loss of micturition control, which manifests as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia and insufficient micturition. Studies have shown that serotonergic axons play important roles in the control of the descending urination tract. In this study, mouse models of moderate spinal cord contusions were established. The serotonin agonists quipazine (0.2 mg/kg), 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DAPT, 0.1 mg/kg), buspirone (1 mg/kg), sumatriptan (1 mg/kg), and rizatriptan (50 mg/kg), the serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and duloxetine (1 mg/kg), and the dopamine receptor agonist SKF-82197 (0.1 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to the model mice 35 days post-injury in an acute manner. The voided stain on paper method and urodynamics revealed that fluoxetine reduced the amount of residual urine in the bladder and decreased bladder and external urethral sphincter pressure in a mouse model of moderate spinal cord injury. However, fluoxetine did not improve the micturition function in a mouse model of severe spinal cord injury. In contrast, the other serotonergic drugs had no effects on the micturition functions of spinal cord injury model mice. This study was ethically approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine (approval No. 2020DW-20-02) on September 11, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Tang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Yong Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiu Yu
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Gu
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Michel MC, Murphy TJ, Motulsky HJ. New Author Guidelines for Displaying Data and Reporting Data Analysis and Statistical Methods in Experimental Biology. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:49-60. [PMID: 31882404 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics has revised the Instructions to Authors for Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Molecular Pharmacology These revisions relate to data analysis (including statistical analysis) and reporting but do not tell investigators how to design and perform their experiments. Their overall focus is on greater granularity in the description of what has been done and found. Key recommendations include the need to differentiate between preplanned, hypothesis-testing, and exploratory experiments or studies; explanations of whether key elements of study design, such as sample size and choice of specific statistical tests, had been specified before any data were obtained or adapted thereafter; and explanations of whether any outliers (data points or entire experiments) were eliminated and when the rules for doing so had been defined. Variability should be described by S.D. or interquartile range, and precision should be described by confidence intervals; S.E. should not be used. P values should be used sparingly; in most cases, reporting differences or ratios (effect sizes) with their confidence intervals will be preferred. Depiction of data in figures should provide as much granularity as possible, e.g., by replacing bar graphs with scatter plots wherever feasible and violin or box-and-whisker plots when not. This editorial explains the revisions and the underlying scientific rationale. We believe that these revised guidelines will lead to a less biased and more transparent reporting of research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (M.C.M.); Partnership for the Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice, Heidelberg, Germany (M.C.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (T.J.M.); and GraphPad Software, Los Angeles, California (H.J.M.)
| | - T J Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (M.C.M.); Partnership for the Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice, Heidelberg, Germany (M.C.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (T.J.M.); and GraphPad Software, Los Angeles, California (H.J.M.)
| | - Harvey J Motulsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (M.C.M.); Partnership for the Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice, Heidelberg, Germany (M.C.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (T.J.M.); and GraphPad Software, Los Angeles, California (H.J.M.)
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Michel MC, Murphy T, Motulsky HJ. New Author Guidelines for Displaying Data and Reporting Data Analysis and Statistical Methods in Experimental Biology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:136-147. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Michel MC, Murphy T, Motulsky HJ. New Author Guidelines for Displaying Data and Reporting Data Analysis and Statistical Methods in Experimental Biology. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:64-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.090027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Abstract
Nonclinical studies form the basis for the decision whether to take a therapeutic candidate into the clinic. These studies need to exhibit translational robustness for both ethical and economic reasons. Key findings confirmed in multiple species have a greater chance to also occur in humans. Given the heterogeneity of patient populations, preclinical studies or at least programs comprising multiple studies need to reflect such heterogeneity, e.g., regarding strains, sex, age, and comorbidities of experimental animals. However, introducing such heterogeneity requires larger studies/programs to maintain statistical power in the face of greater variability. In addition to classic sources of bias, e.g., related to lack of randomization and concealment, translational studies face specific sources of potential bias such as that introduced by a model that may not reflect the full spectrum of underlying pathophysiology in patients, that defined by timing of treatment, or that implied in dosing decisions and interspecies differences in pharmacokinetic profiles. The balance of all these factors needs to be considered carefully for each study and program.
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John G. Urinary incontinence and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Int Urogynecol J 2019; 31:857-863. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-019-04058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arioglu-Inan E, Kayki-Mutlu G, Michel MC. Cardiac β 3 -adrenoceptors-A role in human pathophysiology? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2482-2495. [PMID: 30801686 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As β3 -adrenoceptors were first demonstrated to be expressed in adipose tissue they have received much attention for their metabolic effects in obesity and diabetes. After the existence of this subtype had been suggested to be present in the heart, studies focused on its role in cardiac function. While the presence and functional role of β3 -adrenoceptors in the heart has not uniformly been detected, there is a broad consensus that they become up-regulated in pathological conditions associated with increased sympathetic activity such as heart failure and diabetes. When detected, the β3 -adrenceptor has been demonstrated to mediate negative inotropic effects in an inhibitory G protein-dependent manner through the NO-cGMP-PKG signalling pathway. Whether these negative inotropic effects provide protection from the adverse effects induced by overstimulation of β1 /β2 -adrenoceptors or in themselves are potentially harmful is controversial, but ongoing clinical studies in patients with congestive heart failure are testing the hypothesis that β3 -adrenceptor agonism has a beneficial effect. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kayki-Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Paraiso RLM, Fotaki N, McAllister M, Cristofoletti R, Dressman J. Application of the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in drug development and therapeutic equivalence: a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:699-723. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this review was to provide an overview of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, focusing on drug-specific PK/PD models and highlighting their value added in drug development and regulatory decision-making.
Key findings
Many PK/PD models, with varying degrees of complexity and physiological understanding have been developed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drug products. In special populations (e.g. paediatrics), in cases where there is genetic polymorphism and in other instances where therapeutic outcomes are not well described solely by PK metrics, the implementation of PK/PD models is crucial to assure the desired clinical outcome. Since dissociation between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles is often observed, it is proposed that physiologically based pharmacokinetic and PK/PD models be given more weight by regulatory authorities when assessing the therapeutic equivalence of drug products.
Summary
Modelling and simulation approaches already play an important role in drug development. While slowly moving away from ‘one-size fits all’ PK methodologies to assess therapeutic outcomes, further work is required to increase confidence in PK/PD models in translatability and prediction of various clinical scenarios to encourage more widespread implementation in regulatory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael L M Paraiso
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Division of Therapeutic Equivalence, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Birder LA, Kullmann AF, Chapple CR. The aging bladder insights from animal models. Asian J Urol 2018; 5:135-140. [PMID: 29988876 PMCID: PMC6033201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in bladder function with aging are very common and are very likely to represent an increasing healthcare problem in the years to come with the general aging of the population. In this review the authors describe the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and comment upon potential mechanisms which may be responsible for the increasing prevalence of lower LUTS with increasing age, based on laboratory studies. It is clear that there is a complex interplay between the various components of the neural innervation structure of the bladder in leading to changes with age, which are likely to underpin the LUTS which are seen in the aging bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A. Birder
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aura F. Kullmann
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Age-related changes in function and gene expression of the male and female mouse bladder. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2089. [PMID: 29391518 PMCID: PMC5794976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated age-related changes in in vivo and in vitro functions and gene expression of the bladder of male and female mice. Mature and aged (12 and 27–30 month old) C57BL/6 mice of both sexes were used. Frequency volume, conscious free-moving cystometry and detrusor contractile and relaxant properties in in vitro organ bath were evaluated. mRNA expression level of muscarinic, purinergic, and β-adrenergic receptors and gene expression changes by cDNA microarray analysis of the bladder were determined. Cystometry demonstrated storage and voiding dysfunctions with ageing in both sexes. Detrusor strips from aged mice showed weaker contractile responses particularly in the cholinergic component and weaker relaxant responses to isoproterenol. These age-related impairments were generally severer in males. mRNA expression of bladder tissue was decreased for M3 muscarinic receptors in aged males and β2-adrenoceptors in aged females. cDNA microarray analysis results, albeit substantial sex difference, indicated “cell-to-cell signaling and interaction” as the most common feature of age-related gene expression. In summary, aged mice demonstrated voiding and storage dysfunctions resembling to detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility (DHIC), which were more pronounced in males. Genomic changes associated with aging may contribute to the age-related bladder functional deterioration in mice.
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Chen TF, Huang HC, Lin YH, Liao CH, Chiang BJ. Preliminary experience and possible predictors of successful mirabegron treatment for overactive bladder. UROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urols.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Alexandre EC, de Oliveira MG, Campos R, Kiguti LR, Calmasini FB, Silva FH, Grant AD, Yoshimura N, Antunes E. How important is the α 1-adrenoceptor in primate and rodent proximal urethra? Sex differences in the contribution of α 1-adrenoceptor to urethral contractility. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F1026-F1034. [PMID: 28298357 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urethral smooth muscle (USM) contributes to urinary continence by contracting during the urine storage phase, which is mainly mediated by activation of postjunctional α1-adrenoceptors. Males and females show differences in the functioning of the lower urinary tract and the most common urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS in men typically occur in association with bladder outlet obstruction, whereas in women urinary urge-incontinence symptoms are more common. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sex differences in α1-adrenoceptor subtype expression and their importance in proximal urethra contraction in the mouse (C57BL6/J) and marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Contractile responses to phenylephrine, norepinephrine, potassium chloride (KCl), and electrical-field stimulation (EFS) were evaluated. Phenylephrine, norepinephrine, KCl, and EFS produced markedly greater contractions in male mice and marmoset USM compared with females. The sex differences remained unchanged by Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NAME; nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist), and PPADS (P2X1-purinoceptor antagonist). Additionally, selective α1A (but not α1B- and α1D-)-adrenoceptor antagonists significantly reduced phenylephrine-induced USM contractions. qRT-PCR for α1A-, B-, and D-adrenoceptor subtypes revealed a marked presence of the α1A-adrenoceptor subtype in male USM, but not females. Male mouse urethra also exhibited a higher tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression. Histomorphometric analysis showed a greater USM area in male than female mice. In conclusion, male mouse and marmoset proximal USM shows strong α1A- adrenoceptor-induced contractions and abundant α1A-adrenoceptor expression, whereas α1A-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms are much less important in females. The differential expression of α1-adrenoceptors in the proximal urethra may contribute to the higher incidence of urinary incontinence in women and obstructed voiding in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Mariana G de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Kiguti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio H Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew D Grant
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kullmann FA, Birder LA, Andersson KE. Translational Research and Functional Changes in Voiding Function in Older Adults. Clin Geriatr Med 2015; 31:535-48. [PMID: 26476114 PMCID: PMC4865381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Age-related LUT dysfunctions result from complex processes controlled by multiple genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors and account for high costs of health care. This article discusses risk factors that may play a role in age-related LUT dysfunction and presents available data comparing structural and functional changes that occur with aging in the bladder of humans and animal models. A better understanding of factors and mechanisms underlying LUT symptoms in the older population may lead to therapeutic interventions to reduce these dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florenta Aura Kullmann
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Medicine Department, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, A1220 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lori Ann Birder
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Medicine Department, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, A1207 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Karl-Erik Andersson
- Department of Urology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA; AIAS, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, Building 1632, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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23
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Ito H, Aizawa N, Fujita Y, Suzuki M, Fukuhara H, Homma Y, Kubota Y, Ito M, Andersson KE, Igawa Y. Long-term caloric restriction in rats may prevent age related impairment of in vitro bladder function. J Urol 2014; 193:2123-30. [PMID: 25451828 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder function is often impaired with aging. In other organs caloric restriction has had a prophylactic effect on the biological changes associated with aging. We tested the hypothesis that long-term caloric restriction can prevent age related impaired bladder function in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fisher 344 male rats were divided into 3 groups, including 16 young rats at age 6 months with free access to normal food, 15 old rats at age 25 to 28 months with free access to normal food and 16 old rats at age 25 to 28 months fed with normal food 3 days per week since age 6 weeks (caloric restriction). We performed frequency volume measurements, in vitro organ bath functional studies using full-thickness longitudinal detrusor strips, evaluation of muscarinic and purinergic receptor mRNA expression, and histological examination with Masson trichrome staining of bladder tissue. RESULTS Frequency volume changes did not significantly differ among the 3 groups. The old group fed normal food showed weaker contractile responses to carbachol and electrical field stimulation (especially in the cholinergic component), lower M3 receptor mRNA expression and higher collagen deposition compared to the young group. These age related bladder changes were milder in the old group with caloric restriction than in the old group fed normal food. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that in the rat long-term caloric restriction has a preventive effect against age related functional and morphological bladder changes. These changes include impaired detrusor contractility that may be related to decreased expression of M3 receptors and to bladder wall fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ito
- Department of Continence Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Aizawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujita
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kubota
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Igawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Michel MC. Do β-adrenoceptor agonists induce homologous or heterologous desensitization in rat urinary bladder? NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 387:215-24. [PMID: 24213882 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptor agonists have recently been introduced for the symptomatic treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome. As such treatment is not curative, long-term treatment is anticipated to be required. As the susceptibility of β3-adrenoceptors to undergo agonist-induced desensitization is cell type- and tissue-dependent, we have explored whether pre-treatment with a β-adrenoceptor agonist will attenuate subsequent relaxation responses to freshly added agonist using rat urinary bladder as a model. We have used the prototypical β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline, the β2-selective fenoterol and the β3-selective CL 316,243 and mirabegron as well as the receptor-independent bladder relaxant forskolin. We show that a 6-h pre-treatment with agonist can significantly reduce subsequent relaxation against KCl-induced smooth muscle tone, but agonist-induced desensitization was also observed with longer pre-treatments or against passive tension. The agonist-induced desensitization was prominent for the β2 component of rat bladder relaxation but much weaker or even absent for the β3 component. Moreover, β-adrenoceptor agonist pre-treatment reduced contractile responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and the receptor-independent stimulus KCl. Taken together these data do not support the hypothesis that the long-term clinical efficacy of β3-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome will be limited by receptor desensitization. Rather they raise the possibility that such treatment may not only cause smooth muscle relaxation but also may attenuate hyper-contractility of the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 51101, Mainz, Germany,
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25
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Nerve regeneration restores supraspinal control of bladder function after complete spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10591-606. [PMID: 23804083 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1116-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A life-threatening disability after complete spinal cord injury is urinary dysfunction, which is attributable to lack of regeneration of supraspinal pathways that control the bladder. Although numerous strategies have been proposed that can promote the regrowth of severed axons in the adult CNS, at present, the approaches by which this can be accomplished after complete cord transection are quite limited. In the present study, we modified a classic peripheral nerve grafting technique with the use of chondroitinase to facilitate the regeneration of axons across and beyond an extensive thoracic spinal cord transection lesion in adult rats. The novel combination treatment allows for remarkably lengthy regeneration of certain subtypes of brainstem and propriospinal axons across the injury site and is followed by markedly improved urinary function. Our studies provide evidence that an enhanced nerve grafting strategy represents a potential regenerative treatment after severe spinal cord injury.
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26
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Patra PB, Patra S. Sex differences in the physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Curr Urol 2013; 6:179-88. [PMID: 24917740 DOI: 10.1159/000343536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is not only noticed in the prevalence of many diseases, but also in multiple physiological functions in the body. This review has summarized findings from published literature on the sex differences of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract (LUT) of humans and animals. Sex differences have been found in several key areas of the LUT, such as overactive bladder, expression and function of neurotransmitter receptors in the bladder and urethra, and micturition patterns in humans and animals. It is anticipated that this review will not only evoke renewed interest for further research on the mechanism of sex differences in the pathophysiology of the LUT (especially for overactive bladder), but might also open up the possibilities for gender-based drug development by pharmaceutical industries in order to find separate cures for men and women with diseases of the LUT.
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27
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Sakai T, Kasahara KI, Tomita KI, Ikegaki I, Kuriyama H. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced bladder hyperactivity via the 5-HT2A receptor in partial bladder outlet obstruction in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1020-7. [PMID: 23344575 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00365.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) on the function and gene expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes in rat bladder. Isometric contractions of the isolated bladders from sham-operated control and BOO rats were examined. The contractile responses to 5-HT were significantly increased in BOO rat bladder strips, while the responses to KCl, carbachol, or phenylephrine were not different from the control. The 5-HT-induced hypercontraction in BOO rat bladder strips was inhibited by ketanserin, a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist. The contractile responses to 5-HT in bladder strips were not affected by urothelium removal from the intact bladder. The gene expression of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the bladders was analyzed by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of the 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(4), and 5-HT(7) receptors was detected in both the control and BOO rat bladders. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed there was a significant increase of 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA in the BOO rat bladder compared with the control bladder. On the other hand, the gene expression of the 5-HT(4) receptor was not changed in the BOO rat bladder. These results suggest that the increased contractile responses to 5-HT in BOO rat bladder may be partly caused by 5-HT(2A) receptor upregulation in the detrusor smooth muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sakai
- Laboratory for Development Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni-shi, Shizuoka, Japan
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Ochodnicky P, Uvelius B, Andersson KE, Michel MC. Autonomic nervous control of the urinary bladder. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:16-33. [PMID: 23033838 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of the urinary bladder function. Under physiological circumstances, noradrenaline, acting mainly on β(3) -adrenoceptors in the detrusor and on α(1) (A) -adrenoceptors in the bladder outflow tract, promotes urine storage, whereas neuronally released acetylcholine acting mainly on M(3) receptors promotes bladder emptying. Under pathophysiological conditions, however, this system may change in several ways. Firstly, there may be plasticity at the levels of innervation and receptor expression and function. Secondly, non-neuronal acetylcholine synthesis and release from the urothelium may occur during the storage phase, leading to a concomitant exposure of detrusor smooth muscle, urothelium and afferent nerves to acetylcholine and noradrenaline. This can cause interactions between the adrenergic and cholinergic system, which have been studied mostly at the post-junctional smooth muscle level until now. The implications of such plasticity are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ochodnicky
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - B. Uvelius
- Department of Urology; Skane University Hospital; Malmö; Sweden
| | - K.-E. Andersson
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Winston Salem; NC; USA
| | - M. C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz; Germany
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Variations in carbachol- and ATP-induced contractions of the rat detrusor: effects of gender, mucosa and contractile direction. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44:1641-8. [PMID: 22983888 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-012-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Contractile characteristics of the bladder may depend on variables such as gender, mucosa (MU) and direction of the contractions. However, definitive information is not yet available despite earlier studies on the effects of one variable or another. Here, we explored the differences in the rat detrusor attributable to gender, mucosa and contractile direction. METHODS K+, carbachol (CCh) and ATP were used as contractile stimuli on rat detrusor strips with and without MU. Contractility was monitored using a myograph system. Both tonic and phasic contractile activities were analyzed. RESULTS MU-independent contractions induced by CCh were more potent in females, an effect specific to the longitudinal direction only. The maximal CCh response was larger also in females when MU was removed, suggesting a stronger MU-independent component in the contraction. The larger area under curves of the females under ATP stimulation showed dependence on MU and contractile direction as well. ATP-induced contractions in the males were affected more by MU in the transverse direction than in the females. Direction- and MU-dependent variability of ATP responses was also observed in the males but not in females. CONCLUSIONS Findings here added new information to the understanding of bladder contractile physiology, providing insights into the quest for better drugs in managing bladder disorders.
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Cristofaro V, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. Altered Caveolar Mediated Purinergic Signaling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Detrusor Overactivity. J Urol 2012; 188:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cristofaro
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Subbarao V. Yalla
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Igawa Y, Schneider T, Yamazaki Y, Tatemichi S, Homma Y, Nishizawa O, Michel MC. Functional investigation of β-adrenoceptors in human isolated detrusor focusing on the novel selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist KUC-7322. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:759-67. [PMID: 22644105 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtype mediating relaxation of isolated human bladder strips and to explore relaxation by the novel β3-AR-selective agonist KUC-7322 for its relaxant effect on the human isolated detrusor and for its effect on the carbachol (CCh)-induced contractile response. In two parallel studies, relaxation of isolated human bladder strips was tested for the β-AR agonists isoproterenol, clenbuterol, BRL 37344, and KUC-7322. For the isoproterenol and KUC-7322 responses, antagonism by CGP 20712A, ICI 118551, and SR59230A was determined. The potency and efficacy of the reference agonists for detrusor relaxation was in line with their known β3-AR activity. KUC-7322 relative to isoproterenol was a full agonist with a pEC(50) of 5.95 ± 0.09 and 5.92 ± 0.11 in the two studies. SR59230A exhibited antagonism of the expected potency against isoproterenol (apparent pK (B) 7.2) but not against KUC-7322. Neither isoproterenol nor KUC-7322 nor forskolin significantly attenuated CCh-induced contraction. These results suggest that KUC-7322 displays full agonistic activity in relaxing the human detrusor without inhibiting the contraction induced by cholinergic stimulation. These characteristics, if proven in vivo, may be beneficial for the treatment of overactive bladder, as increased bladder capacity with a negligible effect on voiding contractions may be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Igawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Owen SJ, Massa HH, Rose'Meyer RB. Loss of adenosine A2B receptor mediated relaxant responses in the aged female rat bladder; effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:539-49. [PMID: 22237834 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of age, ovariectomy and dietary phytoestrogen ingestion on adenosine A(2B) receptor mediated relaxant responses and mRNA expression of adenosine receptor subtypes in the rat isolated bladder. Female Wistar rats (8 weeks) were anaesthetised and the ovaries were removed (ovx) or left intact (sham). Rats were fed either normal rat chow (soy, phytoestrogens) or a non-soy (phytoestrogen free) diet. Isolated bladder from rats aged 12, 24 or 52 weeks were pre-contracted with 3 μM carbachol prior to a concentration response curve to 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine (NECA) being obtained. In 12-week-old rats, the bladder exhibited enhanced relaxant responses to NECA in soy-fed rats (P < 0.05), whilst at 24 weeks of age, the relaxant responses to NECA were attenuated in all the groups studied except soy-treated sham rat bladders in which the relaxant responses were enhanced. At 52 weeks of age, no relaxant effects were observed in any of the treatment groups and NECA-induced contractile responses occurred. In all bladders, the adenosine A(2B) receptor was the most abundantly expressed. In bladders from young and mature female rats, the mRNA expression of adenosine receptors (A(1), A(2A) and A(2B)) was lowest in the bladder from non-soy-fed ovariectomised animals and the use of phytoestrogens in the diet increased the mRNA expression of these receptors (P < 0.05). While a soy diet improves the relaxant effects to the adenosine analogue via adenosine A(2B) receptors in bladders from younger rats, the benefits are lost with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzzanne J Owen
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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Kullmann FA, Downs TR, Artim DE, Limberg BJ, Shah M, Contract D, de Groat WC, Rosenbaum JS. Urothelial beta-3 adrenergic receptors in the rat bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:144-50. [PMID: 21046653 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the distribution of beta-3 adrenergic receptors (β(3)ARs) in the rat bladder and to examine the contribution of urothelial β(3)ARs to agonist-induced suppression of bladder reflexes and relaxation of smooth muscle. METHODS Bladder tissue was collected from 8- to 10-month old female SD rats. In some samples, the urothelium was surgically separated from the smooth muscle. The expression and localization of βAR mRNA and β(3)AR protein were determined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Contractile responses to the specific β(3)AR agonists TAK-677 and BRL37344 were measured in bladder strips with or without the urothelium. The contribution of urothelial β(3)ARs to the micturition reflex was assessed in continuous cystometry in urethane anesthetized rats using intravesical delivery of β(3)AR agonists. RESULTS RT-PCR detected mRNA of all βARs in urothelium and smooth muscle. Immunostaining detected β(3)ARs throughout the urothelium, in the smooth muscle, myofibroblast-like cells, and in the peripheral nerves. Ovariectomy did not change the distribution of β(3)ARs in any bladder structure. Intravesical administration of TAK-677 and BRL37344 (1-5 × 10(-4) M) decreased voiding frequency and amplitude of bladder contractions. In bladder strips in vitro both β(3)AR agonists (10(-12) to 10(-4) M) relaxed the smooth muscle in a concentration-dependent manner to the same extent in strips with and without the urothelium. CONCLUSIONS In addition to their presence in bladder smooth muscle, β(3)ARs are present in the urothelium where their activation may alter reflex voiding via release of factor(s) that act on non-myocyte structures including the afferent and/or efferent nerves to influence bladder contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Effect of pre-contraction on β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat urinary bladder. World J Urol 2011; 27:711-5. [PMID: 19449014 PMCID: PMC2780656 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The human physiological bladder contraction is largely mediated by acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors, but in pathophysiological settings the relative role of non-cholinergic stimuli gains importance. β-Adrenoceptor agonists are currently in clinical development as treatments for the overactive bladder syndrome. Therefore, we have explored the ability of the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline to induce rat isolated bladder strip relaxation on pre-contraction with the muscarinic agonist carbachol as compared to bladder tone induced by several non-cholinergic stimuli. METHODS Bladder tone was induced by passive tension, receptor independently by KCl, carbachol, bradykinin or serotonin. Concentration–response curves were generated for relaxation by isoprenaline, and a single concentration of the receptor-independent relaxant forskolin was also tested. RESULTS The various contractile stimuli induced different degrees of bladder tone, but the ability of isoprenaline or forskolin to relax rat bladder was not correlated with the degree of tone. Isoprenaline was significantly less potent and effective in causing relaxation against carbachol-induced tone than against any other stimulus, whereas no such relationship was observed for forskolin. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that β-adrenoceptor agonists can induce rat bladder relaxation against a wide range of contractile stimuli and are more potent and/or effective against non-cholinergic stimuli than against muscarinic agonism. This profile appears desirable for agents intended for the treatment of overactive bladder.
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Michel MC, Ochodnicky P, Homma Y, Igawa Y. β-adrenoceptor agonist effects in experimental models of bladder dysfunction. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:40-9. [PMID: 21510978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-adrenoceptor stimulation can enhance the storage function of the urinary bladder by acting on detrusor smooth muscle tone, mediator release from the urothelium and/or afferent nerve activity. In humans this may occur predominantly if not exclusively via the β₃-subtype. The effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists including several β₃-selective agonists have been studied in vitro and in vivo, in healthy animals of both genders and various age groups and in a wide range of animal (mostly rat) models of genetic or acquired bladder dysfunction. Such models included bladder irritation by intravesical instillation of acetic acid or prostaglandin E₂, bladder outlet obstruction, stroke, diabetes, spontaneously hypertensive rats, and NO synthase inhibition. Across all of these models β-adrenoceptor agonists had effects consistent with improved bladder storage function. β₃-adrenoceptor effects are resistant to agonist-induced desensitization in many cell types, but whether this also applies to the human bladder is unknown. The efficacy of β-adrenoceptor agonists appears to be largely unaffected by common polymorphisms of the β₃-adrenoceptor gene. Taken together these findings suggest that β₃-adrenoceptor agonists may become useful drugs for the treatment of bladder storage dysfunction, a view supported by recent phase III clinical studies for one such agent, mirabegron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schneider T, Fetscher C, Michel MC. Human Urinary Bladder Strip Relaxation by the β-Adrenoceptor Agonist Isoprenaline: Methodological Considerations and Effects of Gender and Age. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:11. [PMID: 21687506 PMCID: PMC3108483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was primarily designed to explore various methodological aspects related to organ bath experiments evaluating human detrusor relaxation by the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline. Data are based upon a series of 30 consecutive patients, and this cohort was also used to explore possible effects of gender and age. KCl-induced contraction was related to strip length but not weight or cross-sectional area, indicating that the former is most suitable for data normalization. Storage of detrusor strips in cold buffer for up to 2 days did not affect contractile responses to KCl or efficacy of isoprenaline to cause relaxation but significantly affected the isoprenaline potency. No such alterations were observed with up to 1 day of cold storage. The type (KCl vs. passive tension) or strength of contractile stimulus had only minor effects on isoprenaline responses although these differences reached statistical significance in some cases. Similarly, gender and age had only minor if any effects on KCl-induced contraction or isoprenaline-induced relaxation, but the current data are too limited for robust conclusions. In summary we have evaluated experimental conditions for the testing of human detrusor strip contraction and relaxation which should be useful for future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schneider
- Departments of Urology and Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Within the urinary tract, β-adrenergic receptors (AR) are found largely on smooth muscle cells but are also present, at least in the bladder, in the urothelium and on afferent nerves. Our understanding of β-AR subtype expression and function is hampered by a lack of well-validated tools, particularly with regard to β(3)-AR. Moreover, the β-AR subtypes involved in a specific function may differ between species. In the ureter, β-AR can modulate pacemaker activity and smooth muscle tone involving multiple subtypes. In the human bladder, β-AR promote urine storage. Bladder smooth muscle relaxation primarily involves β(3)-AR, and the agonists selective for this subtype are in clinical development to treat bladder dysfunction. While prostate and urethra also express β-AR, the overall physiological role in these tissues remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Frazier EP, Michel-Reher MB, van Loenen P, Sand C, Schneider T, Peters SLM, Michel MC. Lack of evidence that nebivolol is a β₃-adrenoceptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:86-91. [PMID: 21172342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nebivolol is a selective β₁-adrenoceptor antagonist which, in addition, displays endothelium-dependent vasodilating properties in humans and other species. β₃-adrenoceptors have been proposed to be a molecular target of nebivolol-induced vasodilatation. Therefore, we have investigated possible β₃-adrenoceptor agonism by nebivolol for relaxation of the human and rat urinary bladder (prototypical β₃-adrenoceptor-mediated responses) as well as for cAMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the human β-adrenoceptor subtypes. Nebivolol concentration-dependently relaxed both human and rat isolated urinary bladder strips but with low potency, similar to that reported for vasodilatation. However, nebivolol-induced bladder relaxation in either species was not inhibited by the β₃-adrenoceptor antagonist SR 59,230A (10μM), although this compound inhibited the isoprenaline-induced relaxation with the expected potency. In radioligand binding studies nebivolol had lower affinity for human β₃-adrenoceptors than the other two β-adrenoceptor subtypes, but this low affinity was in line with its potency to relax the bladder or isolated blood vessels. In functional studies nebivolol even in high concentrations did not stimulate cAMP formation via any of the three cloned human β-adrenoceptors or in rat bladder smooth muscle cells. Taken together these data demonstrate that nebivolol can relax not only vascular but also urinary bladder smooth muscle. However, they do not support the hypothesis that nebivolol is an agonist at cloned human β₃-adrenoceptors or in rat or human urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfaridah P Frazier
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Limberg BJ, Andersson KE, Aura Kullmann F, Burmer G, de Groat WC, Rosenbaum JS. β-Adrenergic receptor subtype expression in myocyte and non-myocyte cells in human female bladder. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:295-306. [PMID: 20953633 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β(3)-Adrenergic receptor agonists are currently under clinical development for the treatment of overactive bladder, a condition that is prevalent in postmenopausal women. These agents purportedly relax bladder smooth muscle through a direct action at the myocyte β(3)-receptor. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of the individual beta-adrenergic receptors in full thickness sections from ageing human female bladder. We obtained a series of rabbit polyclonal antibodies generated against each of the three β-adrenergic receptors, and validated their receptor specificity in CHOK1 cells expressing each of the individual receptors. Immunostaining for β(1), β(2), and β(3) were each more prominent in the urothelium than in the detrusor, with all receptors expressed in the same cell types, indicating co-expression of all three receptors throughout the urothelium in addition to the detrusor. Staining of all receptors was also observed in suburothelial myofibroblast-like cells, intramural ganglion cells, and in Schwann cells of intramural nerves. The β(3)-receptor in the human urothelium appears to be functional, as two different selective β(3)-receptor agonists, TAK677 and BRL37344, stimulate cAMP formation in URO tsa cells. Densitometry analysis indicates a persistent expression of all receptors throughout the bladder with increasing age, with the exception of the β(2)-receptor in the urothelium of the trigone, which appears to decrease slightly in older women. These data indicate that β(3)-receptor expression is maintained with age, but may function in concert with other β-receptors. Activation of the myocyte receptor may be influenced by action on non-myocyte structures including the intramural ganglion cells and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Limberg
- Women's Health New Business Development, Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals now Warner Chilcott Pharmaceuticals Inc., Mason, OH, USA.
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β-Adrenoceptor-mediated differences in transverse and longitudinal strips from the rat detrusor. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 43:99-107. [PMID: 20490667 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Contractions and relaxations of the urinary bladder occur in all directions to facilitate urine release and storage. Transverse and longitudinal contractility of detrusor smooth muscle have been studied before using various pharmacologic stimuli but not β agonists. Given the importance of β-adrenoceptors in mediating bladder relaxation, the effects of isoprenaline (IPNA) in transverse and longitudinal contractility were examined. Pretreatment with a low concentration of IPNA (0.1 or 1 μM) suppressed carbachol (CCh)-induced contractions, more in the transverse than longitudinal direction. Increasing the IPNA concentration to 10 or 100 μM resulted in greater inhibition of longitudinal contractions. Also in the longitudinal direction, IPNA-induced relaxation was greater than in the transverse direction. When precontracted with a submaximal concentration of CCh (1 μM), IPNA increased the phasic activity in the longitudinal direction only. In summary, β-adrenoceptor-mediated differences between transverse and longitudinal contractility were revealed. In testing the relaxant properties of selective β-agonists, the findings here should be considered such that other than the conventional longitudinal contractions, measurements are also made in other directions.
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Yoshida M. Perspectives on overactive bladder in the elderly population. World J Urol 2009; 27:729-37. [PMID: 19904542 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overactive bladder (OAB) represents a disruption in the storage function of the lower urinary tract. This bothersome condition occurs more commonly in the elderly. Since population forecasts predict a worldwide increase in the proportion of people aged over 65 years, it is reasonable to expect that the healthcare burden associated with OAB will also increase. The pathophysiology of OAB in the elderly is thought to be multifactorial, with an abnormality occurring in the nervous supply and/or the structure/function of the urothelium or bladder smooth muscle, leading to bladder hypersensitivity, abnormalities in bladder sensation (urgency) and involuntary detrusor contraction. METHODS A review of some of the key aspects relating to management of this growing population was undertaken. RESULTS The potential for an elderly patient to present with a number of concomitant conditions means that careful characterization of their overall status is required before deciding on the most appropriate management option for their urinary tract pathology. Lifestyle interventions and pharmacological agents have shown success in treating OAB in the elderly, but as this patient group often has many concomitant conditions they are more likely to be seen by a non-urology specialist. CONCLUSIONS It is therefore important to raise awareness of the condition and an appreciation of its impact among healthcare professionals to ensure the most appropriate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Kumamoto Hospital of Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization, 3-30-34-1402 Suizenji, Kumamoto, 862-0950, Japan.
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Barendrecht MM, Frazier EP, Vrydag W, Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM, Michel MC. The effect of bladder outlet obstruction on alpha1- and beta-adrenoceptor expression and function. Neurourol Urodyn 2009; 28:349-55. [PMID: 19034955 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore possible changes in expression and/or function of alpha(1)- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes as a cause for bladder dysfunction in a rat model of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). METHODS BOO was induced in rats by partial urethral ligature. Contraction and relaxation experiments were performed with isolated bladder strips from BOO, sham-operated and non-operated (control) rats 7 days after BOO induction. mRNA expression of alpha(1)- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Receptor-independent contraction or relaxation did not differ between BOO and sham rats. The alpha(1)-agonists methoxamine and A-61,603 caused only weak contraction without major differences between groups. Against KCl-induced tone, the beta-adrenoceptor agonists noradrenaline and isoprenaline caused similar relaxation in BOO and sham rats, whereas relaxation in response to the beta(3)-selective BRL 37,344 was attenuated. Against passive tension, noradrenaline induced relaxation in sham and control rats; in contrast, noradrenaline induced contraction at low concentrations and relaxation at high concentrations in BOO rats. The contraction component was abolished by the alpha(1)-antagonist prazosin. The mRNA expression of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors was increased in BOO, whereas none of the other receptor mRNAs were up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS In a rat BOO model, weak contraction responses to alpha(1)-agonists and relaxation responses to beta-agonists are not altered to a major extent. Nevertheless, relaxation responses to the endogenous agonist noradrenaline are turned into alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction responses in BOO, possibly due to an up-regulation of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits M Barendrecht
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jin LH, Andersson KE, Kwon YH, Park CS, Yoon SM, Lee T. Substantial detrusor overactivity in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats with hyperactive behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 43:3-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00365590802468750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Erik Andersson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yong-Hyun Kwon
- Pharmacology and MTRC, Inha University College of Medicine by BK 21 Project, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chang-Shin Park
- Pharmacology and MTRC, Inha University College of Medicine by BK 21 Project, Incheon, Korea
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Kullmann FA, Limberg BJ, Artim DE, Shah M, Downs TR, Contract D, Wos J, Rosenbaum JS, de Groat WC. Effects of beta3-adrenergic receptor activation on rat urinary bladder hyperactivity induced by ovariectomy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:704-17. [PMID: 19515967 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Voiding dysfunctions, including increased voiding frequency, urgency, or incontinence, are prevalent in the postmenopausal population. Beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (beta(3)AR) agonists, which relax bladder smooth muscle, are being developed to treat these conditions. We utilized the rat ovariectomy (OVX) model to investigate the effect of ovarian hormone depletion on bladder function and the potential for beta(3)AR agonists to treat bladder hyperactivity in this setting. OVX increased voiding frequency and decreased bladder capacity by approximately 25% in awake rats and induced irregular cystometrograms in urethane-anesthetized rats. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed three betaARs subtypes (beta(1,2,3)) in bladder tissue, and immunostaining indicated beta(3)AR localization in urothelium and detrusor. Receptor expression was not different in OVX and SHAM rats. The beta(3)AR agonist selectivity of BRL37344 [(+/-)-(R(*),R(*))-[4-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]phenoxy]acetic acid sodium hydrate], TAK-677 [(3-((2R)-(((2R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propyl)-1H-indol-7-yloxy)acetic acid], and FK175 [acetic acid, 2-[[(8S)-8-[[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl]oxy], ethyl ester, hydrochloride] was confirmed by examining the relative potency for elevation of cAMP in CHOK1 cells overexpressing the various rat betaARs. Intravenous injection of each of the beta(3)AR agonists (0.1-500 microg/kg) in anesthetized rats decreased voiding frequency, bladder pressure, and amplitude of bladder contractions. In bladder strips, beta(3)AR agonists (10(-12)-10(-4) M) decreased baseline tone and reduced spontaneous contractions. BRL37344 (5 mg/kg) and TAK-677 (5 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally in awake rats decreased voiding frequency by 40 to 70%. These effects were not altered by OVX. The results indicate that OVX-induced bladder dysfunction, including decreased bladder capacity and increased voiding frequency, is not associated with changes in beta(3)AR expression or the bladder inhibitory effects of beta(3)AR agonists. This suggests that beta(3)AR agonists should prove effective for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in the postmenopausal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1340 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Hristov KL, Cui X, Brown SM, Liu L, Kellett WF, Petkov GV. Stimulation of beta3-adrenoceptors relaxes rat urinary bladder smooth muscle via activation of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1344-53. [PMID: 18799656 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00001.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels in beta3-adrenoceptor (beta3-AR)-induced relaxation in rat urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM). BRL 37344, a specific beta3-AR agonist, inhibits spontaneous contractions of isolated UBSM strips. SR59230A, a specific beta3-AR antagonist, and H89, a PKA inhibitor, reduced the inhibitory effect of BRL 37344. Iberiotoxin, a specific BK channel inhibitor, shifts the BRL 37344 concentration response curves for contraction amplitude, net muscle force, and tone to the right. Freshly dispersed UBSM cells and the perforated mode of the patch-clamp technique were used to determine further the role of beta3-AR stimulation by BRL 37344 on BK channel activity. BRL 37344 increased spontaneous, transient, outward BK current (STOC) frequency by 46.0 +/- 20.1%. In whole cell mode at a holding potential of V(h) = 0 mV, the single BK channel amplitude was 5.17 +/- 0.28 pA, whereas in the presence of BRL 37344, it was 5.55 +/- 0.41 pA. The BK channel open probability was also unchanged. In the presence of ryanodine and nifedipine, the current-voltage relationship in response to depolarization steps in the presence and absence of BRL 37344 was identical. In current-clamp mode, BRL 37344 caused membrane potential hyperpolarization from -26.1 +/- 2.1 mV (control) to -29.0 +/- 2.2 mV. The BRL 37344-induced hyperpolarization was eliminated by application of iberiotoxin, tetraethylammonium or ryanodine. The data indicate that stimulation of beta3-AR relaxes rat UBSM by increasing the BK channel STOC frequency, which causes membrane hyperpolarization and thus relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiril L Hristov
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Univ. of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Bldg., Rm. 709, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Michel MC, Parra S. Similarities and differences in the autonomic control of airway and urinary bladder smooth muscle. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 378:217-24. [PMID: 18548230 PMCID: PMC2493603 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The airways and the urinary bladder are both hollow organs serving very different functions, i.e. air flow and urine storage, respectively. While the autonomic nervous system seems to play only a minor if any role in the physiological regulation of airway tone during normal breathing, it is important in the physiological regulation of bladder smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. While both tissues share a greater expression of M2 than of M3 muscarinic receptors, smooth muscle contraction in both is largely mediated by the smaller M3 population apparently involving phospholipase C activation to only a minor if any extent. While smooth muscle in both tissues can be relaxed by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, this primarily involves beta2-adrenoceptors in human airways and beta3-adrenoceptors in human bladder. Despite activation of adenylyl cyclase by either subtype, cyclic adenosine monophosphate plays only a minor role in bladder relaxation by beta-agonists; an important but not exclusive function is known in airway relaxation. While airway beta2-adrenoceptors are sensitive to agonist-induced desensitization, beta3-adrenoceptors are generally considered to exhibit much less if any sensitivity to desensitization. Gene polymorphisms exist in the genes of both beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors. Despite being not fully conclusive, the available data suggest some role of beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in airway function and its treatment by receptor agonists, whereas the available data on beta3-adrenoceptor polymorphisms and bladder function are too limited to allow robust interpretation. We conclude that the distinct functions of airways and urinary bladder are reflected in a differential regulation by the autonomic nervous system. Studying these differences may be informative for a better understanding of each tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Leon LA, Hoffman BE, Gardner SD, Laping NJ, Evans C, Lashinger ESR, Su X. Effects of the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Disodium 5-[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylate (CL-316243) on Bladder Micturition Reflex in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:178-85. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.138651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Tugay M, Tugay S, Etuş V, Yazir Y, Utkan T. Alterations in the mechanical properties of bladder smooth muscle in hydrocephalus rat model. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:713-7. [PMID: 18405720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is now well established that hydrocephalus is associated with impaired bladder function. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hydrocephalus on bladder smooth muscle (BSM) reactivity in the rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydrocephalus was induced in 7-day-old rats by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna (AH group). Control group rats underwent a sham operation. After 10 days, rats were decapitated. Each bladder was excised and BSM strips placed in an organ bath where contractile and relaxant responses were studied. RESULTS Contractile response of BSM to KCl decreased in the AH group. Increased response to muscarinic agonist carbachol was observed in the AH group. The relaxant response to adrenergic agonist isoprenaline was significantly decreased in the AH group, whereas non-receptor-dependent agonist papaverine was unchanged in 2 groups. CONCLUSION Bladder smooth muscle reactivity is affected by the formation of hydrocephalus essentially by both receptor-dependent and non-receptor-dependent mechanisms. This pathway may be a novel target for the pharmacologic treatment of bladder dysfunction secondary to hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Tugay
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey.
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Michel MC, Barendrecht MM. Physiological and pathological regulation of the autonomic control of urinary bladder contractility. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:297-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mónica FZT, Bricola AAO, Báu FR, Freitas LLL, Teixeira SA, Muscará MN, Abdalla FMF, Porto CS, De Nucci G, Zanesco A, Antunes E. Long-term nitric oxide deficiency causes muscarinic supersensitivity and reduces beta(3)-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation, causing rat detrusor overactivity. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:1659-68. [PMID: 18297104 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Overactive bladder is a complex and widely prevalent condition, but little is known about its physiopathology. We have carried out morphological, biochemical and functional assays to investigate the effects of long-term nitric oxide (NO) deficiency on muscarinic receptor and beta-adrenoceptor modulation leading to overactivity of rat detrusor muscle. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats received N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water for 7-30 days. Functional responses to muscarinic and beta-adrenoceptor agonists were measured in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) strips in Krebs-Henseleit solution. Measurements of [(3)H]inositol phosphate, NO synthase (NOS) activity, [(3)H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([(3)H]QNB) binding and bladder morphology were also performed. KEY RESULTS Long-term L-NAME treatment significantly increased carbachol-induced DSM contractile responses after 15 and 30 days; relaxing responses to the beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 37-344 were significantly reduced at 30 days. Constitutive NOS activity in bladder was reduced by 86% after 7 days and maintained up to 30 days of L-NAME treatment. Carbachol increased sixfold the [(3)H]inositol phosphate in bladder tissue from rats treated with L-NAME. [(3)H]QNB was bound with an apparent K(D) twofold higher in bladder membranes after L-NAME treatment compared with that in control. No morphological alterations in DSM were found. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Long-term NO deficiency increased rat DSM contractile responses to a muscarinic agonist, accompanied by significantly enhanced K(D) values for muscarinic receptors and [(3)H]inositol phosphate accumulation in bladder. This supersensitivity for muscarinic agonists along with reductions of beta(3)-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxations indicated that overactive DSM resulted from chronic NO deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z T Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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